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The role of “communion” and “agency” in college students’ first impressions of their peers. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Jablonska M, Falkowski A, Mackiewicz R. Is good more alike than bad? Positive-negative asymmetry in the differentiation between options. A study on the evaluation of fictitious political profiles. Front Psychol 2022; 13:923027. [PMID: 35967663 PMCID: PMC9368193 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research focuses on the perception of difference in the evaluations of positive and negative options. The literature provides evidence for two opposite effects: on the one hand, negative objects are said to be more differentiated (e.g., density hypothesis), on the other, people are shown to see greater differences between positive options (e.g., liking-breeds-differentiation principle). In our study, we investigated the perception of difference between fictitious political candidates, hypothesizing greater differences among the evaluations of favorable candidates. Additionally, we analyzed how positive and negative information affect candidate evaluation, predicting further asymmetries. In three experiments, participants evaluated various candidate profiles presented in a numeric and narrative manner. The evaluation tasks were designed as individual or joint assessments. In all three studies, we found more differentiation between positive than negative options. Our research suggests that after exceeding a certain, relatively small level of negativity, people do not see any further increase in negativity. The increase in positivity, on the other hand, is more gradual, with greater differentiation among positive options. Our findings are discussed in light of cognitive-experiential self-theory and density hypothesis.
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Liebenow HA, Boucher KL, Cassidy BS. Understanding Evaluations of Kamala Harris in 2020: Political Ideology Qualifies Perceived Communality Effects when Communal Cues are Present. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843221104383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Women of color (vs. White women) are underrepresented in the United States government. Identifying factors that affect evaluations of these women is important to understand their underrepresentation. Deviating from communal expectations contributes to backlash against women. Being perceived as prioritizing communality thus appears key for women to receive support. Little work, however, has examined this relation in actual politicians and how perceiver political ideology may affect it. We examined how gendered trait inferences and political ideology affected evaluations of Kamala Harris, the first woman of color elected to the executive branch, before the 2020 election. People perceived Harris as more agentic than communal (Studies 1–2). Communal trait inferences and having a more liberal political ideology each positively related to evaluations of Harris. More liberal relative to more conservative perceivers had weaker positive communality effects when evaluating her expected success (Studies 1–2) and when a description conveyed Harris’s communality (vs. agency; Study 2). These findings highlight communality effects on evaluations of Harris and suggest a context under which she was likely more supported by co-partisans. Moreover, these studies identify potential sources of bias toward female candidates of color, illustrating a need for gendered trait inferences to be thoroughly considered in campaign strategies. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843221104383 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Liebenow
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | - Brittany S. Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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The verb-self link: An implicit association test study. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1946-1959. [PMID: 35501546 PMCID: PMC9568455 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Agency is defined as the ability to assign and pursue goals. Given people’s focus on achieving their own goals, agency has been found to be strongly linked to the self. In two studies (N = 168), we examined whether this self–agency link is visible from a linguistic perspective. As the preferred grammatical category to convey agency is verbs, we hypothesize that, in the Implicit Association Test (IAT), verbs (vs. nouns) would be associated more strongly with the self (vs. others). Our results confirmed this hypothesis. Participants exhibited particularly fast responses when reading self-related stimuli (e.g., “me” or “my”) and verb stimuli (e.g., “deflect” or “contemplate”) both necessitated pressing an identical rather than different response keys in the IAT (d = .25). The finding connects two streams of literature—on the link between agency and verbs and on the link between self and agency—suggesting a triad between self, agency, and verbs. We argue that this verb–self link (1) opens up new perspectives for understanding linguistic expressions of agency and (2) expands our understanding of how word choice impacts socio-cognitive processing.
