1
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Chambon M, Elberse JE, Dalege J, Beijer NRM, van Harreveld F. Understanding public perceptions toward sustainable healthcare through psychological network analysis of material preference and attitudes toward plastic medical devices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17938. [PMID: 37864068 PMCID: PMC10589264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent and potential future health-care users (i.e., the public) are important stakeholders in the transition toward environmentally sustainable healthcare. However, it remains unclear whether, according to the public, there is room for sustainable innovations in materials for plastic medical devices (PMD). This study explores preferences regarding conventional or bio-based PMD, and psychological mechanisms underlying these preferences. We administered two surveys among Dutch adults from a research panel. Results from the first survey (i.e., open-text survey on attitude elements; NStudy1 = 66) served as input for the second survey (i.e., Likert-scale survey on beliefs, emotions, perceived control, social norms, trust, related to current and bio-based PMD, and health and age; NStudy2 = 1001; Mage = 47.35; 54.4% female). The second survey was completed by 501 participants who, in the last two years, received care in which PMD were used, and 500 participants who did not. Cross-sectional psychological networks were estimated with data from the second study using the EBICglasso method. Results showed that participants preferred bio-based over conventional PMD, and this applied regardless of whether devices are used inside or outside of the body. Results also showed emotions play an important role, with emotions regarding bio-based PMD being strongly related to preference. Furthermore, comparing recent and potential future receivers of PMD revealed differences in preference but comparable relations between preference and other psychological variables. This study shows that receivers' perspectives should not be seen as potential barriers, but as additional motivation for transitioning toward sustainable healthcare. Recommendations for implementation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chambon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke E Elberse
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nick R M Beijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Chambon M, Dalege J, Borsboom D, Waldorp LJ, van der Maas HLJ, van Harreveld F. How compliance with behavioural measures during the initial phase of a pandemic develops over time: A longitudinal COVID-19 study. Br J Soc Psychol 2023; 62:302-321. [PMID: 36214155 PMCID: PMC9874881 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this longitudinal research, we adopt a complexity approach to examine the temporal dynamics of variables related to compliance with behavioural measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dutch participants (N = 2399) completed surveys with COVID-19-related variables five times over a period of 10 weeks (23 April-30 June 2020). With these data, we estimated within-person COVID-19 attitude networks containing a broad set of psychological variables and their relations. These networks display variables' predictive effects over time between measurements and contemporaneous effects during measurements. Results show (1) bidirectional effects between multiple variables relevant for compliance, forming potential feedback loops, and (2) a positive reinforcing structure between compliance, support for behavioural measures, involvement in the pandemic and vaccination intention. These results can explain why levels of these variables decreased throughout the course of the study. The reinforcing structure points towards potentially amplifying effects of interventions on these variables and might inform processes of polarization. We conclude that adopting a complexity approach might contribute to understanding protective behaviour in the initial phase of pandemics by combining different theoretical models and modelling bidirectional effects between variables. Future research could build upon this research by studying causality with interventions and including additional variables in the networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chambon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Frenk van Harreveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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3
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Chambon M, Dalege J, Waldorp LJ, Van der Maas HLJ, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F. Tailored interventions into broad attitude networks towards the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276439. [PMID: 36301880 PMCID: PMC9612523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines how broad attitude networks are affected by tailored interventions aimed at variables selected based on their connectiveness with other variables. We first computed a broad attitude network based on a large-scale cross-sectional COVID-19 survey (N = 6,093). Over a period of approximately 10 weeks, participants were invited five times to complete this survey, with the third and fifth wave including interventions aimed at manipulating specific variables in the broad COVID-19 attitude network. Results suggest that targeted interventions that yield relatively strong effects on variables central to a broad attitude network have downstream effects on connected variables, which can be partially explained by the variables the interventions were aimed at. We conclude that broad attitude network structures can reveal important relations between variables that can help to design new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chambon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lourens J. Waldorp
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Chambon M, Kammeraad WG, van Harreveld F, Dalege J, Elberse JE, van der Maas HLJ. Understanding change in COVID-19 vaccination intention with network analysis of longitudinal data from Dutch adults. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:114. [PMID: 36182929 PMCID: PMC9526393 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research into the relationship between attitudes and vaccination intention is predominantly cross-sectional and therefore does not provide insight into directions of relations. During the COVID-19 vaccines development and enrollment phase, we studied the temporal dynamics of COVID-19 vaccination intention in relation to attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and the pandemic, vaccination in general, social norms and trust. The data are derived from a longitudinal survey study with Dutch participants from a research panel (N = 744; six measurements between December 2020 and May 2021; age 18–84 years [M = 53.32]) and analyzed with vector-autoregression network analyses. While cross-sectional results indicated that vaccination intention was relatively strongly related to attitudes toward the vaccines, results from temporal analyses showed that vaccination intention mainly predicted other vaccination-related variables and to a lesser extent was predicted by variables. We found a weak predictive effect from social norm to vaccination intention that was not robust. This study underlines the challenge of stimulating uptake of new vaccines developed during pandemics, and the importance of examining directions of effects in research into vaccination intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chambon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wesley G Kammeraad
