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Bell JF, Maki JN, Alwmark S, Ehlmann BL, Fagents SA, Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Hayes A, Herkenhoff KE, Horgan BHN, Johnson JR, Kinch KB, Lemmon MT, Madsen MB, Núñez JI, Paar G, Rice M, Rice JW, Schmitz N, Sullivan R, Vaughan A, Wolff MJ, Bechtold A, Bosak T, Duflot LE, Fairén AG, Garczynski B, Jaumann R, Merusi M, Million C, Ravanis E, Shuster DL, Simon J, St. Clair M, Tate C, Walter S, Weiss B, Bailey AM, Bertrand T, Beyssac O, Brown AJ, Caballo-Perucha P, Caplinger MA, Caudill CM, Cary F, Cisneros E, Cloutis EA, Cluff N, Corlies P, Crawford K, Curtis S, Deen R, Dixon D, Donaldson C, Barrington M, Ficht M, Fleron S, Hansen M, Harker D, Howson R, Huggett J, Jacob S, Jensen E, Jensen OB, Jodhpurkar M, Joseph J, Juarez C, Kah LC, Kanine O, Kristensen J, Kubacki T, Lapo K, Magee A, Maimone M, Mehall GL, Mehall L, Mollerup J, Viúdez-Moreiras D, Paris K, Powell KE, Preusker F, Proton J, Rojas C, Sallurday D, Saxton K, Scheller E, Seeger CH, Starr M, Stein N, Turenne N, Van Beek J, Winhold AG, Yingling R. Geological, multispectral, and meteorological imaging results from the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4856. [PMID: 36417517 PMCID: PMC9683734 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument provides high-resolution stereo and multispectral images with a unique combination of spatial resolution, spatial coverage, and wavelength coverage along the rover's traverse in Jezero crater, Mars. Images reveal rocks consistent with an igneous (including volcanic and/or volcaniclastic) and/or impactite origin and limited aqueous alteration, including polygonally fractured rocks with weathered coatings; massive boulder-forming bedrock consisting of mafic silicates, ferric oxides, and/or iron-bearing alteration minerals; and coarsely layered outcrops dominated by olivine. Pyroxene dominates the iron-bearing mineralogy in the fine-grained regolith, while olivine dominates the coarse-grained regolith. Solar and atmospheric imaging observations show significant intra- and intersol variations in dust optical depth and water ice clouds, as well as unique examples of boundary layer vortex action from both natural (dust devil) and Ingenuity helicopter-induced dust lifting. High-resolution stereo imaging also provides geologic context for rover operations, other instrument observations, and sample selection, characterization, and confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Bell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Justin N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sanna Alwmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bethany L. Ehlmann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sarah A. Fagents
- Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hayes
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | - Briony H. N. Horgan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Kjartan B. Kinch
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge I. Núñez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - Melissa Rice
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - James W. Rice
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Robert Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Alicia Vaughan
- USGS Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | | | - Andreas Bechtold
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Tanja Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Alberto G. Fairén
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Astrobiology Center (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brad Garczynski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ralf Jaumann
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Merusi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eleni Ravanis
- Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - David L. Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin Simon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Christian Tate
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sebastian Walter
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Bailey
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Olivier Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Cary
- Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ernest Cisneros
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Nathan Cluff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Paul Corlies
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Kelsie Crawford
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Sabrina Curtis
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Robert Deen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Darian Dixon
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Megan Barrington
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Michelle Ficht
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - David Harker
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rachel Howson
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joshua Huggett
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Samantha Jacob
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Elsa Jensen
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ole B. Jensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohini Jodhpurkar
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jonathan Joseph
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | - Linda C. Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - Oak Kanine
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Tex Kubacki
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kristiana Lapo
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Angela Magee
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Greg L. Mehall
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Laura Mehall
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jess Mollerup
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras
- Astrobiology Center (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristen Paris
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Powell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | | | - Corrine Rojas
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Kim Saxton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Eva Scheller
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Mason Starr
- Malin Space Science Systems Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nathan Stein
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Jason Van Beek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Andrew G. Winhold
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082907. [PMID: 35458893 PMCID: PMC9029032 DOI: 10.3390/s22082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.
