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Mantzios M, McAtamney K, Regan H, Kokocinska K, Kauser S, Kalika E, Hussain M, Keyte R, Wood J, Wallis D, Egan H. Does controlling for epicurean eating or the tendency to supersize food portions change the relationship between mindful eating and grazing? Heliyon 2024; 10:e24823. [PMID: 38352731 PMCID: PMC10861966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examines the potential for Epicurean eating to offer fresh perspectives on the predictive value of mindful eating. This research seeks to ascertain whether accounting for Epicurean eating (or its antithesis, supersizing), could influence the previously identified negative relationship between mindful eating and grazing habits. In a cross-sectional study, 419 participants completed questionnaires on epicurean eating, grazing, and mindful eating. The findings suggested mindful eating and epicurean eating were significantly associated with grazing, with both variables accounting for a significant amount of variance in grazing. Further analysis of the mindful eating subscales showed that eating without distraction, eating with awareness, and hunger and satiety cues accounted for this association with grazing when epicurean eating was included. Finally, whilst eating without distraction, eating with awareness, and hunger and satiety cues were associated with grazing, preference for supersizing did not account for a significant amount of variance in the relationship with grazing. The complex interplay between grazing and mindful eating becomes more apparent when considering the influence of epicurean eating. Exploring cross-cultural factors through additional research could provide valuable insights into the dynamics of epicurean eating and grazing. Simultaneously, incorporating alternative mindful eating scales may yield a more nuanced interpretation of mindful eating. Collectively, these avenues of inquiry warrant further investigation. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harvey Regan
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sophia Kauser
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Eliza Kalika
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Misba Hussain
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Wallis
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Egan
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
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Hussain M, Egan H, Keyte R, Strachan R, Tahrani AA, Mantzios M. Exploring the association between self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating with eating behaviours amongst patients with obesity. Nutr Health 2023; 29:683-693. [PMID: 35538911 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221094671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: People who have obesity often experience problematic eating behaviours, contributing towards their excessive weight gain. Aims: Understanding problematic eating behaviours and their association to self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating is important for the development of future interventions that improve weight-loss and weight-regulation. Methods: One hundred and one participants attending their first session of a 6-session dietetic programme within a Tier 3 medical weight management service in the West Midlands, UK were recruited to complete questionnaires on self-compassion, mindfulness, mindful eating and eating behaviours, such as, emotional, restrained, external, fat and sugar consumption and grazing. Results: The findings suggested all three constructs, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating were significantly and negatively associated with grazing and emotional eating, but mindful eating was the only construct that also displayed a significant and negative association with other eating behaviours that are often barriers to successful weight regulation, such as external eating and fat consumption. Further investigation suggested mindful eating had an indirect effect on fat consumption and grazing via external eating. Conclusion: Whilst, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating displayed a negative relationship with grazing and emotional eating, mindful eating also displayed a negative relationship with fat consumption and external eating. Possible explanations and directions for future work are discussed with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, UK
| | | | - Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Mantzios M. Development and initial validation of the trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scales. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:88. [PMID: 37878168 PMCID: PMC10600279 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The quantitative assessment of mindful eating has been challenging, even with the latest additions to the field of multifactorial mindful eating psychometric tools. This manuscript presents the development, validity and reliability assessment of a trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale across four studies driven by recent theory (Mantzios in Nutr Health 27: 1-5, 2021). METHODS Study 1 assessed the content validity of the scale through ratings of clinical and research experts in the field. Study 2 inspected the scale through exploratory and confirmatory factor, parallel, correlation, and reliability analyses. