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Rogoza R, Krammer G, Jauk E, Flakus M, Baran L, Di Sarno M, Di Pierro R, Zajenkowski M, Dufner M, Fatfouta R. The peaks and valleys of narcissism: The factor structure of narcissistic states and their relations to trait measures. Psychol Assess 2024; 36:147-161. [PMID: 38236268 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Although interindividual differences in narcissism are well studied, little is known about assessing narcissism at the within-person level. To fill this research gap, we investigated whether the narcissism construct is represented in the same way at the between- and within-person levels. We analyzed four established narcissism measures across multiple studies. In each of the studies, participants completed narcissism measures in ecological momentary assessment or daily diary studies. Equivalent construct representation across between- and within-person narcissism (i.e., cross-level measurement invariance) was found. State narcissism measures showed convergent validities for the trait narcissism scales. Moreover, we also found that antagonistic narcissism was most strongly related to within-person variability in narcissism. Our investigation sheds new light on the structure and assessment of narcissism on the within-person level by providing a comprehensive examination of its measurement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Rogoza
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw
| | - Georg Krammer
- Institute of Business and Vocational Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Emanuel Jauk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz
| | - Maria Flakus
- Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Lidia Baran
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice
| | | | | | | | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Witten/Herdecke
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2
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Schauf T, Dufner M, Nestler S, Rau R. Do Agency and Communion Explain the Relationship Between Perceiver and Target Effects in Interpersonal Perception? A Meta-Analysis on Generalized Reciprocity. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023; 49:1479-1494. [PMID: 35819179 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examines generalized reciprocity, that is, the relationship between how people perceive others and how they are perceived by others. It tests the hypothesis that generalized reciprocity varies as a function of the content domain under investigation. Generalized reciprocity for attributes with primarily communal content (e.g., friendliness) was hypothesized to be more positive than generalized reciprocity for attributes with primarily agentic content (e.g., assertiveness). Sixty-four primary studies reporting correlations between perceiver and target effects with a total number of 17,561 participants were included in the analysis. Results of a multilevel meta-analytical random effects model showed that reciprocity correlations were slightly negative, but around zero, for primarily agentic attributes (r = -.05) and became more positive with increasing communal content (up to r = .18 for primarily communal attributes). Generalized reciprocity thus varied depending on the extent to which the regarded attribute is agentic versus communal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Dufner
- University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Schliebener M, Kraft L, Dufner M. An EMG-based approach toward the assessment of implicit self-esteem. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 234:103868. [PMID: 36805189 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of implicit self-esteem is the positivity of peoples spontaneous affective reactions to the self. In this study, we developed and validated a physiology-based measure that captures such positive reactions. We presented participants (N = 256) self-related stimuli (i.e., pictures of themselves) and used electromyography (EMG) to record changes in facial muscular activity that are indicative of subtle smiling. EMG responses were on average positive, which matches with previous research findings on positively biased self-evaluations. Individual differences in EMG responses were moderately reliable and positively associated with explicit self-esteem and self- and peer-rated likability (but not consistently with measures of well-being and agentic behavior). The relations between the EMG responses and likability indicators largely held when we controlled for explicit self-esteem, indicating that the novel measure possessed incremental validity over self-reports. The results thus indicated that the EMG approach might be fruitful for the assessment of implicit self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schliebener
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 44, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Livia Kraft
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 44, 58455 Witten, Germany.