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3
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The Preliminary Study of Dust Devil Tracks in Southern Utopia Planitia, Landing Area of Tianwen-1 Mission. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13132601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
China’s first Mars exploration mission (Tianwen-1) landed on the southern part of Mars’ Utopia Planitia on 15 May 2021. The Zhurong rover will focus on high-resolution and in situ observations of key areas on the surface of Mars. Dust devils (DDs) are heat-driven vortices that lift material from the surface and inject it into the atmosphere. The dark or bright surface lineaments left by DDs are called dust devil tracks (DDTs). Dust devils can clear dust from solar panels deposited by gusts and dust storms. Therefore, it is of importance to study the encounter rates of dust devils at the Tianwen-1 landing site for achieving the rover’s long-term scientific goals. Based on High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX) images, 248 newly formed DDTs in 12 image pairs were firstly identified, and their lengths, widths, and direction in the study area were measured. The distribution of their width frequency follows a −2 differential power law. Secondly, DDT formation rates were computed and analyzed with the range of 0.00006 to 0.1275 ddt km−2 sol−1, mainly affected by factors such as seasons and dust storm occurrence. Thirdly, the solar panel clearing recurrence interval derived from the orbital data in our study area was calculated from ~980 to 166,700 sols. The dust storm occurrence probability at the Tianwen-1 landing area is less than 3%, and there is a special anti-dust coating on board the Zhurong rover. Thus, the Zhurong rover can be considered competent for scientific exploration.
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4
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The Temporal Variation of Optical Depth in the Candidate Landing Area of China’s Mars Mission (Tianwen-1). REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric dust is an important factor in the evolution of the Martian climate and has a major impact on the scientific exploration of the Martian lander or rover and its payload. This paper used remote sensing images to calculate atmospheric optical depth that characterizes the spatial distribution of the atmospheric dust of Mars. The optical depth calculated by the images of the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) in the inspection area of the Spirit rover had a similar temporal variation to the optical depth directly measured by the Spirit rover from the sunlight decay. We also used the HiRISE images to acquire the seasonal variation of optical depths in the candidate landing area of China’s Mars Mission (Tianwen-1). The results have shown that the seasonal pattern of the optical depth in the candidate landing area is consistent with the dust storm sequences in this area. After Tianwen-1 enters the orbit around Mars, the images collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Camera (MoRIC), and the High Resolution Imaging Camera (HiRIC) can be used to study the atmospheric optical depth in the candidate landing area, providing reference for the safe landing and operation of the lander and rover.
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5
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Rodriguez-Manfredi JA, de la Torre Juárez M, Alonso A, Apéstigue V, Arruego I, Atienza T, Banfield D, Boland J, Carrera MA, Castañer L, Ceballos J, Chen-Chen H, Cobos A, Conrad PG, Cordoba E, del Río-Gaztelurrutia T, de Vicente-Retortillo A, Domínguez-Pumar M, Espejo S, Fairen AG, Fernández-Palma A, Ferrándiz R, Ferri F, Fischer E, García-Manchado A, García-Villadangos M, Genzer M, Giménez S, Gómez-Elvira J, Gómez F, Guzewich SD, Harri AM, Hernández CD, Hieta M, Hueso R, Jaakonaho I, Jiménez JJ, Jiménez V, Larman A, Leiter R, Lepinette A, Lemmon MT, López G, Madsen SN, Mäkinen T, Marín M, Martín-Soler J, Martínez G, Molina A, Mora-Sotomayor L, Moreno-Álvarez JF, Navarro S, Newman CE, Ortega C, Parrondo MC, Peinado V, Peña A, Pérez-Grande I, Pérez-Hoyos S, Pla-García J, Polkko J, Postigo M, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Rafkin SCR, Ramos M, Richardson MI, Romeral J, Romero C, Runyon KD, Saiz-Lopez A, Sánchez-Lavega A, Sard I, Schofield JT, Sebastian E, Smith MD, Sullivan RJ, Tamppari LK, Thompson AD, Toledo D, Torrero F, Torres J, Urquí R, Velasco T, Viúdez-Moreiras D, Zurita S. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:48. [PMID: 34776548 PMCID: PMC8550605 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
NASA's Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - V. Apéstigue
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Arruego
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Atienza
- Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Banfield
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - J. Boland
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - L. Castañer
- Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Ceballos
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (US-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - H. Chen-Chen
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - A. Cobos
- CRISA-Airbus, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - E. Cordoba
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - S. Espejo
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (US-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - A. G. Fairen
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - R. Ferrándiz
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Ferri