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability through a test-retest in a 2-week interval. Study 4 assessed the scale in a randomized control experimental design, where a mindful eating (vs. control group) received the trait scale before consuming chocolate, and an equivalent state scale was modified to assess state changes during the 10-min eating session. RESULTS Study 1 yielded items to be reflective and concise of the definition of mindful eating behaviour. Study 2 indicated 2 potential factors through exploratory factor analyses, which were further verified through a parallel analysis, while subscales correlation indicated one-dimensionality, which was further verified through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the internal consistency of the scale and subscales was good. Study 3 certified the reliability of the scale over time, while Study 4 indicated that both the trait and state scales were significant indicators of eating mindfully. CONCLUSIONS Together, all studies signal the utility of theoretically sound and empirically validated measurements for the replicable assessment of mindful eating behaviour. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE No level of evidence: basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
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Mantzios M, Zervos K, Koletsi M, Giannou K. Mindful eating and eating behaviours in Greece: exploring the validity and reliability of two mindful eating scales and other eating behaviours for Greek-speaking populations. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:85. [PMID: 37864641 PMCID: PMC10590293 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating has seen an increase in clinical and non-clinical practices of changing health outcomes. Meanwhile, the restriction of not having validated scales in other languages proposes a barrier to exploring the impact of mindful eating cross-culturally, and specific to the present project, across Greek-speaking populations, limiting the potential of exploring the association with Mediterranean dieting. METHODS In the present research, volunteers (n = 706) completed online the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale and the Mindful Eating Scale. A forward-backwards translation, leading to face validity, and was assessed for internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) and followed up by an assessment of the factorial structure of the scales. Divergent and convergent validity was explored using motivations to eat palatable foods, grazing, craving, Dusseldorf orthorexia, Salzburg emotional eating, and the Salzburg stress eating scales. RESULTS Results indicated that both scales displayed good internal consistency, and the assessment of the factorial structure of the scales was equally good and semi-consistent with the English versions, with parallel analyses and item loadings proposing problems that have been shown in critical review literature. Associations of mindful eating scales to other eating behaviours were replicated to previously established findings with English-speaking populations. CONCLUSIONS Findings that deviated from the expected outcomes are central to the discussion on the measurement of mindful eating, and further direction highlights the way forward for researchers and clinicians. LEVEL V Descriptive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | | | - Marsha Koletsi
- Department of Psychology, New York College, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Giannou
- Department of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Mantzios M. Mindful eating: A conceptual critical review of the literature, measurement and intervention development. Nutr Health 2023; 29:435-441. [PMID: 36703297 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231153427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Defining mindful eating and discussing all it entails has proven to be abstract, open-ended and biased to the interpretation of the researchers and authors in the field. Despite some consensus, different interpretations have led to different psychometric tools and practices not descriptive of mindful eating, contributing towards a replication crisis. Aim/Method: This narrative review will draw on the most appropriate definition of mindful eating in the framework of traditional secular mindfulness literature and discuss how mindful eating psychometrics and practices are unsuitable for precise research. Results/Discussion: A proposal and directive of separation between eating behaviours and decision-making in mindful eating as a way of developing evidence-based practices and psychometric tools are proposed for both clinical and non-clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Kalika E, Hussain M, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploring the moderating role of mindfulness, mindful eating, and self-compassion on the relationship between eating-disordered quality of life and orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:18. [PMID: 36808014 PMCID: PMC9941235 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore mindfulness, mindful eating, self-compassion and quality of life in a female population. Two hundred eighty-eight participants completed Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful eating, Mindfulness and Eating Disorder Quality of Life scales. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between ON and mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating. Furthermore, the present study found a positive relationship between lower quality of life and ON, while findings indicated that self-compassion and the awareness facet of mindfulness moderated the relationship between ON and QOL. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a female population, and identify the moderating capacity of self-compassion and mindfulness. Further implications and future directions are discussed.Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK.
| | - Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
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Regan H, Keyte R, Mantzios M, Egan H. The Mediating Role of Body Acceptance in Explaining the Relation of Mindfulness, Self-Compassion and Mindful Eating to Body Image in Gay Men and Bisexual Men. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023; 14:596-605. [PMID: 37008573 PMCID: PMC9995256 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-023-02095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Mindfulness and mindfulness-based constructs, such as self-compassion and mindful eating, have been positively associated with healthier eating and body related perceptions. Exploration of mindfulness and related concepts have not been investigated extensively in gay and bisexual men, a population where eating and body related concerns have been found to be widespread. Method Participants completed an online questionnaire, assessing mindfulness, self-compassion, mindful eating, body image and body acceptance. Correlation analysis and further mediation analysis was conducted to explore the relations between these constructs within the present sample (n = 163). Results A community sample showed a positive association of body image to mindfulness-based concepts, and negative to body non-acceptance, within the target population. Mediation analysis showed the role of body acceptance in explaining the relation between mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating to body image. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of body acceptance when considering the development of a mindfulness or compassion-based intervention to attenuate body related issues among gay and bisexual men. Preregistration This manuscript has not been preregistered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Regan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
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Less is more: Mindfulness, portion size, and candy eating pleasure. Food Qual Prefer 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mantzios M, Egan H, Wallis DJ, Wood J. Advancing the assessment of mindful eating: Exploring the psychometric properties and validating the mindful eating behaviour scale in English. Nutr Health 2022; 28:501-507. [PMID: 35876339 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221116164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mindful eating has been described as significant in motivating research and clinical outcomes in weight regulation and healthy eating. The use of psychometric tools to measure mindful eating is problematic, with results often leading to interpretations that are not reflective of mindful eating theory and fundamentals of mindfulness. Aim: In this research, we explored the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale (MEBS) within a British sample to validate the factorial structure, and widen the use of a scale that appears appropriate for measuring mindful eating. Methods: A community sample (n = 742) was recruited via social media, and the findings supported the factorial structure proposed through the original Dutch sample. Predictive validity was also assessed, with the scale and subscales predicting fat and sugar consumption. Results: Cronbach's α values were acceptable and similar to the original findings, also supporting the internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion: While factorial structure, predictive validity and internal consistency propose a scale that can be adopted with English speaking populations, we propose the potential of furthering scientific inquiry on mindful eating research by highlighting the behavioural aspects of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah J Wallis
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Kalika E, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploring the role of mindful eating and self-compassion on eating behaviours and orthorexia in people following a vegan diet. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2641-2651. [PMID: 35553382 PMCID: PMC9556376 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a new concept that is more prevalent in vegan populations. ON is characterised by obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore problematic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and to explore whether mindful eating and self-compassion have an impact on ON. Two hundred and eighty-seven females and twenty-eight males who followed a vegan diet completed scales in Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful, Emotional, External and Restraint Eating. The results indicated that individuals with high levels of ON display low levels of self-compassion, and high levels of restrained eating. Moreover, the findings indicated that self-compassion, but not mindful eating, partially mediated the relationship between restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and identifies the mediating capacity of self-compassion. Further implications and future directions are discussed.Level of evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK.
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
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Miley M, Egan H, Wallis D, Mantzios M. Orthorexia nervosa, mindful eating, and perfectionism: an exploratory investigation. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2869-2878. [PMID: 35829900 PMCID: PMC9556414 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has drawn associations between Mindful Eating (ME) and perfectionism in the aetiology and treatment of eating disorders (ED), but understanding into the relationship between these factors and Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is limited. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between perfectionism, ME, and ON. METHOD Participants (n = 670) completed the Düsseldorf Orthorexia scale, the Mindful Eating Behavior scale, and the Big-Three Perfectionism scale Short-form, to reveal the relationship between ON, ME, and perfectionism. The relationship was assessed using correlational and regression analyses. RESULTS A positive association was observed between perfectionism and ON. Moreover, perfectionism demonstrated a significant negative correlation with three out of four ME facets, with "eating without distraction" displaying the highest correlation. The "eating with awareness" facet of ME demonstrated a significant relationship with ON, in a negative direction. An unexpected relationship was observed between the focused eating facet of ME and ON, with a positive association being found. A further regression analysis revealed both perfectionism and ME to predict orthorexic tendencies. CONCLUSION These findings identify a relationship between ON, ME, and perfectionism. It offers suggestion for the complexity of ME, and how it should be recognised by its different components, estimating a differential predictability and estimation of ON. Further research is required to clarify the direction of causality in the relationships observed, to inform the clinical diagnoses and intervention of ON. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Miley
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Deborah Wallis
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
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Exploring Mindfulness and Mindful Eating and Visual Attention Towards Food Cues: Preliminary Findings. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractContinual exposure to energy dense foods is suggested to promote overeating and obesity. The aim of the present research was to explore whether or not mindfulness could reduce visual attention towards food cues. In two laboratory studies, participants with a normal weight range completed an eye-tracking paradigm, and their eye-movements were recorded. In study 1, participants were exposed to either mindfulness meditation or a control condition, and their eye-movements towards low energy density (LED) vs high energy density (HED) food cues were measured. In study 2, participants were assigned to a mindful eating condition using a Mindful Construal Diary (MCD) or a control condition, and their eye-movements towards LED or HED food vs. non-food cues were recorded. In study 1, participants in the mindfulness meditation condition had greater attention duration towards LED food cues, whilst those in the control condition exhibited greater attention duration towards HED food cues. In study 2, there were no significant differences in the maintenance of attentional biases towards food cues between the two conditions. Mindfulness meditation may be beneficial in increasing attention towards LED food cues. Future research should further explore the effect of mindfulness and mindful eating on visual attention towards food cues with people who suffer from excess weight or have obesity, and also within naturalistic settings.