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Hiring women into senior leadership positions is associated with a reduction in gender stereotypes in organizational language. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2026443119. [PMID: 35193971 PMCID: PMC8892313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026443119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender inequality has been deemed the “greatest human rights challenge of our time” by the United Nations, and scholars across numerous disciplines agree that gender stereotypes represent a primary way by which this inequality is maintained. Yet changing stereotypes in a systemic, enduring way is extremely difficult. This is at least in part because stereotypes are transmitted and perpetuated through the language societies and organizations use to describe women, especially those in leadership roles. Here, we show that hiring women into leadership positions is associated with organizations characterizing women in more leadership-congruent, agentic ways. This shift mitigates a critical barrier to women’s progression in organizations and society: the incongruence of what it means to be a woman and a leader. Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. This underrepresentation is at least partly driven by gender stereotypes that associate men, but not women, with achievement-oriented, agentic traits (e.g., assertive and decisive). These stereotypes are expressed and perpetuated in language, with women being described in less agentic terms than men. The present research suggests that appointing women to the top tiers of management can mitigate these deep-rooted stereotypes that are expressed in language. We use natural language processing techniques to analyze over 43,000 documents containing 1.23 billion words, finding that hiring female chief executive officers and board members is associated with changes in organizations’ use of language, such that the semantic meaning of being a woman becomes more similar to the semantic meaning of agency. In other words, hiring women into leadership positions helps to associate women with characteristics that are critical for leadership success. Importantly, our findings suggest that changing organizational language through increasing female representation might provide a path for women to break out of the double bind: when female leaders are appointed into positions of power, women are more strongly associated with the positive aspects of agency (e.g., independent and confident) in language but not at the cost of a reduced association with communality (e.g., kind and caring). Taken together, our findings suggest that female representation is not merely an end, but also a means to systemically change insidious gender stereotypes and overcome the trade-off between women being perceived as either competent or likeable.
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Unkelbach C, Taşbaş EHO. Repeating stereotypes: Increased belief and subsequent discrimination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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English AS, Zhang X, Stanciu A, Kulich SJ, Zhao F, Bojovic M. Ethnic Stereotype Formation and Its Impact on Sojourner Adaptation: A Case of "Belt and Road" Chinese Migrant Workers in Montenegro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9540. [PMID: 34574489 PMCID: PMC8469428 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic stereotypes are cognitive markers that are formed and modified because of intercultural contact with a new cultural group. There is now much empirical evidence that explicates how stereotypes of ethnic groups can impact individuals' acculturation experiences. However, what is unknown is how previously nonexistent ethnic beliefs are formed as a result of contact with the local culture. One hundred and seventy-four (N = 174) overseas Chinese construction workers were contacted through the Chinese Consulate in Montenegro and agreed to participate in the present study. The online questionnaire asked workers to describe Montenegrin majority members in terms of five characteristics. These traits formed the stereotype markers that were classified as positive, neutral, or negative. Sojourners also answered questions that measured perceived cultural distance, social exclusion, knowledge of Montenegrin culture, feelings of social exclusion, and their sociocultural adaptation. Results show that both positive and negative stereotypes are correlated with less social exclusion and better socio-cultural adaptation. Perceived cultural distance, knowledge of host culture and length of stay was mediated by stereotypes on adaptation outcomes. Interestingly longer sojourn did not lessen the type of stereotype, nor did it reduce cultural distance. Contribution to the stereotype literature and practical understanding of how Chinese sojourners see majority members will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. English
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- SISU Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China; (X.Z.); (F.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Adrian Stanciu
- GESIS—Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, 200083 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Steve J. Kulich
- SISU Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China; (X.Z.); (F.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Fuxia Zhao
- SISU Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China; (X.Z.); (F.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Milica Bojovic
- SISU Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China; (X.Z.); (F.Z.); (M.B.)
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9
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An Implicit Stereotype of the Rich and Its Relation to Psychological Connectedness. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates people's implicit stereotype of the social group of the rich in terms of competence and warmth. We further examine the stereotype's relationship with temporal selves. Implicit Association Tests were used as measures of implicit social perception in a social comparison context. We also rated the degree of psychological connectedness between current and possible future selves across time. Our results demonstrate that the rich are implicitly perceived as having high levels of competence and low levels of warmth compared to the average person, and that a close psychological connectedness mitigates the negative perception of the rich. The implications and limitations of these findings are also discussed.
