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Gathier AW, van Tuijl LA, Penninx BWJH, de Jong PJ, van Oppen PC, Vinkers CH, Verhoeven JE. The role of explicit and implicit self-esteem in the relationship between childhood trauma and adult depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:443-450. [PMID: 38484893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-esteem is an important psychological concept that can be measured explicitly (reflective processing) and implicitly (associative processing). The current study examined 1) the association between childhood trauma (CT) and both explicit and implicit self-esteem, and 2) whether self-esteem mediated the association between CT and depression/anxiety. METHODS In 1479 adult participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, CT was assessed with a semi-structured interview, depression/anxiety symptoms with self-report questionnaires and explicit and implicit self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Implicit Association Test, respectively. ANOVAs and regression analyses determined the association between CT (no/mild/severe CT), its subtypes (abuse/neglect) and self-esteem. Finally, we examined whether self-esteem mediated the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety. RESULTS Participants with CT reported lower explicit (but not lower implicit) self-esteem compared to those without CT (p < .001, partial η2 = 0.06). All CT types were associated with lower explicit self-esteem (p = .05 for sexual abuse, p < .001 for other CT types), while only emotional neglect significantly associated with lower implicit self-esteem after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (p = .03). Explicit self-esteem mediated the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety symptoms (proportion mediated = 48-77 %). LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design precludes from drawing firm conclusions about the direction of the proposed relationships. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety symptoms can at least partly be explained by explicit self-esteem. This is of clinical relevance as it points to explicit self-esteem as a potential relevant treatment target for people with CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk W Gathier
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lonneke A van Tuijl
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia C van Oppen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josine E Verhoeven
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Schliebener M, Kraft L, Dufner M. An EMG-based approach toward the assessment of implicit self-esteem. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 234:103868. [PMID: 36805189 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of implicit self-esteem is the positivity of peoples spontaneous affective reactions to the self. In this study, we developed and validated a physiology-based measure that captures such positive reactions. We presented participants (N = 256) self-related stimuli (i.e., pictures of themselves) and used electromyography (EMG) to record changes in facial muscular activity that are indicative of subtle smiling. EMG responses were on average positive, which matches with previous research findings on positively biased self-evaluations. Individual differences in EMG responses were moderately reliable and positively associated with explicit self-esteem and self- and peer-rated likability (but not consistently with measures of well-being and agentic behavior). The relations between the EMG responses and likability indicators largely held when we controlled for explicit self-esteem, indicating that the novel measure possessed incremental validity over self-reports. The results thus indicated that the EMG approach might be fruitful for the assessment of implicit self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schliebener
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 44, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Livia Kraft
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 44, 58455 Witten, Germany.
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Snowden RJ, Amad S, Morley E, Butkute N, Budd R, Jackson L, Abbasi N, Gray NS. Explicit and Implicit Self-esteem and Aggression: Differential Effects of Agency and Communion. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP10036-NP10059. [PMID: 33435807 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520985490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that self-esteem is related to aggression and violence. However, self-esteem is a multidimensional construct, and so we isolated self-esteem related to agency (e.g., competence and assertiveness) and self-esteem related to communion (e.g., warmth and morality) using both explicit and implicit techniques and examined their relationship to two forms of aggression (proactive and reactive aggression) in two samples. In an undergraduate sample (N = 130), high levels of explicit agency were associated with increased aggression but only for those with low implicit agency. On the other hand, high levels of either explicit or implicit communion showed reduced proactive aggression, while high levels of explicit communion were also associated with low levels of reactive aggression. In a community sample of people with problems due to homelessness (N = 101), we found that high levels of explicit communion were also associated with lower levels of both forms of aggression. The results show that different aspects of self-esteem, namely agency and communion, have quite different relationships to aggression and that implicit measures of these self-evaluations are also important constructs in the prediction of aggression. Implicit measures of self-esteem could be used by clinicians to understand the motivations behind an individual's aggression and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola S Gray
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Wales, UK
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Baur J, Schmitz F, Naumann E, Svaldi J. Implicit Attitudes Towards Weight, One’s Own Body and its Relation to Food in Women with Overweight and Obesity. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Theoretical models emphasize the importance of implicit self-related weight attitudes for the maintenance of body dissatisfaction. Even though body dissatisfaction is increased in obesity, only general implicit weight-related attitudes have been investigated so far. Therefore, the present study assessed self-related and general implicit weight attitudes and their relation to food.