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Egan H, Keyte R, Mantzios M. The Challenges of Eating Well for People Living with Cystic Fibrosis: an Interview Study Exploring the Use of Mindful Eating Approaches and Behaviours to Support Optimal Nutritional Status. Int J Behav Med 2022; 29:762-774. [PMID: 35088244 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional status and weight are closely linked to lung function and health status in cystic fibrosis (CF). The investigation of eating behaviours has shown mindfulness practices to be useful in modifying eating behaviours, particularly with obesity; to date, no research specifically explores how these concepts may be utilised within a CF population who face specific challenges in eating behaviours. METHOD Adult patients (n = 20, M = 8, age range 21-62 years) were recruited from a UK CF regional centre to take part in qualitative semi-structured interviews. Experiences of eating behaviours focusing on the use of mindful (or mindless) eating as barriers and enablers to achieving and maintaining optimal nutritional status were explored. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with a contextualist approach to understand how participants experienced eating behaviours within the context of health and weight status. RESULTS Participants engaged readily in discussions of eating behaviour describing active self-regulation of food eaten and calorie intake. Participants who struggled to maintain weight employed strategies to increase calorie intake such as distraction and multitasking while eating. Most participants reported no pleasure in food, describing eating as another treatment to endure. Confusion existed around how to eat healthily for CF alongside co-morbid health conditions including diabetes, cholesterol and heart disease. CONCLUSION Participants were highly aware of their eating behaviours, engaging in intentional and deliberate preparations, which could be described as mindful, for making eating a more automatic or mindless activity. Modifications to usual mindful eating interventions are needed to support people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Egan
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating has exceeded two decades of scientific enquiry but defining mindful eating has proven to be quite challenging. AIM The inability to clearly define mindful eating led to variations in the description in academic and clinical literature, different psychometric tools and the development of a field that is lacking the preciseness that is needed to advance mindful eating - and the associated interventions - onto a level that is simple to comprehend and implement in practice. METHODS Drawing from traditional and contemporary mindfulness and mindful eating literature, this manuscript will attempt to define and describe mindful eating in the context of eating behaviours. RESULTS The review of the literature has resulted in challenging areas around the main principles that should be included in defining the term mindful eating, and highlights the distinction between mindfulness and mindful eating, as well as behaviour and decision making within the context of mindful eating. CONCLUSION In a field that is lacking transparency and methodological rigour, mindful eating behaviour is detailed as a new beginning in conducting precise experimental research and evidence-based interventions for clinical and non-clinical use.
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Shaw R, Cassidy T. Self-Compassion, Mindful Eating, Eating Attitudes and Wellbeing Among Emerging Adults. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 156:33-47. [PMID: 34762553 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1992334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindful eating behavior and self-compassion have been individually shown to contribute to healthy eating. Evidence suggests that they may interact and that interaction may increase our understanding of eating behavior. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationship between mindful eating behavior, self-compassion, healthy/unhealthy weight, eating disorder and wellbeing in a sample of university students. An online survey using questionnaire data collection in a sample of 349 students (105 males and 244 females). Variables measured included body mass index (BMI), mindful eating behavior, eating attitudes, self-compassion and mental wellbeing. Regression and path analysis show mindful eating behavior and self-compassion to individually and interaction predict eating attitudes and wellbeing. BMI was shown to have a curvilinear relationship with mindful eating behavior, self-compassion and wellbeing with both the underweight and obese reporting lower self-compassion, less Mindful eating behavior, lower wellbeing and more likely to exhibit disordered eating. These results indicate that self-compassion and mindful eating behavior might be usefully targeted in interventions to prevent both obesity and eating disorder.