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Wang J, Lin W, Fang X, Mo L. The Influence of Emotional Visual Context on the Judgment of Face Trustworthiness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:963-976. [PMID: 33204189 PMCID: PMC7667160 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s269543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of face trustworthiness have often examined isolated face stimulus, ignoring the role of context. Purpose The current study used mouse-tracking technique and the seven-point Likert scale to examine the effect of emotional visual context on face trustworthiness judgment at the levels of the early evaluation process and final evaluation result. Methods Experiment 1 used mouse-tracking technique to study the impact of different contexts on the judgment of face trustworthiness at the early evaluation process. Experiment 2 used the seven-point Likert scale to study the effect of different contexts on the judgment of face trustworthiness at the final evaluation result. Results Experiment 1 found that when faces are embedded in threatening negative contexts, the mouse trajectories are more tortuous for trustworthy responses and straighter for untrustworthy responses than in neutral contexts. When faces are embedded in non-threatening negative contexts, the mouse trajectories are more tortuous for trustworthy responses but did not significantly differ for untrustworthy responses than in neutral contexts. When faces are embedded in positive contexts, the mouse trajectories are straighter for trustworthy responses and more tortuous for untrustworthy responses than in neutral contexts. Experiment 2 found that faces embedded in threatening and non-threatening negative contexts have lower scores and faces embedded in positive contexts have higher scores than in neutral contexts. Conclusion The results show that the emotional visual context significantly influences the judgment of face trustworthiness both at the levels of the early evaluation process and final evaluation result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuji Lin
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Fang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Mo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
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11
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Value systems as motivational forces for the suppression of ageism towards older people amongst young adults: an analysis across countries. AGEING & SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x20001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
What explains ageism towards older people? Several answers exist in the literature, but it is still unclear whether the ageism people express has been altered by motivational forces (i.e. factors which carry or enact motivation, leading to action or thought) or whether an original, primal ageism can be expressed directly. Investigating populations of young adults (45 and younger), this article suggests that value systems are sources of internal and external motivational forces which work to either suppress or to justify both subtle and blatant forms of ageism. It was hypothesised that, at the individual level, values precede any threat perception and negative stereotypical beliefs associated with older people, leading to forms of ageism which match the motivational goals of a person's values. It was further expected that, at the cultural level, values represent the climate in which people express ageist beliefs. It was found that self-transcendence values can bypass the negative effects of threat perception and negative stereotypes, resulting in less-negative forms of ageism. A sample comprising a clear majority of hierarchical, non-Western cultures showed that self-enhancement values also contributed motivational strength for the suppression of blatant ageism. A practical implication of these findings is the possibility of further developing existing strategies of combating ageism by working to effect appropriate long-term changes in the values of young adults.
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Martin AE, Slepian ML. The Primacy of Gender: Gendered Cognition Underlies the Big Two Dimensions of Social Cognition. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:1143-1158. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620904961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is notable that across distinct, siloed, and disconnected areas of psychology (e.g., developmental, personality, social), there exist two dimensions (the “Big Two”) that capture the ways in which people process, perceive, and navigate their social worlds. Despite their subtle distinctions and nomenclature, each shares the same underlying content; one revolves around independence, goal pursuit, and achievement, and the other revolves around other-focus, social orientation, and desire for connection. Why have these two dimensions emerged across disciplines, domains, and decades? Our answer: gender. We argue that the characteristics of the Big Two (e.g., agency/competence, communion/warmth) are reflections of psychological notions of masculinity and femininity that render gender the basis of the fundamental lens through which one sees the social world. Thus, although past work has identified the Big Two as a model to understand social categories, we argue that gender itself is the social category that explains the nature of the Big Two. We outline support for this theory and suggest implications of a gendered cognition in which gender not only provides functional utility for cognitive processing but simultaneously enforces gender roles and limits men and women’s opportunities. Recognizing that the Big Two reflect masculinity and femininity does not confine people to act in accordance with their gender but rather allows for novel interventions to reduce gender-based inequities.