Methods
Women with overweight and obesity (OW; n = 71) and women with normal weight (NW; n = 44) completed three implicit tasks to (1) assess attitudes towards persons with normal weight and overweight in general, (2) attitudes towards one’s own body, and (3) the association between one’s own body and food.
Results
While both groups showed an implicit preference towards persons with normal weight relative to persons with overweight, only women with OW showed a significantly stronger negative implicit attitude towards their own body and a stronger association between food and one’s own body. Additionally, self-related and not general implicit weight attitudes correlated significantly with body dissatisfaction and eating pathology.
Conclusions
The results highlight the importance of self-related implicit attitudes and their relation to body dissatisfaction and eating pathology in women with overweight and obesity. Targeting these self-related implicit weight attitudes might help to improve obesity treatments.
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van Tuijl LA, Verwoerd JRL, de Jong PJ. Influence of sad mood induction on implicit self-esteem and its relationship with symptoms of depression and anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 60:104-110. [PMID: 29458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Implicit self-esteem (ISE) refers to the valence of triggered associations when the self is activated. Despite theories, previous studies often fail to observe low ISE in depression and anxiety. It is feasible that sad mood is required to activate dysfunctional self-associations. The present study tested the following hypotheses: i) ISE is lower following a sad mood induction (SMI); ii) the relationship between ISE and level of depression/anxiety symptoms is relatively strong when ISE is measured during sad mood; iii) individuals with higher levels of depression/anxiety symptoms will show a relatively large decrease in ISE following a SMI. METHODS In this mixed-designed study, university students completed the self-esteem implicit association test (IAT) either at baseline (control condition; n = 46) or following a SMI (experimental condition; n = 49). To test the third hypothesis, a SMI and IAT were also given in the control condition. Both conditions completed self-report measures of explicit self-esteem (ESE), and symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS There was no support for the first two hypotheses, but some support that symptoms of anxiety correlated with larger decreases in ISE following a SMI which partly supported the third hypothesis. This disappeared when controlling for multiple testing. LIMITATIONS Results are limited to non-clinical participants. CONCLUSIONS While ISE was robust against increases in sad mood, there was some tentative support that symptoms of anxiety were related to larger decreases in ISE following a SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke A van Tuijl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan R L Verwoerd
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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van Tuijl LA, Glashouwer KA, Elgersma HJ, Bockting CL, Penninx BW, de Jong PJ. Depression recurrence after recovery: Prognostic value of implicit and explicit self-depressed associations. Behav Res Ther 2018; 107:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van Lankveld JJDM, de Jong PJ, Henckens MJMJ, den Hollander P, van den Hout AJHC, de Vries P. Automatic Sex-Liking and Sex-Failure Associations in Men With Sexual Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2018; 55:802-813. [PMID: 29148836 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1394960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current models of sexual functioning imply an important role for both automatic and controlled appraisals. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that erectile dysfunction may be due to the automatic activation of negative appraisals at the prospect of sexual intercourse. However, previous research showed that men with sexual dysfunction exhibited relatively strong automatic sex-positive instead of sex-negative associations. This study tested the robustness of this unexpected finding and, additionally, examined the hypothesis that perhaps more specific sex-failure versus sex-success associations are relevant in explaining sexual dysfunction and distress. Male urological patients (N = 70), varying in level of sexual functioning and distress, performed two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IATs) to assess automatic associations of visual erotic stimuli with attributes representing affective valence ("liking"; positive versus negative) and sexual success versus sexual failure. Consistent with the earlier findings, the lower the scores on sexual functioning, the stronger the automatic sex-positive associations. This association was independent of explicit associations and most prominent in the younger age group. Automatic sex-positive and sex-failure associations showed independent relationships with sexual distress. The relationship between sexual distress and sex-failure associations is consistent with the view that automatic associations with failure may contribute to sexual distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J de Jong
- b Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Groningen
| | - Marcus J M J Henckens
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , Open University of the Netherlands
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Dentale F, Vecchione M, Alessandri G, Barbaranelli C. Investigating the protective role of global self-esteem on the relationship between stressful life events and depression: A longitudinal moderated regression model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koranyi N, Hilpert P, Job V, Bodenmann G. Automatic affective-motivational regulation processes underlying supportive dyadic coping: the role of increased implicit positive attitudes toward communal goals in response to a stressed relationship partner. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2017; 30:521-535. [PMID: 28276707 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1292421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We examined the implicit affective mechanisms underlying provision of support in intimate dyads. Specifically, we hypothesized that in individuals with high relationship satisfaction, the perception that one's partner is stressed leads to increased implicit positive attitudes toward communal goals. In turn, this change in implicit attitudes facilitates supportive behavior. DESIGN AND METHODS In two studies, we induced partner stress by instructing participants to either recall a situation where their partner was highly stressed (Study 1; N = 47 university students) or imagine a specific stressful event (excessive workload; Study 2; N = 85 university students). Subsequently, implicit attitudes toward communal goals were assessed with an Implicit Association Test. RESULTS In both studies, we found that among participants with high relationship satisfaction partner stress increases preferences for communal goals. In addition, implicit preferences for communal goals predicted stronger inclinations to engage in supportive dyadic coping (Study 2). CONCLUSIONS The current findings provide important insights into the implicit cognitive-affective mechanics of dyadic coping. Moreover, they can explain how people manage to avoid experiencing motivational conflicts between partner-oriented and self-oriented goals in situations characterized by high partner stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Koranyi