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4
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Dufner M, Wieg F, Kraft L, Grapsas S, Hagemeyer B. Motive-Specific Affective Contingencies and Their Relevance for Personality and Motivated Behavior. Eur J Pers 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070231156842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Individuals differ in the tendency to derive pleasure out of motive-specific incentives, such as being socially included or attaining power. Multiple theoretical approaches have proposed that such motive-specific positive affective contingencies (PACs) are central building blocks of motive dispositions and personality more broadly. In the current research, we put this claim to test and investigated individual differences with regard to motive-specific PACs in the affiliation and power domains. We measured PACs via spontaneous emotional reactions to motive-specific cues, as assessed by affect ratings and electromyographic (EMG) recordings of smile responses. Both of these PAC operationalizations were highly internally consistent and moderately to highly stable across time. Furthermore, motive-specific PACs were linked in a manner consistent with theory to measures of motive dispositions and to personality traits with motivational underpinnings (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, and narcissism). Finally, in the affiliation domain, motive-specific PACs were linked to objectively assessed, key motivational outcomes (i.e., attentional orientation, behavior in daily life, and in the laboratory). Taken together, the findings underscore the relevance of affective contingencies for the understanding of personality and motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Wieg
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Livia Kraft
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stathis Grapsas
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birk Hagemeyer
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Dufner M, Krause S. On How to Be Liked in First Encounters: The Effects of Agentic and Communal Behaviors on Popularity and Unique Liking. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:481-489. [PMID: 36791767 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221147258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When meeting other people for the first time, how should one behave in order to be liked? We investigated the effects of agentic and communal behaviors on two forms of being liked: popularity (being generally liked by others) and unique liking (being uniquely liked by specific interaction partners). In a round-robin study, 139 unacquainted German adults had dyadic conversations and provided liking ratings afterward. The conversations were recorded on video, and four agentic behaviors (leading, dominant, confident, boastful) and four communal behaviors (polite, benevolent, warm, friendly) were each rated by trained observers. Participants who generally showed agentic and communal behavior were also generally liked (popularity). When participants' level of communal, but not agentic, behavior exceeded their personal standards during an interaction, they were particularly well-liked by the respective interaction partner (unique liking). The behavioral predictors of being liked thus differ, depending on whether one focuses on popularity or unique liking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig.,Department of Psychology, Witten/Herdecke University
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6
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Humberg S, Dufner M, Schönbrodt FD, Geukes K, Hutteman R, van Zalk MHW, Denissen JJA, Nestler S, Back MD. The true role that suppressor effects play in condition-based regression analysis: None. A reply to Fiedler (2021). J Pers Soc Psychol 2022; 123:884-888. [PMID: 36136781 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Condition-based regression analysis (CRA) is a statistical method for testing self-enhancement effects. That is, CRA indicates whether, in a set of empirical data, people with higher values on the directed discrepancy self-view S minus reality criterion R (i.e., S-R) tend to have higher values on some outcome variable (e.g., happiness). In a critical comment, Fiedler (2021) claims that CRA yields inaccurate conclusions in data with a suppressor effect. Here, we show that Fiedler's critique is unwarranted. All data that are simulated in his comment show a positive association between S-R and H, which is accurately detected by CRA. By construction, CRA indicates an association between S-R and H only when it is present in the data. In contrast to Fiedler's claim, it also yields valid conclusions when the outcome variable is related only to the self-view or when there is a suppressor effect. Our clarifications provide guidance for evaluating Fiedler's comment, clear up with the common heuristic that suppressor effects are always problematic, and assist readers in fully understanding CRA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University
| | | | | | - Roos Hutteman
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University
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7
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Czarna AZ, Śmieja M, Wider M, Dufner M, Sedikides C. Narcissism and Partner-Enhancement at Different Relationship Stages. Journal of Research in Personality 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Körfer D, Uhl C, Meisenbacher K, Dufner M, Frey N, Böckler D, Bischoff MS. [Deep vein thrombosis as a primary symptom of abdominal aortic aneurysm : Bilateral deep vein thrombosis caused by infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (15 cm in diameter) with complete compression of the inferior vena cava]. Internist (Berl) 2022; 63:786-789. [PMID: 35175371 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the case of a 70-year-old obese patient with severe bilateral leg pain due to deep vein thrombosis. After unsuccessful venous recanalization, computed tomography angiography revealed an abdominal aortic aneurysm 15 cm in diameter with total compression of the inferior vena cava. For venous decompression as well as rupture prophylaxis, conventional open surgical repair was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Körfer
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - C Uhl
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - K Meisenbacher
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M Dufner
- Klinik für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - N Frey
- Klinik für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - D Böckler
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M S Bischoff
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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9
