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Uziel L, Schmidt-Barad T. Impression management in daily life: an experience sampling test for the expression of impression management as interpersonally oriented self-control. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1198891. [PMID: 37701870 PMCID: PMC10494441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1198891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Impression management (IM) scales (often called lie or social desirability scales) have long been applied as validity scales in assessment processes. Recent developments have indicated that these scales measure a substantive personality predisposition and not response bias, but the nature of the disposition is disputable. According to the 'interpersonally oriented self-control' approach, IM is associated with high self-control exerted mainly in public social contexts to facilitate adaptation. Supported in laboratory settings, this approach has not been tested in real-life dynamics. In the present experience sampling study, participants reported 3 times a day (10 days) about their social condition (alone/'with others') and their level of self-control. Results revealed that IM was associated with stronger self-control when with other people than when alone. Comparable reactions to public social context were not found for self-deception enhancement, trait self-control, or agreeableness, marking this a unique aspect of IM. The findings further stress the need to reconsider the use of IM scales for validity purposes in assessment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Exploring approach motivation: Correlating self-report, frontal asymmetry, and performance in the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1234-1247. [PMID: 32929696 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Frontal EEG asymmetry has been investigated as a physiological metric of approach motivation, with higher left frontal activity (LFA) suggested to reflect approach motivation. However, correlations between LFA and traditional metrics of approach motivation (e.g., scores from the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral approach system [BIS/BAS] survey) are inconsistent. It is also not clear how LFA correlates to approach motivation on an observable, behavioral level. Here, we tested correlations between BIS/BAS scores, LFA, and performance in the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). In our sample (n = 49), BIS/BAS results did not correlate to LFA values (resting or task states), and were also unrelated to EEfRT performance variables. We found evidence of significant and distinct correlations between LFA and EEfRT performance. Resting-state LFA positively correlated to effort expenditure on lower utility trials, where reward size and/or probability were suboptimal. Task-onset LFA captured in the first 5 min of the task was related to overall behavioral performance in the EEfRT. High task-onset LFA correlated to high trial completion rates, high-effort trial selection percentages, and overall monetary earnings. One interpretation of these initial findings is that resting-state LFA reflects approach tendencies to expend effort, but that this extends to suboptimal situations, whereas task-state LFA better reflects effortful approach toward high-utility goals. Given the relatively small sample size and the risk of Type I/II errors, we present the study as exploratory and the results as preliminary. However, the findings highlight interesting initial links between LFA and EEfRT performance. The need for larger replication studies is discussed.
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Neal LB, Gable PA. Regulatory control and impulsivity relate to resting frontal activity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1377-1383. [PMID: 28655171 PMCID: PMC5737534 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) asserts three core personality systems: the behavioral approach system (BAS), the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) and the revised behavioral inhibition system (r-BIS). Past models of frontal activity link greater relative left frontal activity with Carver and White’s (1994) BAS scale and trait impulsivity and greater relative right frontal activity with Carver and White’s (1994) BIS scale. However, the original BIS scale assesses both FFFS and r-BIS. Past work linking the BIS scale and right frontal activity does not indicate which system is related to right frontal activity. The current study (n = 182) examined frontal asymmetric activity with personality traits associated with approach (BAS), withdrawal (FFFS-Fear), behavioral inhibition (BIS-Anxiety) and impulsivity (UPPS-P). Resting frontal cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG), and the traditional alpha band was examined. Greater BIS-Anxiety related to greater relative right frontal activity. Impulsivity related to less relative right frontal activity. BAS and FFFS-Fear (approach and withdrawal motivation) did not relate to asymmetric frontal activity. Regulatory control processes associated with r-BIS and impulsivity, rather than withdrawal motivation associated with FFFS, may be more closely related to right frontal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Neal
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, USA
| | - Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, USA
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Bacher LF, Retz S, Lindon C, Bell MA. Intraindividual and Interindividual Differences in Spontaneous Eye Blinking: Relationships to Working Memory Performance and Frontal EEG Asymmetry. INFANCY 2017; 22:150-170. [PMID: 28286427 PMCID: PMC5343288 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rate and timing of spontaneous eye blinking (SB) may be used to explore mechanisms of cognitive activity in infancy. In particular, SB rate is believed to reflect some dimensions of dopamine function; therefore, we hypothesized that SB rate would relate to working memory performance and to frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry. Forty, 10-mo-old infants completed an A-not-B task while SB and EEG were measured throughout. We found that SB rate varied across phases of the task, variability in SB rate was positively related to working memory performance, and frontal EEG asymmetry was related to individual differences in the rate of SB. Results provide indirect, but convergent support for the hypothesis that SB rate reflects dopamine function early in human development. As such, these results have implications for understanding the tonic and phasic effects of dopamine on cognitive activity early in human development.