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Janneke E Elberse
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Han L J van der Maas
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Dalege J, van der Does T. Using a cognitive network model of moral and social beliefs to explain belief change. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm0137. [PMID: 35984886 PMCID: PMC9390990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Skepticism toward childhood vaccines and genetically modified food has grown despite scientific evidence of their safety. Beliefs about scientific issues are difficult to change because they are entrenched within many interrelated moral concerns and beliefs about what others think. We propose a cognitive network model that estimates network ties between all interrelated beliefs to calculate the overall dissonance and interdependence. Using a probabilistic nationally representative longitudinal study, we test whether our model can be used to predict belief change and find support for our model's predictions: High network dissonance predicts subsequent belief change, and people are driven toward lower network dissonance. We show the advantages of measuring dissonance using the belief network structure compared to traditional measures. This study is the first to combine a unifying predictive model with an experimental intervention and to shed light on the dynamics of dissonance reduction leading to belief change.
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6
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Chambon M, Dalege J, Elberse JE, van Harreveld F. A Psychological Network Approach to Attitudes and Preventive Behaviors During Pandemics: A COVID-19 Study in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 2022; 13:233-245. [PMID: 38603079 PMCID: PMC8042407 DOI: 10.1177/19485506211002420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preventive behaviors are crucial to prevent the spread of the coronavirus causing COVID-19. We adopted a complex psychological systems approach to obtain a descriptive account of the network of attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19. A survey study (N = 1,022) was conducted with subsamples from the United Kingdom (n = 502) and the Netherlands (n = 520). The results highlight the importance of people's support for, and perceived efficacy of, the measures and preventive behaviors. This also applies to the perceived norm of family and friends adopting these behaviors. The networks in both countries were largely similar but also showed notable differences. The interplay of psychological factors in the networks is also highlighted, resulting in our appeal to policy makers to take complexity and mutual dependence of psychological factors into account. Future research should study the effects of interventions aimed at these factors, including effects on the network, to make causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chambon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Janneke E. Elberse
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Galesic M, Bruine de Bruin W, Dalege J, Feld SL, Kreuter F, Olsson H, Prelec D, Stein DL, van der Does T. Human social sensing is an untapped resource for computational social science. Nature 2021; 595:214-222. [PMID: 34194037 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to 'sense' the social environment and thereby to understand the thoughts and actions of others allows humans to fit into their social worlds, communicate and cooperate, and learn from others' experiences. Here we argue that, through the lens of computational social science, this ability can be used to advance research into human sociality. When strategically selected to represent a specific population of interest, human social sensors can help to describe and predict societal trends. In addition, their reports of how they experience their social worlds can help to build models of social dynamics that are constrained by the empirical reality of human social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Galesic
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA. .,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Harding Center for Risk Literacy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Wändi Bruine de Bruin
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott L Feld
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Frauke Kreuter
- Joint Program in Survey Methodology, University of Maryland, Maryland, MD, USA.,Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Drazen Prelec
- Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Economics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L Stein
- Department of Physics and Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Conner M, Wilding S, van Harreveld F, Dalege J. Cognitive-Affective Inconsistency and Ambivalence: Impact on the Overall Attitude-Behavior Relationship. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2021; 47:673-687. [PMID: 32749192 PMCID: PMC7961742 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220945900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research explored whether overall attitude is a stronger predictor of behavior when underlying cognitive-affective inconsistency or ambivalence is low versus high. Across three prospective studies in different behaviors and populations (Study 1: eating a low-fat diet, N = 136 adults, eating five fruit and vegetables per day, N = 135 adults; Study 2: smoking initiation, N = 4,933 adolescents; and Study 3: physical activity, N = 909 adults) we tested cognitive-affective inconsistency and ambivalence individually and simultaneously as moderators of the overall attitude-behavior relationship. Across studies, more similar effects were observed for inconsistency compared with ambivalence (in both individual and simultaneous analyses). Meta-analysis across studies supported this conclusion with both cognitive-affective inconsistency and ambivalence being significant moderators when considered on their own, but only inconsistency being significant when tested simultaneously. The reported studies highlight the importance of cognitive-affective inconsistency as a determinant of the strength of overall attitude.