- a Department of Psychology , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Peter Hilpert
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Veronika Job
- c Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Guy Bodenmann
- c Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Rudolph A, Hilbert A. The Effects of Obesity-Related Health Messages on Explicit and Implicit Weight Bias. Front Psychol 2017; 7:2064. [PMID: 28123375 PMCID: PMC5225097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pervasiveness of explicit and implicit weight bias (WB) defined as negative stereotypes and prejudice regarding one’s weight has been observed among individuals of all weight categories. As a source of WB, health messages have been discussed due to reinforcing stigmatizing notions. The present study sought to investigate whether health messages (i.e., eat healthy, become physically active) have the potential to increase explicit and implicit WB. Participants (N = 144) from the community were randomized to either an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). While the EG was presented with health messages, the CG was presented with neutral information. Before and after manipulation, participants completed measures of explicit and implicit WB. Paired samples t-test revealed no differences in explicit WB after manipulation, however, a small effect decrease of implicit WB in the EG but not in the CG was found. This study provided evidence that health messages might have differential impact to change WB. According to dual-model approaches, explicit and implicit WB tap into two different information processing systems, and thus were differentially affected by health messages. Brief exposure to health messages might have the potential to contribute to health behavior and to mitigate implicit WB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Rudolph
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center Leipzig, Germany
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Borton JLS, Oakes MA, Lengieza M. Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1218924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Oakes
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Michael Lengieza
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
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van Tuijl LA, Glashouwer KA, Bockting CLH, Tendeiro JN, Penninx BWJH, de Jong PJ. Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem in Current, Remitted, Recovered, and Comorbid Depression and Anxiety Disorders: The NESDA Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166116. [PMID: 27846292 PMCID: PMC5112909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual processing models of psychopathology emphasize the relevance of differentiating between deliberative self-evaluative processes (explicit self-esteem; ESE) and automatically-elicited affective self-associations (implicit self-esteem; ISE). It has been proposed that both low ESE and ISE would be involved in major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AD). Further, it has been hypothesized that MDD and AD may result in a low ISE “scar” that may contribute to recurrence after remission. However, the available evidence provides no straightforward support for the relevance of low ISE in MDD/AD, and studies testing the relevance of discrepant SE even showed that especially high ISE combined with low ESE is predictive of the development of internalizing symptoms. However, these earlier findings have been limited by small sample sizes, poorly defined groups in terms of comorbidity and phase of the disorders, and by using inadequate indices of discrepant SE. Therefore, this study tested further the proposed role of ISE and discrepant SE in a large-scale study allowing for stricter differentiation between groups and phase of disorder. Method In the context of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), we selected participants with current MDD (n = 60), AD (n = 111), and comorbid MDD/AD (n = 71), remitted MDD (n = 41), AD (n = 29), and comorbid MDD/AD (n = 14), recovered MDD (n = 136) and AD (n = 98), and never MDD or AD controls (n = 382). The Implicit Association Test was used to index ISE and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale indexed ESE. Results Controls reported higher ESE than all other groups, and current comorbid MDD/AD had lower ESE than all other clinical groups. ISE was only lower than controls in current comorbid AD/MDD. Discrepant self-esteem (difference between ISE and ESE) was not associated with disorder status once controlling for ESE. Limitations Cross-sectional design limits causal inferences. Conclusion Findings suggest a prominent role for ESE in MDD and AD, while in comorbid MDD/AD negative self-evaluations are also present at the implicit level. There was no evidence to support the view that AD and MDD would result in a low ISE “scar”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke A. van Tuijl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaske A. Glashouwer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L. H. Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge N. Tendeiro
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Giacomin M, Jordan CH. How implicit self-esteem influences perceptions of self-esteem at zero and non-zero acquaintance. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1183516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mikami AY, Schad MM, Teachman BA, Chango JM, Allen JP. Implicit versus Explicit Rejection Self-Perceptions and Adolescents' Interpersonal Functioning. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015; 86:390-393. [PMID: 26478646 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated associations between implicit and explicit self-perceptions of rejection with interpersonal functioning in close relationships. Adolescents (N=124) reported their explicit rejection self-perceptions on a questionnaire and completed the Implicit Association Test to assess their implicit rejection self-perceptions. After controlling for implicit self-perceptions, adolescents' explicit rejection self-perceptions were associated with the adolescents self-reporting more negative relationship quality with close friends and self-reporting more negative behaviors with romantic partners. After controlling for explicit self-perceptions, adolescents' implicit rejection self-perceptions were associated with their romantic partners reporting more negative relationship quality with them, and observations of adolescents displaying more negative behaviors with romantic partners. Implicit and explicit rejection self-perceptions uniquely explain individual differences in interpersonal behaviors.