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13
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Unkelbach C, Koch A, Alves H. The evaluative information ecology: On the frequency and diversity of “good” and “bad”. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1688474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Koch
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hans Alves
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
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Oliveira M, Garcia‐Marques T, Garcia‐Marques L, Dotsch R. Good to Bad or Bad to Bad? What is the relationship between valence and the trait content of the Big Two? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oliveira
- William James Center for Research ISPA—Instituto Universitário Lisbon Portugal
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Oliveira M, Garcia-Marques T, Dotsch R, Garcia-Marques L. Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oliveira
- William James Center for Research; ISPA-Instituto Universitário; Lisbon Portugal
| | | | - Ron Dotsch
- Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Pietraszkiewicz A, Formanowicz M, Gustafsson Sendén M, Boyd RL, Sikström S, Sczesny S. The big two dictionaries: Capturing agency and communion in natural language. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan L. Boyd
- The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
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Alves H, Koch A, Unkelbach C. The differential similarity of positive and negative information – an affect-induced processing outcome? Cogn Emot 2018; 33:1224-1238. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1549022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Alves
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Alex Koch
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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A wolf in sheep’s clothing? Communal narcissism and positive implicit self-views in the communal domain. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sayans‐Jiménez P, Harreveld F, Dalege J, Rojas Tejada AJ. Investigating stereotype structure with empirical network models. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sayans‐Jiménez
- Department of Psychology University of Almería Almería Spain
- Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Spain
| | - Frenk Harreveld
- Department of Social Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Department of Social Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Antonio J. Rojas Tejada
- Department of Psychology University of Almería Almería Spain
- Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Spain
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Gräf M, Unkelbach C. Halo effects from agency behaviors and communion behaviors depend on social context: Why technicians benefit more from showing tidiness than nurses do. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nunes LD, Garcia-Marques L, Ferreira MB, Ramos T. Inferential Costs of Trait Centrality in Impression Formation: Organization in Memory and Misremembering. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1408. [PMID: 28878708 PMCID: PMC5572275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An extension of the DRM paradigm was used to study the impact of central traits (Asch, 1946) in impression formation. Traits corresponding to the four clusters of the implicit theory of personality-intellectual, positive and negative; and social, positive and negative (Rosenberg et al., 1968)-were used to develop lists containing several traits of one cluster and one central trait prototypical of the opposite cluster. Participants engaging in impression formation relative to participants engaging in memorization not only produced higher levels of false memories corresponding to the same cluster of the list traits but, under response time pressure at retrieval, also produced more false memories of the cluster corresponding to the central trait. We argue that the importance of central traits stems from their ability to activate their corresponding semantic space within a specialized associative memory structure underlying the implicit theory of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila D. Nunes
- Center for Instructional Excellence, Purdue UniversityLafayette, IN, United States
- Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica (CICPSI), Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonel Garcia-Marques
- Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica (CICPSI), Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário B. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica (CICPSI), Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia Ramos
- Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica (CICPSI), Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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Formanowicz M, Roessel J, Suitner C, Maass A. Verbs as linguistic markers of agency: The social side of grammar. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Formanowicz
- University of Humanities and Social Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; University of Bern; Switzerland
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Rosette AS, Koval CZ, Ma A, Livingston R. Race matters for women leaders: Intersectional effects on agentic deficiencies and penalties. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gräf M, Unkelbach C. Halo Effects in Trait Assessment Depend on Information Valence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:290-310. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167215627137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose stronger halo effects in trait assessments from positive information relative to negative information. Due to positive information’s higher similarity, positive information should foster both indirect (from a global impression to traits) and direct halo effects (from traits to traits). Negative information’s relative distinctiveness should foster only direct halo effects, leading to weaker halo effects overall. Four experiments support these predictions using agency traits and communion traits and behaviors. Further supporting the predictions, halo effects from positive information were visible both within (i.e., from communion/agency information to communion/agency traits) and across (i.e., from agency/communion information to communion/agency traits) these fundamental dimensions of social perception. Halo effects from negative information were visible only within dimensions. The study thereby explains why halo effects from negative information are usually weaker; it supports different processes underlying halo effects; and it provides a case in person perception where positive information has more impact than negative information.
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My friends are all alike — the relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abele AE. Pursuit of communal values in an agentic manner: a way to happiness? Front Psychol 2014; 5:1320. [PMID: 25477843 PMCID: PMC4235276 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research studies the association between traits, values, and life satisfaction. While values should influence the direction of an individual's goals and behavior, his/her traits impact effort-expenditure, efficiency, and persistence in goal-pursuit. We apply the framework of the "Big Two" of agency and communion (Bakan, 1966) for distinguishing the content of values and traits. While agentic content refers to qualities relevant for goal-attainment, such as assertiveness, competence or persistence, communal content refers to qualities relevant for the establishment and maintenance of social relationships, such as being friendly, helpful, or fair. We predict that high scores on communal values and high scores on agentic traits are associated with life satisfaction. We test these predictions in two studies conducted in different countries (Germany and Russia) with different cultural background. The findings support our reasoning: across both countries we find positive associations of communal values and agentic traits with life satisfaction; and individuals high in communal values and high in agentic traits are most satisfied with their lives. In Russia, the association of communal values with life satisfaction is moderated by agentic traits; in Germany, however, there is a main effect of communal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Abele
- Social Psychology Group, University of Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
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Brambilla M, Leach CW. On the Importance of Being Moral: The Distinctive Role of Morality in Social Judgment. SOCIAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abele AE, Wojciszke B. Communal and Agentic Content in Social Cognition. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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