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Abstract
Several theories propose that narcissism is rooted in affective contingencies. Given narcissists' focus on power, these contingencies should be strong in the power domain but not in the affiliation domain. We systematically investigated narcissists' contingencies and explored whether these contingencies might link narcissism to social behavior. In a multimethod longitudinal study, we assessed unidimensional narcissism levels as well as two main narcissistic strategies: Admiration and rivalry. We measured 209 participants' affective contingencies (i.e., affective responses to satisfying and frustrating experiences of power and affiliation) via self-reports (n = 207) and facial electromyography (fEMG, n = 201). In a 1-year follow-up, we observed participants' power- and affiliation-related behaviors in the laboratory (valid n = 123). Results indicated that narcissism was linked to increased affective reactivity to power, and this pattern was present for both admiration and rivalry. Narcissism was unrelated to affective reactivity to affiliation, with an important exception: Individuals with higher levels of narcissistic rivalry exhibited decreased reactivity toward satisfactions and increased reactivity toward frustrations of affiliation. Results were more robust for self-reported than for fEMG-indexed reactivity. Although overall narcissism and narcissistic admiration were related to power-related behaviors 1 year later, affective contingencies did not generally account for these links. These findings inform why narcissists have a relatively strong power motive and why some narcissists high in rivalry have a relatively weak affiliation motive. More broadly, these findings provide insight into the affective contingencies underlying personality traits and call for research on the contexts in which these contingencies guide behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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10
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Rau R, Carlson EN, Dufner M, Geukes K, Kraft L, Krause S, Nikoleizig L, Nestler S, Back MD. Positivity in peer perceptions over time: Personality explains variation at zero-acquaintance, popularity explains differential change. J Pers Soc Psychol 2022; 123:423-443. [DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Driebe JC, Sidari MJ, Dufner M, von der Heiden JM, Bürkner PC, Penke L, Zietsch BP, Arslan RC. Intelligence can be detected but is not found attractive in videos and live interactions. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Grosz MP, Hartmann I, Dufner M, Leckelt M, Gerlach TM, Rauthmann JF, Denissen JJA, Küfner ACP, Back MD. A Process × Domain Assessment of Narcissism: The Domain-Specific Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire. Assessment 2021; 29:1482-1495. [PMID: 34085540 PMCID: PMC9434250 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on grandiose narcissism distinguishes between self-promotional processes (i.e., narcissistic admiration) and other-derogative processes (i.e., narcissistic rivalry; Back et al., 2013). Moreover, research has begun to assess and investigate narcissistic manifestations in different domains (e.g., communal narcissism). To integrate these two lines of research, we developed the Domain-Specific Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (D-NARQ), a 72-item narcissism questionnaire that contains a self-promotional process scale (narcissistic admiration) and an other-derogatory process scale (narcissistic rivalry) for four domains: intellectual ability, social dominance, communal care, and physical attractiveness. We investigated the psychometric properties of the D-NARQ in a large online study (N = 1,635). Model fit statistics were largely in line with the theorized factor structure. The D-NARQ scales had good to very good measurement precision, and their correlations with established narcissism scales, the Big Five personality traits, and comparative self-evaluations largely supported their convergent and discriminant validity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Dufner
- Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Dufner M, Denissen J, Sedikides C, Van Zalk M, Meeus WHJ, van Aken M. Are Actual and Perceived Intellectual Self–enhancers Evaluated Differently by Social Perceivers? Eur J Pers 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Do actual and perceived self–enhancement entail differing social impressions (i.e. interpersonal evaluations)? Actual self–enhancement represents unduly positive self–views, as gauged by an objective criterion (in this case, IQ scores), whereas perceived self–enhancement involves the extent to which an individual is seen by informants (i.e. peers or observers) as self–enhancing. In an online survey (N = 337), a laboratory experiment (N = 75), and a round–robin study (N = 183), we tested the effects of actual and perceived intellectual self–enhancement on (informant–rated) emotional stability, social attractiveness, and social influence. Actual self–enhancers were rated as emotionally stable, socially attractive, and socially influential. High perceived self–enhancers were judged as socially influential, whereas low–to–moderate perceived self–enhancers were deemed emotionally stable and socially attractive. Privately entertained, illusory positive (even extreme) self–beliefs confer social benefits, whereas being perceived as self–enhancing buys social influence at the cost of being despised. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Maarten Van Zalk
- Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. J. Meeus
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Aken
- Department of Psychology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Grosz MP, Harms PD, Dufner M, Kraft L, Wetzel E. Reducing the Overlap Between Machiavellianism and Subclinical Psychopathy: The M7 and P7 Scales. Collabra: Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.17799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Machiavellianism (Mach) and subclinical psychopathy are two widely studied antagonistic personality traits with distinct theoretical conceptualizations. Mach is conceptualized by strategic deviousness, cynicism, and pragmatic morality, whereas subclinical psychopathy is conceptualized by impulsive antisocial tendencies, callousness, and rule-breaking. However, existing measures of the two traits are typically highly correlated and have very similar nomological networks. Notably, even though psychopathy scales should be more strongly positively associated with antisocial impulsivity and more strongly negatively associated with conscientiousness than Mach scales, existing Mach and psychopathy scales tend to be similarly related to these constructs. We created a new Mach scale, the M7, and a new psychopathy scale, the P7, by selecting items from existing Mach and psychopathy scales on the basis of the correlations of these items with antisocial impulsivity and conscientiousness. Across three studies (combined N = 4,607), the M7 and P7 showed acceptable to good psychometric properties in terms of closeness to unidimensionality, measurement precision, temporal stability, measurement invariance across language and gender groups, and convergent and discriminant validity (nomological network, self-other agreement, and interpersonal perceptions in group interactions). Most importantly, the new scales assess clearly distinct latent traits that are more in line with their theoretical conceptualizations than established scales are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Grosz