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9
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Galesic M, Olsson H, Dalege J, van der Does T, Stein DL. Integrating social and cognitive aspects of belief dynamics: towards a unifying framework. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200857. [PMID: 33726541 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Belief change and spread have been studied in many disciplines-from psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy, to biology, computer science and statistical physics-but we still do not have a firm grasp on why some beliefs change more easily and spread faster than others. To fully capture the complex social-cognitive system that gives rise to belief dynamics, we first review insights about structural components and processes of belief dynamics studied within different disciplines. We then outline a unifying quantitative framework that enables theoretical and empirical comparisons of different belief dynamic models. This framework uses a statistical physics formalism, grounded in cognitive and social theory, as well as empirical observations. We show how this framework can be used to integrate extant knowledge and develop a more comprehensive understanding of belief dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Galesic
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Olsson
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | | | - Daniel L Stein
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.,Department of Physics and Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,NYU-ECNU Institutes of Physics and Mathematical Sciences at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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10
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Epskamp S, Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Robinaugh DJ, Marsman M, Dalege J, Rhemtulla M, Cramer AOJ. Investigating the Utility of Fixed-margin Sampling in Network Psychometrics. Multivariate Behav Res 2021; 56:314-328. [PMID: 30463456 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2018.1489771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Steinley, Hoffman, Brusco, and Sher (2017) proposed a new method for evaluating the performance of psychological network models: fixed-margin sampling. The authors investigated LASSO regularized Ising models (eLasso) by generating random datasets with the same margins as the original binary dataset, and concluded that many estimated eLasso parameters are not distinguishable from those that would be expected if the data were generated by chance. We argue that fixed-margin sampling cannot be used for this purpose, as it generates data under a particular null-hypothesis: a unidimensional factor model with interchangeable indicators (i.e., the Rasch model). We show this by discussing relevant psychometric literature and by performing simulation studies. Results indicate that while eLasso correctly estimated network models and estimated almost no edges due to chance, fixed-margin sampling performed poorly in classifying true effects as "interesting" (Steinley et al. 2017, p. 1004). Further simulation studies indicate that fixed-margin sampling offers a powerful method for highlighting local misfit from the Rasch model, but performs only moderately in identifying global departures from the Rasch model. We conclude that fixed-margin sampling is not up to the task of assessing if results from estimated Ising models or other multivariate psychometric models are due to chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Epskamp
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eiko I Fried
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia D van Borkulo
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Donald J Robinaugh
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maarten Marsman
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mijke Rhemtulla
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angélique O J Cramer
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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11
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Borsboom D, van der Maas HLJ, Dalege J, Kievit RA, Haig BD. Theory Construction Methodology: A Practical Framework for Building Theories in Psychology. Perspect Psychol Sci 2021; 16:756-766. [PMID: 33593167 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620969647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to improve theory formation in psychology by developing a practical methodology for constructing explanatory theories: theory construction methodology (TCM). TCM is a sequence of five steps. First, the theorist identifies a domain of empirical phenomena that becomes the target of explanation. Second, the theorist constructs a prototheory, a set of theoretical principles that putatively explain these phenomena. Third, the prototheory is used to construct a formal model, a set of model equations that encode explanatory principles. Fourth, the theorist investigates the explanatory adequacy of the model by formalizing its empirical phenomena and assessing whether it indeed reproduces these phenomena. Fifth, the theorist studies the overall adequacy of the theory by evaluating whether the identified phenomena are indeed reproduced faithfully and whether the explanatory principles are sufficiently parsimonious and substantively plausible. We explain TCM with an example taken from research on intelligence (the mutualism model of intelligence), in which key elements of the method have been successfully implemented. We discuss the place of TCM in the larger scheme of scientific research and propose an outline for a university curriculum that can systematically educate psychologists in the process of theory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogier A Kievit
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
| | - Brian D Haig
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury
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12
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Abstract
In this article, we model implicit attitude measures using our network theory of attitudes. The model rests on the assumption that implicit measures limit attitudinal entropy reduction, because implicit measures represent a measurement outcome that is the result of evaluating the attitude object in a quick and effortless manner. Implicit measures therefore assess attitudes in high entropy states (i.e., inconsistent and unstable states). In a simulation, we illustrate the implications of our network theory for implicit measures. The results of this simulation show a paradoxical result: Implicit measures can provide a more accurate assessment of conflicting evaluative reactions to an attitude object (e.g., evaluative reactions not in line with the dominant evaluative reactions) than explicit measures, because they assess these properties in a noisier and less reliable manner. We conclude that our network theory of attitudes increases the connection between substantive theorizing on attitudes and psychometric properties of implicit measures.