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Investigating mindfulness influences on cognitive function: On the promise and potential of converging research strategies. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 29:1198-1222. [PMID: 34608602 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Research investigating the effects and underlying mechanisms of mindfulness on cognitive functioning has accelerated exponentially over the past two decades. Despite the rapid growth of the literature and its influential role in garnering public interest in mindfulness, inconsistent methods in defining and measuring mindfulness have yielded variable findings, which contribute to the overall dearth of clear generalizable conclusions. The focus of this article is to address the lack of cohesion in the collective methodologies used in this domain by providing a new perspective grounded in classic cognitive and experimental psychology principles. We leverage the concept of converging operations to demonstrate how seemingly disparate research strategies can be integrated towards a more unified and systematic approach. An organizing taxonomic framework is described to provide useful structure in how mindfulness can be operationalized, measured, and investigated. We illustrate the rationale and core organizing principles of the framework through a selective review of studies on mindfulness and cognitive control. We then demonstrate the utility of the approach by showing how it can be applied to synthesize extant methodologies and guide the development of future research. Specific suggestions and examples pertaining to experimental design and statistical analysis are provided.
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Zervos K, Koletsi M, Mantzios M, Skopeliti N, Tsitsas G, Naska A. An Eight-Week Mindful Eating Program Applied in a Mediterranean Population With Overweight or Obesity: The EATT Intervention Study. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:1011-1040. [PMID: 33583250 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120988104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are important public health priorities. Mindful eating can contribute in preventing automatic eating behavior and emotional dysregulation, both being primary causes of overeating and negative body image. This research outlines an eight-week mindful eating intervention (i.e., project EATT) focusing on people with overweight or obesity in assisting positive behavioral, psychological and physiological change. METHODS Fifty-seven people residing in Athens were recruited to participate in this research, where participants were allocated to either an experimental or a waitlist condition. Changes in body weight, and eating attitude, mindfulness, self-compassion, anxiety questionnaires were administered at baseline and post-intervention, and at a 14-month follow-up. RESULTS Results indicated that mindfulness and self-compassion increased significantly, while anxiety symptoms decreased. Significance was also observed in reduction of overeating symptoms and oral control. While a negative relationship was observed between anxiety and mindfulness, and anxiety and self-compassion, self-compassion was negatively associated with overeating episodes. CONCLUSIONS The intervention improved participants' relationship with food and enabled changes towards successful weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Zervos
- Center for Health Services Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marsha Koletsi
- Department of Psychology, 121340New York College, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Mantzios
- School of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Niki Skopeliti
- Center for Health Services Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Androniki Naska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hussain M, Egan H, Keyte R, Mantzios M. Exploring the Environmental Manifestation of Types of Music on Reinforcing Mindfulness and Concurrent Calorie Intake. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:2633-2650. [PMID: 33092479 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120967276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of music on energy intake is conflicting, and recent research has suggested a positive association between classical music listening and mindfulness. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of music, specifically classical music on state mindfulness and calorie intake of energy-dense foods. METHOD One hundred participants were randomly assigned to either a classical, popular or no music condition, and were served a variety of sweet (i.e., chocolate and cookies) and savoury (i.e., crisps) energy-dense foods. Results: The results found no significant differences in state mindfulness, overall calorie intake, or intake of sweet foods across the three conditions. However, participants in the classical music condition did consume significantly less savoury food than those in the no music condition. CONCLUSION Playing classical music may be beneficial in reducing intake of savoury foods, but not through the association to changes in state mindfulness. Future research should explore extended sessions of music listening on state mindfulness and other experiential evaluations of mindfulness to conclude on the direct and indirect effects of music on sweet and savoury foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness and Self-Distancing on Chocolate Intake After a Negative State Affect. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFoods high in fat and sugar can often act as emotional regulators during negative emotional states, and regularly engaging in such behaviour can contribute towards weight gain. The present study investigated whether using mindful construal diaries (MCD) adapted with the element of self-distancing could improve state mindfulness, attenuate negative affect, and reduce chocolate intake. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, self-immersed, self-distanced, and control, and after evoking a negative state affect through a film excerpt, participants were served chocolate. The findings suggested there were no significant differences in improving state mindfulness or state negative affect across the three conditions. However, participants in the control condition did consume significantly more chocolate than those in the self-immersed and self-distanced conditions. Whilst there were no significant differences in chocolate intake between the two experimental conditions, those in the self-distanced condition did consume the least amount of chocolate. The concept of self-distancing may be beneficial in improving emotional eating behaviours further in mindful and attentive eating interventions. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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