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter D. Harms
- Department of Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, US
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Livia Kraft
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eunike Wetzel
- Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Grandiose narcissists typically pursue agentic goals, such as social status, competence, and autonomy. We argue that because high intelligence is a key asset for the attainment of such agentic goals, the concept of intelligence should play a prominent role in grandiose narcissists’ self-regulation and social behavior. We review the relevant literature and report evidence in support of this claim. Grandiose narcissists consider intelligence to be an important resource that leads to benefits across life domains, they tend to maintain and defend illusory positive intellectual self-views, and they are extremely motivated to appear intelligent to other people. Thus, even though grandiose narcissism is essentially unrelated to objectively assessed intelligence, intelligence nevertheless plays an important role in the way grandiose narcissists think, feel, and behave. We discuss potential implications for social relationships and point toward avenues for future research.
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16
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Abstract
How positively or negatively people generally view others is key for understanding personality, social behavior, and psychopathology. Previous research has measured generalized other-perceptions by relying on either explicit self-reports or judgments made in group settings. With the current research, we overcome the limitations of these past approaches by introducing a novel measurement instrument for generalized other-perceptions: the Online-Tool for Assessing Perceiver Effects (O-TAPE). By assessing perceivers' first impressions of a standardized set of target people displayed in social network profiles or short video sequences, the O-TAPE captures individual differences in the positivity of other-perceptions. In Study 1 (n = 219), the instrument demonstrated good psychometric properties and correlations with related constructs. Study 2 (n = 142) replicated these findings and also showed that the O-TAPE predicted other-perceptions in a naturalistic group setting. Study 3 (n = 200) refined the nomological network of the construct and demonstrated that the O-TAPE is invulnerable to effects of social desirability.
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Zajenkowski M, Czarna AZ, Szymaniak K, Dufner M. What do highly narcissistic people think and feel about (their) intelligence? J Pers 2019; 88:703-718. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Z. Czarna
- Institute of Applied Psychology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | | | - Michael Dufner
- Institute of Psychology Medical School Berlin Berlin Germany
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18
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Reitz AK, Shrout PE, Denissen JJA, Dufner M, Bolger N. Self-esteem change during the transition from university to work. J Pers 2019; 88:689-702. [PMID: 31605634 PMCID: PMC7383858 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective The current study examined whether the transition from university to work, a major developmental milestone in young adulthood, was related to stability and change in self‐esteem. Method Self‐esteem was assessed in the last year of their master's program (T1) of 163 27‐year old students and 14 months later, when they had graduated and half of them had started a full‐time job (T2). Daily diaries were used to assess the occurrence of achievement‐ and affiliation‐related experiences on 14 consecutive days at T1 and T2. We compared the full‐time job beginners and a comparison group without a full‐time job with regard to their mean‐level change, rank‐order stability and correlated change of self‐esteem and daily experiences. Results First, job beginners increased in self‐esteem, but the difference to the mean‐level change of the comparison group was only small. Second, self‐esteem was less stable among job beginners than among the comparison group. Third, the changes in achievement‐related daily experiences and self‐esteem correlated positively in the job‐beginner group but not in the comparison group. Conclusions The findings underline the role of daily experiences during life transitions for individual differences in self‐esteem change. The discussion calls for accounting for unique transition experiences to advance theory and research on self‐esteem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Reitz
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Patrick E Shrout
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaap J A Denissen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niall Bolger
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Dufner M, Back MD, Oehme FF, Schmukle SC. The End of a Stereotype: Only Children Are Not More Narcissistic Than People With Siblings. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619870785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current research dealt with the stereotype that only children are more narcissistic than people with siblings. We first investigated the prevalence of this stereotype. In an online study (Study 1, N = 556), laypeople rated a typical only child and a typical person with siblings on narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry, the two subdimensions of the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire. They ascribed both higher admiration and higher rivalry to the only child. We then tested the accuracy of this stereotype by analyzing data from a large and representative panel study (Study 2, N = 1,810). The scores of only children on the two narcissism dimensions did not exceed those of people with siblings, and this result held when major potentially confounding covariates were controlled for. Taken together, the results indicate that the stereotype that only children are narcissistic is prevalent but inaccurate.