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E. Fischer
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | | | - M. Genzer
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. Giménez
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Gómez-Elvira
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Gómez
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A.-M. Harri
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C. D. Hernández
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - M. Hieta
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Hueso
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - I. Jaakonaho
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. J. Jiménez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Jiménez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Larman
- Added-Value-Solutions, Elgoibar, Spain
| | - R. Leiter
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - A. Lepinette
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - G. López
- Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S. N. Madsen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - T. Mäkinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Marín
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - G. Martínez
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - A. Molina
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - S. Navarro
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C. Ortega
- Added-Value-Solutions, Elgoibar, Spain
| | - M. C. Parrondo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Peinado
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Peña
- CRISA-Airbus, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | | | | | - J. Polkko
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Postigo
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - M. Ramos
- Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | - J. Romeral
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Romero
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A. Saiz-Lopez
- Dept. of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - I. Sard
- Added-Value-Solutions, Elgoibar, Spain
| | - J. T. Schofield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - E. Sebastian
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. D. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - L. K. Tamppari
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - A. D. Thompson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - D. Toledo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J. Torres
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Urquí
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - S. Zurita
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Bell JF, Maki JN, Mehall GL, Ravine MA, Caplinger MA, Bailey ZJ, Brylow S, Schaffner JA, Kinch KM, Madsen MB, Winhold A, Hayes AG, Corlies P, Tate C, Barrington M, Cisneros E, Jensen E, Paris K, Crawford K, Rojas C, Mehall L, Joseph J, Proton JB, Cluff N, Deen RG, Betts B, Cloutis E, Coates AJ, Colaprete A, Edgett KS, Ehlmann BL, Fagents S, Grotzinger JP, Hardgrove C, Herkenhoff KE, Horgan B, Jaumann R, Johnson JR, Lemmon M, Paar G, Caballo-Perucha M, Gupta S, Traxler C, Preusker F, Rice MS, Robinson MS, Schmitz N, Sullivan R, Wolff MJ. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:24. [PMID: 33612866 PMCID: PMC7883548 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover. Mastcam-Z consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000 nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6° × 19.2° (26 mm focal length at 283 μrad/pixel) to 6.2° × 4.6° (110 mm focal length at 67.4 μrad/pixel). The cameras can resolve (≥ 5 pixels) ∼0.7 mm features at 2 m and ∼3.3 cm features at 100 m distance. Mastcam-Z shares significant heritage with the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. Each Mastcam-Z camera consists of zoom, focus, and filter wheel mechanisms and a 1648 × 1214 pixel charge-coupled device detector and electronics. The two Mastcam-Z cameras are mounted with a 24.4 cm stereo baseline and 2.3° total toe-in on a camera plate ∼2 m above the surface on the rover's Remote Sensing Mast, which provides azimuth and elevation actuation. A separate digital electronics assembly inside the rover provides power, data processing and storage, and the interface to the rover computer. Primary and secondary Mastcam-Z calibration targets mounted on the rover top deck enable tactical reflectance calibration. Mastcam-Z multispectral, stereo, and panoramic images will be used to provide detailed morphology, topography, and geologic context along the rover's traverse; constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials; monitor and characterize atmospheric and astronomical phenomena; and document the rover's sample extraction and caching locations. Mastcam-Z images will also provide key engineering information to support sample selection and other rover driving and tool/instrument operations decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. A. Ravine
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | - S. Brylow
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Tate
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | | | - E. Jensen
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - K. Paris
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - C. Rojas
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | | | | | - N. Cluff
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - B. Betts
- The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Univ. College, London, UK
| | - A. Colaprete
- NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
| | - K. S. Edgett
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - B. L. Ehlmann