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13
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Abstract
Emotions are part and parcel of the human condition, but their nature is debated. Three broad classes of theories about the nature of emotions can be distinguished: affect-program theories, constructionist theories, and appraisal theories. Integrating these broad classes of theories into a unifying theory is challenging. An integrative psychometric model of emotions can inform such a theory because psychometric models are intertwined with theoretical perspectives about constructs. To identify an integrative psychometric model, we delineate properties of emotions stated by emotion theories and investigate whether psychometric models account for these properties. Specifically, an integrative psychometric model of emotions should allow (a) identifying distinct emotions (central in affect-program theories), (b) between- and within-person variations of emotions (central in constructionist theories), and (c) causal relationships between emotion components (central in appraisal theories). Evidence suggests that the popular reflective and formative latent variable models-in which emotions are conceptualized as unobservable causes or consequences of emotion components-cannot account for all properties. Conversely, a psychometric network model-in which emotions are conceptualized as systems of causally interacting emotion components-accounts for all properties. The psychometric network model thus constitutes an integrative psychometric model of emotions, facilitating progress toward a unifying theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lange
- Psychology Research Institute, University of
Amsterdam
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Psychology Research Institute, University of
Amsterdam
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14
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Sachisthal MSM, Jansen BRJ, Peetsma TTD, Dalege J, van der Maas HLJ, Raijmakers MEJ. Introducing a science interest network model to reveal country differences. Journal of Educational Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/edu0000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, Lunansky G, van der Maas HLJ. The Attitudinal Entropy (AE) Framework: Clarifications, Extensions, and Future Directions. Psychological Inquiry 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1542235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Lunansky
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, van der Maas HLJ. A Network Perspective on Attitude Strength: Testing the Connectivity Hypothesis. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618781062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attitude strength is a key characteristic of attitudes. Strong attitudes are durable and impactful, while weak attitudes are fluctuating and inconsequential. Recently, the causal attitude network (CAN) model was proposed as a comprehensive measurement model of attitudes, which conceptualizes attitudes as networks of causally connected evaluative reactions (i.e., beliefs, feelings, and behavior toward an attitude object). Here, we test the central postulate of the CAN model that highly connected attitude networks correspond to strong attitudes. We use data from the American National Election Studies 1980–2012 on attitudes toward presidential candidates ( N = 18,795). We first show that political interest predicts connectivity of attitude networks toward presidential candidates. Second, we show that connectivity is strongly related to two defining features of strong attitudes—stability of the attitude and the attitude’s impact on behavior. We conclude that network theory provides a promising framework to advance the understanding of attitude strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sayans‐Jiménez
- Department of Psychology University of Almería Almería Spain
- Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Spain
| | - Frenk Harreveld
- Department of Social Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Department of Social Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Antonio J. Rojas Tejada
- Department of Psychology University of Almería Almería Spain
- Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Spain
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Blanken TF, Deserno MK, Dalege J, Borsboom D, Blanken P, Kerkhof GA, Cramer AOJ. The role of stabilizing and communicating symptoms given overlapping communities in psychopathology networks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5854. [PMID: 29643399 PMCID: PMC5895626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Network theory, as a theoretical and methodological framework, is energizing many research fields, among which clinical psychology and psychiatry. Fundamental to the network theory of psychopathology is the role of specific symptoms and their interactions. Current statistical tools, however, fail to fully capture this constitutional property. We propose community detection tools as a means to evaluate the complex network structure of psychopathology, free from its original boundaries of distinct disorders. Unique to this approach is that symptoms can belong to multiple communities. Using a large community sample and spanning a broad range of symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised), we identified 18 communities of interconnected symptoms. The differential role of symptoms within and between communities offers a framework to study the clinical concepts of comorbidity, heterogeneity and hallmark symptoms. Symptoms with many and strong connections within a community, defined as stabilizing symptoms, could be thought of as the core of a community, whereas symptoms that belong to multiple communities, defined as communicating symptoms, facilitate the communication between problem areas. We propose that defining symptoms on their stabilizing and/or communicating role within and across communities accelerates our understanding of these clinical phenomena, central to research and treatment of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa F Blanken
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie K Deserno
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dr. Leo Kannerhuis and REACH-AUT, Houtsniplaan 1a, 6865 XZ, Doorwerth, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Blanken
- Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC, Brijder Addiction Treatment), Zoutkeetsingel 40, 2512 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Kerkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sleep Disorders Center MCH, Lijnbaan 32, 2512 VA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Angélique O J Cramer
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In this article, we provide a brief tutorial on the estimation, analysis, and simulation on attitude networks using the programming language R. We first discuss what a network is and subsequently show how one can estimate a regularized network on typical attitude data. For this, we use open-access data on the attitudes toward Barack Obama during the 2012 American presidential election. Second, we show how one can calculate standard network measures such as community structure, centrality, and connectivity on this estimated attitude network. Third, we show how one can simulate from an estimated attitude network to derive predictions from attitude networks. By this, we highlight that network theory provides a framework for both testing and developing formalized hypotheses on attitudes and related core social psychological constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, Waldorp LJ, van der Maas HLJ. Network Structure Explains the Impact of Attitudes on Voting Decisions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4909. [PMID: 28687776 PMCID: PMC5501836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes can have a profound impact on socially relevant behaviours, such as voting. However, this effect is not uniform across situations or individuals, and it is at present difficult to predict whether attitudes will predict behaviour in any given circumstance. Using a network model, we demonstrate that (a) more strongly connected attitude networks have a stronger impact on behaviour, and (b) within any given attitude network, the most central attitude elements have the strongest impact. We test these hypotheses using data on voting and attitudes toward presidential candidates in the US presidential elections from 1980 to 2012. These analyses confirm that the predictive value of attitude networks depends almost entirely on their level of connectivity, with more central attitude elements having stronger impact. The impact of attitudes on voting behaviour can thus be reliably determined before elections take place by using network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens J Waldorp
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Han L J van der Maas
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, van den Berg H, Conner M, van der Maas HLJ. Toward a formalized account of attitudes: The Causal Attitude Network (CAN) model. Psychol Rev 2015; 123:2-22. [PMID: 26479706 DOI: 10.1037/a0039802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces the Causal Attitude Network (CAN) model, which conceptualizes attitudes as networks consisting of evaluative reactions and interactions between these reactions. Relevant evaluative reactions include beliefs, feelings, and behaviors toward the attitude object. Interactions between these reactions arise through direct causal influences (e.g., the belief that snakes are dangerous causes fear of snakes) and mechanisms that support evaluative consistency between related contents of evaluative reactions (e.g., people tend to align their belief that snakes are useful with their belief that snakes help maintain ecological balance). In the CAN model, the structure of attitude networks conforms to a small-world structure: evaluative reactions that are similar to each other form tight clusters, which are connected by a sparser set of "shortcuts" between them. We argue that the CAN model provides a realistic formalized measurement model of attitudes and therefore fills a crucial gap in the attitude literature. Furthermore, the CAN model provides testable predictions for the structure of attitudes and how they develop, remain stable, and change over time. Attitude strength is conceptualized in terms of the connectivity of attitude networks and we show that this provides a parsimonious account of the differences between strong and weak attitudes. We discuss the CAN model in relation to possible extensions, implication for the assessment of attitudes, and possibilities for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
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Degner J, Dalege J. The apple does not fall far from the tree, or does it? A meta-analysis of parent-child similarity in intergroup attitudes. Psychol Bull 2013; 139:1270-304. [PMID: 23379964 DOI: 10.1037/a0031436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination has long been a core topic of social psychology. Since the seminal theorizing by Allport in 1954, different views on childhood origins of prejudice have been discussed, in which the role of parental socialization varies on a scale from fundamental to negligible. This meta-analysis integrates the available empirical evidence of the past 60 years and critically discusses the current state of knowledge on parental socialization of intergroup attitudes. A random-effects model analysis of data from 131 studies on over 45,000 parent-child dyads indicated a significant medium-sized average effect size for the correlation between parental and child intergroup attitudes. The average effect size was related to study-specific variables, such as the source of parental attitude report (self vs. child reported), the conceptual overlap between measures, and the privacy of assessment. We also found significant moderations by ingroup status and size as well as child age. The latter was, however, mediated by measurement overlap. No significant effect size differences were found in relation to different components of intergroup attitudes (i.e., affective, cognitive, behavioral), nor to child or parent gender. The results unequivocally demonstrate that parent-child attitudes are related throughout childhood and adolescence. We discuss in detail whether and to what extent this interrelation can be interpreted as an indicator of parent-child socialization to allow a critical evaluation of the available contradicting theories. We furthermore address limitations of the available research and the current meta-analysis and derive implications and suggestions for future research.
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