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Krause S, Dufner M. The Predictive Validity of Explicit and Implicit Partner Evaluations for Relationship Behaviors: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Analysis. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:662-676. [PMID: 31305142 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2019.1625910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This research introduced novel measures of explicit and implicit romantic partner evaluations and tested whether these measures predict video-observed relationship behaviors. One hundred and eighty heterosexual participants (90 couples) completed 2 measures of explicit partner evaluations, the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and a short form of the Trier Partnership Inventory (TPI-S). Participants also completed measures of implicit partner evaluations, namely 2 variants of an affective priming task (APT), one of them focusing on reaction times (RT-APT) and the other one focusing on errors (EB-APT), and a facial electromyography (fEMG) task. Relationship behaviors were video-recorded in the laboratory and coded by a total of 34 independent observers. Actor-partner interdependence models were used to test whether partner evaluations predicted participants' own relationship behaviors (actor effects), and the behaviors of the partner (partner effects). Furthermore, we examined how explicit and implicit partner evaluations are related to the behaviors of the couple as a whole. Relationship behaviors were indeed predicted on all 3 levels by the RAS, the TPI-S, the EB-APT, and the fEMG, but not by the RT-APT. The research thus provides researchers with novel tools to assess explicit and implicit partner evaluations that are linked to relationship behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Krause
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Rau R, Nestler S, Geukes K, Back MD, Dufner M. Can other-derogation be beneficial? Seeing others as low in agency can lead to an agentic reputation in newly formed face-to-face groups. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 117:201-227. [PMID: 31094548 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whenever groups form, members readily and intuitively judge each other's agentic characteristics (e.g., self-confidence or assertiveness). We tested the hypothesis that perceiving others as low in these characteristics triggers agentic interpersonal behavior among perceivers, which benefits their own reputation in terms of agency. We analyzed data from a longitudinal field study (Study 1, n = 109), a multiwave laboratory study (Study 2, n = 311), and a preregistered experimental laboratory study (Study 3, n = 206). In Study 1, low other-perceptions of agency predicted agentic reputations at zero acquaintance and the reception of leadership nominations later in time. In Study 2, low other-perceptions of agency predicted within-person increases in agentic reputations over time. In both studies, effects of other-perceptions on reputations were mediated by hostile-dominant interpersonal behaviors. In Study 3, experimentally induced low other-perceptions of agency did not predict hostile-dominant behavior, which calls for more research on the proposed mechanism. By emphasizing the role of other-perceptions, the current research provides a new perspective on reputation formation and leadership emergence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Humberg S, Dufner M, Schönbrodt FD, Geukes K, Hutteman R, Küfner ACP, van Zalk MHW, Denissen JJA, Nestler S, Back MD. Is accurate, positive, or inflated self-perception most advantageous for psychological adjustment? A competitive test of key hypotheses. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 116:835-859. [DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Humberg S, Dufner M, Schönbrodt FD, Geukes K, Hutteman R, van Zalk MHW, Denissen JJA, Nestler S, Back MD. Why Condition-Based Regression Analysis (CRA) is Indeed a Valid Test of Self-Enhancement Effects: A Response to Krueger et al. (). Collabra: Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How can the consequences of self-enhancement (SE) be tested empirically? Traditional two-step approaches for investigating SE effects have been criticized for providing systematically biased results. Recently, we suggested condition-based regression analysis (CRA) as an approach that enables users to test SE effects while overcoming the shortcomings of previous methods. Krueger et al. (2017) reiterated the problems of previous two-step approaches and criticized the extent to which CRA could solve these problems. However, their critique was based on a misrepresentation of our approach: Whereas a key element of CRA is the requirement that the coefficients of a multiple regression model must meet two conditions, Krueger et al.’s argumentation referred to the test of only a single condition. As a consequence, their reasoning does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the validity of our approach. In this paper, we clarify these misunderstandings and explain why CRA is a valid approach for investigating the consequences of SE.