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Elliot AJ, Aldhobaiban N, Murayama K, Kobeisy A, Gocłowska MA, Khyat A. Impression management and achievement motivation: Investigating substantive links. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 53:16-22. [PMID: 26805032 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we investigate impression management (IM) as a substantive personality variable by linking it to differentiated achievement motivation constructs, namely achievement motives (workmastery, competitiveness, fear of failure) and achievement goals (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance). Study 1 revealed that IM was a positive predictor of workmastery and a negative predictor of competitiveness (with and without self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) controlled). Studies 2a and 2b revealed that IM was a positive predictor of mastery-approach goals and mastery-avoidance goals (without and, in Study 2b, with SDE controlled). These findings highlight the value of conceptualising and utilising IM as a personality variable in its own right and shed light on the nature of the achievement motive and achievement goal constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Aldhobaiban
- Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kou Murayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ahmed Kobeisy
- Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Małgorzata A Gocłowska
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aber Khyat
- Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Uziel L. Rethinking Social Desirability Scales: From Impression Management to Interpersonally Oriented Self-Control. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 5:243-62. [PMID: 26162157 DOI: 10.1177/1745691610369465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social desirability (specifically, impression management) scales are widely used by researchers and practitioners to screen individuals who bias self-reports in a self-favoring manner. These scales also serve to identify individuals at risk for psychological and health problems. The present review explores the evidence with regard to the ability of these scales to achieve these objectives. In the first part of the review, I present six criteria to evaluate impression management scales and conclude that they are unsatisfactory as measures of response style. Next, I explore what individual differences in impression management scores actually do measure. I compare two approaches: a defensiveness approach, which argues that these scales measure defensiveness that stems from vulnerable self-esteem, and an adjustment approach, which suggests that impression management is associated with personal well-being and interpersonal adjustment. Data from a wide variety of fields including social behavior, affect and well-being, health, and job performance tend to favor the adjustment approach. Finally, I argue that scales measuring impression management should be redefined as measures of interpersonally oriented self-control that identify individuals who demonstrate high levels of self-control, especially in social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Tops M. Slow Life History Strategies and Slow Updating of Internal Models: The Examples of Conscientiousness and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2014.916194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Prause N, Staley C, Roberts V. Frontal alpha asymmetry and sexually motivated states. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:226-35. [PMID: 24460762 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Anterior alpha asymmetry of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals has been suggested to index state approach (or avoidance) motivation. This model has not yet been extended to high approach-motivation sexual stimuli, which may represent an important model of reward system function. Sixty-five participants viewed a neutral and a sexually motivating film while their EEG was recorded, and reported their sexual feelings after each film. Greater alpha power in the left hemisphere during sexually motivated states was evident. A positive relationship between self-reported mental sexual arousal and alpha asymmetry was identified, where coherence between these indicators was higher in women. Notably, coherence was stronger when mental versus physical sexual arousal was rated. Alpha asymmetry appears to offer a new method for further examining this novel coherence pattern across men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prause
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bacher L. Development and manipulation of spontaneous eye blinking in the first year: Relationships to context and positive affect. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:783-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.F. Bacher
- Department of Psychology; SUNY Oswego; 7060 State Rt 104 West Oswego NY 13126
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Grimshaw GM, Wilson MS. A sinister plot? Facts, beliefs, and stereotypes about the left-handed personality. Laterality 2013; 18:135-51. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2011.631546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Musch J, Ostapczuk M, Klaiber Y. Validating an Inventory for the Assessment of Egoistic Bias and Moralistic Bias as Two Separable Components of Social Desirability. J Pers Assess 2012; 94:620-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2012.672505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lönnqvist JE, Paunonen S, Nissinen V, Ortju K, Verkasalo M. Self-Enhancement in Military Leaders: Its Relevance to Officer Selection and Performance. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to investigate whether individual differences in eye surface area are related to the rate of spontaneous eye blinking (SB) in young infants. Rate of SB was also compared with the rate of gaze shifts. METHODS Forty-four 4-month-old infants were observed under controlled conditions for 4 to 6 min. SB, eye surface area, gaze shifts, and various background variables were measured. RESULTS Individual differences in the rate of SB and in eye surface area were wide. Neither the eye surface area nor the rate of gaze shifting was related to the rate of SB in young infants. However, when SB do occur, they are more likely to coincide with a shift in gaze than immediately precede or follow a shift in gaze. CONCLUSIONS Eye surface area does not explain individual differences in the rate of SB in infancy. This and other recent work suggests that central factors may play a more prominent role in the mechanisms of SB early in human development than previously reported and that the mechanisms regulating the rate of SB seem to be developmentally continuous with those of adults. To the extent that the rate and timing of SB reflects developing neurological systems, SB may be useful clinically.