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Feeling bad and looking worse: negative affect is associated with reduced perceptions of face-healthiness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107912. [PMID: 25259802 PMCID: PMC4178040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some people perceive themselves to look more, or less attractive than they are in reality. We investigated the role of emotions in enhancement and derogation effects; specifically, whether the propensity to experience positive and negative emotions affects how healthy we perceive our own face to look and how we judge ourselves against others. A psychophysical method was used to measure healthiness of self-image and social comparisons of healthiness. Participants who self-reported high positive (N = 20) or negative affectivity (N = 20) judged themselves against healthy (red-tinged) and unhealthy looking (green-tinged) versions of their own and stranger’s faces. An adaptive staircase procedure was used to measure perceptual thresholds. Participants high in positive affectivity were un-biased in their face health judgement. Participants high in negative affectivity on the other hand, judged themselves as equivalent to less healthy looking versions of their own face and a stranger’s face. Affective traits modulated self-image and social comparisons of healthiness. Face health judgement was also related to physical symptom perception and self-esteem; high physical symptom reports were associated a less healthy self-image and high self-reported (but not implicit) self-esteem was associated with more favourable social comparisons of healthiness. Subject to further validation, our novel face health judgement task could have utility as a perceptual measure of well-being. We are currently investigating whether face health judgement is sensitive to laboratory manipulations of mood.
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Fatfouta R, Schröder-Abé M, Merkl A. Forgiving, fast and slow: validity of the implicit association test for predicting differential response latencies in a transgression-recall paradigm. Front Psychol 2014; 5:728. [PMID: 25071688 PMCID: PMC4092369 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the role of automaticity in forgiving a real-life offense. As an alternative to self-report, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) of forgiveness was developed. Implicit (IAT-measured) and explicit (self-reported) forgiveness predicted shorter response times of state forgiveness ratings. The forgiveness IAT was highly reliable, moderately stable over time, and demonstrated incremental validity. Results suggest that the newly introduced forgiveness IAT could advance personality research beyond what is known from self-report measures, further corroborating the notion of implicit forgiveness. Implications for personality assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Fatfouta
- Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion," Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany ; Affective Neuroscience and Psychology of Emotion, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Angela Merkl
- Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion," Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany ; Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Falk CF, Heine SJ, Takemura K, Zhang CXJ, Hsu CW. Are Implicit Self-Esteem Measures Valid for Assessing Individual and Cultural Differences? J Pers 2014; 83:56-68. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Krause S, Back MD, Egloff B, Schmukle SC. A New Reliable and Valid Tool for Measuring Implicit Self-Esteem. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the reliability and predictive validity of a new response-window affective priming task (RW-APT) for the measurement of implicit self-esteem. Participants (N = 96) were administered the self-esteem RW-APT and filled out two measures of explicit self-esteem. To investigate the effect of explicit and implicit self-esteem on reactions to failure, we applied an anagram task in which participants received anagrams that were more difficult than expected. Three self-esteem criteria were obtained: pretask expectancy bias, perceived performance bias, and posttask expectancy bias. As hypothesized, explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem measures independently predicted all validity criteria. Taken together, the results show that RW-APT is a reliable and valid measure that might be an important addition to established measures of self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Krause
- Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - M. D. Back
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - S. C. Schmukle
- Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
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Klavina E, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A. Facets of self-esteem at an implicit level? Investigation of implicit–explicit correlations and development of four IATs. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Carlisle RD, Tsang JA, Ahmad NY, Worthington EL, Witvliet CV, Wade N. Do actions speak louder than words? Differential effects of apology and restitution on behavioral and self-report measures of forgiveness. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2012.690444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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