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Abstract
This article advances the debate about costs and benefits of self-enhancement (the tendency to maintain unrealistically positive self-views) with a comprehensive meta-analytic review (299 samples, N = 126,916). The review considers relations between self-enhancement and personal adjustment (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, depression), and between self-enhancement and interpersonal adjustment (informant reports of domain-general social valuation, agency, communion). Self-enhancement was positively related to personal adjustment, and this relation was robust across sex, age, cohort, and culture. Important from a causal perspective, self-enhancement had a positive longitudinal effect on personal adjustment. The relation between self-enhancement and interpersonal adjustment was nuanced. Self-enhancement was positively related to domain-general social valuation at 0, but not long, acquaintance. Communal self-enhancement was positively linked to informant judgments of communion, whereas agentic self-enhancement was linked positively to agency but negatively to communion. Overall, the results suggest that self-enhancement is beneficial for personal adjustment but a mixed blessing for interpersonal adjustment.
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Dufner M, Brümmer M, Chung JM, Drewke PM, Blaison C, Schmukle SC. Does Smile Intensity in Photographs Really Predict Longevity? A Replication and Extension of Abel and Kruger (2010). Psychol Sci 2017; 29:147-153. [PMID: 29131719 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617734315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abel and Kruger (2010) found that the smile intensity of professional baseball players who were active in 1952, as coded from photographs, predicted these players' longevity. In the current investigation, we sought to replicate this result and to extend the initial analyses. We analyzed (a) a sample that was almost identical to the one from Abel and Kruger's study using the same database and inclusion criteria ( N = 224), (b) a considerably larger nonoverlapping sample consisting of other players from the same cohort ( N = 527), and (c) all players in the database ( N = 13,530 valid cases). Like Abel and Kruger, we relied on categorical smile codings as indicators of positive affectivity, yet we supplemented these codings with subjective ratings of joy intensity and automatic codings of positive affectivity made by computer programs. In both samples and for all three indicators, we found that positive affectivity did not predict mortality once birth year was controlled as a covariate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Brümmer
- 2 Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Leipzig
| | - Joanne M Chung
- 3 Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University
| | - Pia M Drewke
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig
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Geukes K, Nestler S, Hutteman R, Dufner M, Küfner ACP, Egloff B, Denissen JJA, Back MD. Puffed-up but shaky selves: State self-esteem level and variability in narcissists. J Pers Soc Psychol 2017; 112:769-786. [DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wurst SN, Gerlach TM, Dufner M, Rauthmann JF, Grosz MP, Küfner ACP, Denissen JJA, Back MD. Narcissism and romantic relationships: The differential impact of narcissistic admiration and rivalry. J Pers Soc Psychol 2017; 112:280-306. [DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hess U, Arslan R, Mauersberger H, Blaison C, Dufner M, Denissen JJA, Ziegler M. Reliability of surface facial electromyography. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:12-23. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Ruben Arslan
- Department of Psychology; Georg August Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Heidi Mauersberger
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Christophe Blaison
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Jaap J. A. Denissen
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Tilburg University; Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Ziegler
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Hagemeyer B, Dufner M, Denissen JJ. Double dissociation between implicit and explicit affiliative motives: A closer look at socializing behavior in dyadic interactions. Journal of Research in Personality 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Czarna AZ, Leifeld P, Śmieja M, Dufner M, Salovey P. Do Narcissism and Emotional Intelligence Win Us Friends? Modeling Dynamics of Peer Popularity Using Inferential Network Analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016; 42:1588-1599. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167216666265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated effects of narcissism and emotional intelligence (EI) on popularity in social networks. In a longitudinal field study, we examined the dynamics of popularity in 15 peer groups in two waves ( N = 273). We measured narcissism, ability EI, and explicit and implicit self-esteem. In addition, we measured popularity at zero acquaintance and 3 months later. We analyzed the data using inferential network analysis (temporal exponential random graph modeling, TERGM) accounting for self-organizing network forces. People high in narcissism were popular, but increased less in popularity over time than people lower in narcissism. In contrast, emotionally intelligent people increased more in popularity over time than less emotionally intelligent people. The effects held when we controlled for explicit and implicit self-esteem. These results suggest that narcissism is rather disadvantageous and that EI is rather advantageous for long-term popularity.