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Bacher LF, Allen KJ. Sensitivity of the rate of spontaneous eye blinking to type of stimuli in young infants. Dev Psychobiol 2009; 51:186-97. [PMID: 19062172 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of spontaneous eye blinking (SB), few reports focus on the ontogeny of SB. The purpose of the present work was to investigate SB in infants by attempting to manipulate SB and examine potential correlates of SB. Fifty-two infants were observed in a quiet baseline condition then presented with either moving stimuli or a social stimulus. SB, eye movement, body movement and various background variables were measured. Results demonstrate that SB can be manipulated and that SB rate is differentially sensitive to the type of stimulus presented. Eye and body movements did not systematically relate to the rate of SB. Implications for mechanisms of SB regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh F Bacher
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, 455 Mahar Hall, Oswego, NY 13126, USA.
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Jetha MK, Schmidt LA, Goldberg JO. Resting Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Shyness and Sociability in Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study of Community-Based Outpatients. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:847-56. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450701242966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kline JP, Allen S. The failed repressor: EEG asymmetry as a moderator of the relation between defensiveness and depressive symptoms. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 68:228-34. [PMID: 18372069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the joint effects of defensiveness and frontal asymmetry in predicting symptoms of depression and anxiety. Depression symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety symptoms with the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS). Defensiveness was assessed with both the Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSD) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire L scale (EPQL). Participants completed two EEG recording sessions 3 weeks apart. Six baselines, three eyes open and three eyes closed, were recorded in each session. Alpha power (8-13 Hz) was computed and log transformed. R-L asymmetry was computed at eight pairs of homologous sites for aggregated data. Defensiveness (EPQL and MCSD scores) and depression symptoms (BDI) were assessed at the beginning of the first session. L and MCSD correlated positively with anterior R-L asymmetries. For both scales, the highest correlations were observed at F8-F7. L interacted with F8-F7 asymmetry to predict depressive symptoms. Among left frontally active individuals, there was trend toward a negative correlation between L and BDI. Among the right frontally active individuals, the correlation between L and the BDI was positive. MCSD did not moderate the relation between F8-F7 asymmetry and BDI. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that defensiveness protects against symptoms of depression in the context of left frontal activity, and serves as a diathesis for depression in the context of right frontal activity. High-defensive individuals who are right frontally active may represent "failed repressors," i.e. individuals for whom defensiveness does not protect against depression, and may even exacerbate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kline
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA.
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Santesso DL, Segalowitz SJ, Ashbaugh AR, Antony MM, McCabe RE, Schmidt LA. Frontal EEG asymmetry and sensation seeking in young adults. Biol Psychol 2008; 78:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Defensiveness and anxiety predict frontal EEG asymmetry only in specific situational contexts. Biol Psychol 2008; 78:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gee GC, Spencer MS, Chen J, Takeuchi D. A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:1275-82. [PMID: 17538055 PMCID: PMC1913081 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2006.091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether self-reported everyday discrimination was associated with chronic health conditions among a nationally representative sample of Asian Americans. METHODS Data were from the Asian American subsample (n = 2095) of the National Latino and Asian American Study conducted in 2002 and 2003. Regression techniques (negative binomial and logistic) were used to examine the association between discrimination and chronic health conditions. Analyses were conducted for the entire sample and 3 Asian subgroups (Chinese, Vietnamese, and Filipino). RESULTS Reports of everyday discrimination were associated with many chronic conditions, after we controlled for age, gender, region, per capita income, education, employment, and social desirability bias. Discrimination was also associated with indicators of heart disease, pain, and respiratory illnesses. There were some differences by Asian subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Everyday discrimination may contribute to stress experienced by racial/ethnic minorities and could lead to chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert C Gee
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Wacker J, Chavanon ML, Stemmler G. Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 2007; 91:171-87. [PMID: 16834487 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recent theory suggests that the agency facet of Extraversion (E) is based on brain dopamine (DA). The paucity of human data relevant to this model is probably due to the lack of widely accessible noninvasive psychophysiological indices and well-established behavioral measures sensitive to both E and manipulations of DA activity. Aiming to identify such measures, the authors assessed the electroencephalogram and n-back task performance in groups of introverts and extraverts after administration of either placebo or a selective DA D2 receptor antagonist. As predicted, the antagonist's effects on n-back reaction time measures and frontal versus parietal electroencephalogram theta activity were strongly and specifically modulated by E. New research avenues and theoretical extensions suggested by these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wacker
- Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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