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Czarna AZ, Jonason PK, Dufner M, Kossowska M. The Dirty Dozen Scale: Validation of a Polish Version and Extension of the Nomological Net. Front Psychol 2016; 7:445. [PMID: 27065915 PMCID: PMC4811972 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In five studies (total N = 1300) we developed and validated a Polish version of the Dirty Dozen measure (DTDD-P) that measures the three traits of the Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. We detail the presence and stability of a bifactor structure of the 12 items and present evidence for good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. We examine the nomological network surrounding the Dark Triad and show that both the Dark Triad total score and the subscales have acceptable validity. We also present evidence on the Dark Triad and moral behavior. Dark Triad predicts utilitarian moral choice (e.g., approval for sacrificing somebody's life for the sake of saving others) and this link is mediated by low empathic concern. In total, our results suggest that the Polish Dirty Dozen—Parszywa Dwunastka—is valid, stable, and useful for the study of lingering puzzles in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Czarna
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter K Jonason
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University Bankstown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Dufner
- Institut für Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie und Psychologische Diagnostik, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Kossowska
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow Krakow, Poland
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Dufner M, Leising D, Gebauer JE. Which Basic Rules Underlie Social Judgments? Agency Follows a Zero-Sum Principle and Communion Follows a Non-Zero-Sum Principle. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016; 42:677-87. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167216640902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How are people who generally see others positively evaluated themselves? We propose that the answer to this question crucially hinges on the content domain: We hypothesize that Agency follows a “zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Agency are perceived as low in Agency themselves. In contrast, we hypothesize that Communion follows a “non-zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Communion are perceived as high in Communion themselves. We tested these hypotheses in a round-robin and a half-block study. Perceiving others as agentic was indeed linked to being perceived as low in Agency. To the contrary, perceiving others as communal was linked to being perceived as high in Communion, but only when people directly interacted with each other. These results help to clarify the nature of Agency and Communion and offer explanations for divergent findings in the literature.
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Grosz MP, Dufner M, Back MD, Denissen JJ. Who is open to a narcissistic romantic partner? The roles of sensation seeking, trait anxiety, and similarity. Journal of Research in Personality 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Bei der Erfassung persönlichkeitsrelevanter Eigenschaften kommen evaluativ negativere Dispositionen oft zu kurz. Diese sind jedoch besonders in interpersonellen Situationen wichtig. Die „Dunkle Triade”, bestehend aus Narzissmus, Psychopathie und Machiavellismus bietet die Möglichkeit diese verwandten Konstrukte und ihre Effekte spezifisch zu untersuchen. Im deutschen Sprachraum werden derzeit drei separate und umfangreiche Instrumente zu deren Messung benötigt. In drei Studien (N = 501; N = 828; N = 96) wird die Validierung einer deutschen Version (das „Dreckige Dutzend”) der „Dirty Dozen”-Kurzskalen ( Jonason & Webster, 2010 ), sowie eine psychometrisch optimierte Version (die „Niederträchtigen Neun”) zur Erfassung der Kernaspekte der Dunklen Triade vorgestellt. Die vier bzw. drei Items umfassenden Skalen beider Instrumente weisen eine gute Struktur, interne Konsistenz und Stabilität auf. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Skalen zufriedenstellende konvergente Beziehungen zu den Standardverfahren der Dunklen Triade, differenzierte Zusammenhänge mit weiteren relevanten Persönlichkeitskonstrukten (z. B. Big Five-Facetten, Aggressivität, Soziosexualität) und prädizieren charakteristische Verhaltensweisen. Implikationen für die Erfassung der Dunklen Triade in Forschungs- und Anwendungskontexten werden diskutiert.
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Dufner M, Arslan RC, Hagemeyer B, Schönbrodt FD, Denissen JJA. Affective contingencies in the affiliative domain: Physiological assessment, associations with the affiliation motive, and prediction of behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol 2015; 109:662-76. [DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Building on a two-dimensional reconceptualization of grandiose narcissism, we investigated how narcissistic admiration (the tendency toward agentic self-promotion) and rivalry (the tendency toward other derogation) are related to acting. Study 1 ( N = 583) showed that acting students scored higher on narcissistic admiration than students with other majors, but at the same time, the acting students scored lower on rivalry. In Study 2 ( N = 283), we compared improvisational theater actors with a comparison group and found the same pattern: Admiration was higher, but rivalry was lower among the actors (across both self-reports and informant reports). Effects persisted when we controlled for sex, age, self-esteem, extraversion, and agreeableness. Additional analyses indicated that actors who were high in admiration were primarily motivated by applause. Taken together, these findings indicate that acting is an activity that attracts individuals with a strong narcissistic desire for admiration but repulses people with an inclination toward narcissistic other derogation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Egloff
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mitja D. Back
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Abstract
In this research, we investigated the association between narcissism and one central aspect of empathy, susceptibility to emotional contagion (the transfer of emotional states from one person to another). In a laboratory study ( N = 101), we detected a negative link between narcissism and emotional contagion in response to experimentally induced positive affect. In an online study ( N = 195), narcissism was negatively linked to experimentally induced emotional contagion regardless of valence. These findings indicate that individuals with high narcissism levels are apparently less prone to emotional contagion than individuals lower in narcissism. Hence, narcissists are less likely to “catch the emotions” of others. Furthermore, by comparing experimental assessments of susceptibility to emotional contagion with subjective self-reports, we were able to study self-insight. Across both samples, self-insight was generally low, and individual differences in self-insight were unrelated to narcissism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z. Czarna
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Wróbel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michael Dufner
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Dufner M, Reitz AK, Zander L. Antecedents, Consequences, and Mechanisms: On the Longitudinal Interplay Between Academic Self-Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment. J Pers 2014; 83:511-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Back MD, Küfner ACP, Dufner M, Gerlach TM, Rauthmann JF, Denissen JJA. Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. J Pers Soc Psychol 2013; 105:1013-37. [DOI: 10.1037/a0034431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The present study investigates the relative extent to which judgments of people’s behavior are influenced by “truth” (as measured by averaged observer-judgments) and by systematic bias (i.e., perceivers’ preexisting views of target persons). Using data from online questionnaires and laboratory sessions ( N = 155), we demonstrate that self- and peer-judgments of people’s actual behavior in specific situations are somewhat accurate but are also affected by what perceivers thought of the targets before observing their behavior. The latter effect comprises a general evaluative component (generally positive or negative views of targets) and a content-specific component (views of targets in terms of specific characteristics, for example, “restrained”). We also found that friends, but not targets themselves, tend to judge targets’ behaviors more positively than unacquainted observers do. The relevance of these findings for person perception in everyday life and in research contexts is discussed.
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Dufner M, Rauthmann JF, Czarna AZ, Denissen JJA. Are Narcissists Sexy? Zeroing in on the Effect of Narcissism on Short-Term Mate Appeal. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2013; 39:870-82. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167213483580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research was aimed to provide a comprehensive test of the classic notion that narcissistic individuals are appealing as short-term romantic or sexual partners. In three studies, we tested the hypotheses that narcissism exerts a positive effect on an individual’s mate appeal and that this effect is mediated by high physical attractiveness and high social boldness. We implemented a multimethod approach and used ratings of opposite sex persons (Study 1), ratings of friends (Study 2), and records of courtship outcomes in naturalistic interactions (Study 3) as indicators of mate appeal. In all cases, narcissism had a positive effect on mate appeal, which was mainly due to the agentic self-enhancement aspects of narcissism (rather than narcissists’ lacking communion). As predicted, physical attractiveness and social boldness mediated the positive effect of narcissism on mate appeal. Findings further indicated that narcissism was more strongly linked to mate appeal than to friend appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dufner
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School LIFE, Berlin, Germany
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Dufner M, Denissen JJA, Zalk M, Matthes B, Meeus WHJ, van Aken MAG, Sedikides C. Positive Intelligence Illusions: On the Relation Between Intellectual Self-Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment. J Pers 2012; 80:537-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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