- JPL/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
- Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R. Jaumann
- Inst. of Geological Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M. Lemmon
- Space Science Inst., Boulder, CO USA
| | - G. Paar
- Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - F. Preusker
- DLR/German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. S. Rice
- Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA USA
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7
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Moore CA, Moores JE, Newman CE, Lemmon MT, Guzewich SD, Battalio M. Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity of Atmospheric Dust Loading in Northern Gale Crater, Mars. ICARUS 2019; 329:197-206. [PMID: 31359883 PMCID: PMC6662233 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper updates the record of atmospheric dust loading within northern Gale Crater, Mars, by providing line-of-sight extinction (LOS-Ext) measurements of the intervening dust between the rover and the crater rim. These measurements are derived from images taken with the Navigation Cameras (Navcam) onboard the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity. The observations span 2.44 Mars years, from Mars Year (MY) 31 at a solar longitude (L S ) of 208° to t L S = 7° of MY34, sols 100 - 1701 of the MSL surface mission. This work examines the dataset for seasonal trends of the LOS-Ext in addition to horizontal variations and the vertical structure of LOS-Ext. The LOS-Ext has a repetitive pattern with a single peak in the latter half of the Mars year. The atmosphere in the crater is well mixed horizontally but not vertically as larger LOS-Ext is seen nearer the crater floor than at higher altitudes within the crater. The results allow a discussion on whether or not Gale Crater is a sink for atmospheric dust or a source of atmospheric dust in the current era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Moore
- York University, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Sciences (CRESS), 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - John E Moores
- York University, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Sciences (CRESS), 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Mark T Lemmon
- Texas A&M University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, MS 3150 College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Scott D Guzewich
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States
| | - Michael Battalio
- Texas A&M University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, MS 3150 College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Martínez-Pabello PU, Navarro-González R, Walls X, Pi-Puig T, González-Chávez JL, de la Rosa JG, Molina P, Zamora O. Production of nitrates and perchlorates by laser ablation of sodium chloride in simulated Martian atmospheres. Implications for their formation by electric discharges in dust devils. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:125-136. [PMID: 31421844 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrates and perchlorates are present both on Earth and Mars. In the Martian environment perchlorates dominate over nitrates whereas on Earth is contrariwise. This implies that the mechanisms responsible for their formation are different for both planets. The chemical elements required for their formation are nitrogen and chlorine, which are present in the atmosphere and surface, respectively. Dust in the Martian atmosphere causes atmospheric perturbations that lead to the development of dust-devils and sandstorms. Dust devils contain both chemical elements simultaneously, and normally generate high electric fields that can trigger the formation of electric discharges. Here we present laboratory experiments of this phenomenon using laser ablation of a sodium chloride (NaCl) plate in two different simulated atmospheres: (1) 96% CO2, 2% N2 and 2% Ar; and (2) 66% CO2, 33% N2 and 1% Ar. The dust that condensed and accumulated on the walls of the reactor was analyzed by different analytical techniques that included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, visible spectroscopy using azo dyes, thermogravimetry/simultaneous thermal analyses coupled to mass spectrometry, powder X-ray diffraction, and ion chromatography. The main components of the ablated dust corresponded to NaCl ≥ 91.5%, sodium nitrate (NaNO3 = 1.6-6.0%), and sodium perchlorate (NaClO4 ∼ 0.2-0.3%). It is interesting to note that these salts formed in a dry process that is relevant to Mars today. A thermochemical model was used to understand the chemical steps that led to the formation of these salts in the gas phase. The NaNO3NaClO4 (wt/wt) ratio of this process was estimated to vary from 5.0 to 30.0; this ratio is too high compared to that found on Mars (NO3-ClO4- (wt/wt)) from 0.004 to 0.13). This implies that gaseous NaCl was not efficiently oxidized to perchlorate by the electric discharge process. We propose instead that gaseous metal chlorides (e.g., MgCl2, NaCl, CaCl2, KCl) were supplied to the atmosphere by the volatilization of chloride minerals present in the dust by electric discharges generated in dust devils and were subsequently oxidized to perchlorate by photochemical processes. Further work is required to assess the relative contribution of this possible source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pável U Martínez-Pabello
- Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-543, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rafael Navarro-González
- Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-543, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Xavier Walls
- Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-543, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Teresa Pi-Puig
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Instituto de Geología y LANGEM (Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José L González-Chávez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José G de la Rosa
- Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-543, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Paola Molina
- Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-543, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Olivia Zamora
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología y LANGEM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Greeley R, Waller DA, Cabrol NA, Landis GA, Lemmon MT, Neakrase LDV, Pendleton Hoffer M, Thompson SD, Whelley PL. Gusev Crater, Mars: Observations of three dust devil seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ellehoj MD, Gunnlaugsson HP, Taylor PA, Kahanpää H, Bean KM, Cantor BA, Gheynani BT, Drube L, Fisher D, Harri AM, Holstein-Rathlou C, Lemmon MT, Madsen MB, Malin MC, Polkko J, Smith PH, Tamppari LK, Weng W, Whiteway J. Convective vortices and dust devils at the Phoenix Mars mission landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greeley R, Whelley PL, Arvidson RE, Cabrol NA, Foley DJ, Franklin BJ, Geissler PG, Golombek MP, Kuzmin RO, Landis GA, Lemmon MT, Neakrase LDV, Squyres SW, Thompson SD. Active dust devils in Gusev crater, Mars: Observations from the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Greeley
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Patrick L. Whelley
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Foley
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Paul G. Geissler
- Astrogeology Program; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Lynn D. V. Neakrase
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Shane D. Thompson
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Cantor BA, Kanak KM, Edgett KS. Mars Orbiter Camera observations of Martian dust devils and their tracks (September 1997 to January 2006) and evaluation of theoretical vortex models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine M. Kanak
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma USA
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Delory GT, Farrell WM, Atreya SK, Renno NO, Wong AS, Cummer SA, Sentman DD, Marshall JR, Rafkin SCR, Catling DC. Oxidant enhancement in martian dust devils and storms: storm electric fields and electron dissociative attachment. ASTROBIOLOGY 2006; 6:451-62. [PMID: 16805701 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.6.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies, numerical simulations, and desert field tests indicate that aeolian dust transport can generate atmospheric electricity via contact electrification or "triboelectricity." In convective structures such as dust devils and dust storms, grain stratification leads to macroscopic charge separations and gives rise to an overall electric dipole moment in the aeolian feature, similar in nature to the dipolar electric field generated in terrestrial thunderstorms. Previous numerical simulations indicate that these storm electric fields on Mars can approach the ambient breakdown field strength of approximately 25 kV/m. In terrestrial dust phenomena, potentials ranging from approximately 20 to 160 kV/m have been directly measured. The large electrostatic fields predicted in martian dust devils and storms can energize electrons in the low pressure martian atmosphere to values exceeding the electron dissociative attachment energy of both CO2 and H2O, which results in the formation of the new chemical products CO/O- and OH/H-, respectively. Using a collisional plasma physics model, we present calculations of the CO/O- and OH/H- reaction and production rates. We demonstrate that these rates vary geometrically with the ambient electric field, with substantial production of dissociative products when fields approach the breakdown value of approximately 25 kV/m. The dissociation of H2O into OH/H- provides a key ingredient for the generation of oxidants; thus electrically charged dust may significantly impact the habitability of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Delory
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Montmessin F, Quémerais E, Bertaux JL, Korablev O, Rannou P, Lebonnois S. Stellar occultations at UV wavelengths by the SPICAM instrument: Retrieval and analysis of Martian haze profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Korablev O, Bertaux JL, Fedorova A, Fonteyn D, Stepanov A, Kalinnikov Y, Kiselev A, Grigoriev A, Jegoulev V, Perrier S, Dimarellis E, Dubois JP, Reberac A, Van Ransbeeck E, Gondet B, Montmessin F, Rodin A. SPICAM IR acousto-optic spectrometer experiment on Mars Express. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Farrell WM, Renno N, Delory GT, Cummer SA, Marshall JR. Integration of electrostatic and fluid dynamics within a dust devil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lemmon MT, Wolff MJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Banfield D, Landis GA, Ghosh A, Smith PH, Spanovich N, Whitney B, Whelley P, Greeley R, Thompson S, Bell JF, Squyres SW. Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars exploration rovers: Spirit and Opportunity. Science 2004; 306:1753-6. [PMID: 15576613 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A visible atmospheric optical depth of 0.9 was measured by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater and by the Opportunity rover at Meridiani Planum. Optical depth decreased by about 0.6 to 0.7% per sol through both 90-sol primary missions. The vertical distribution of atmospheric dust at Gusev crater was consistent with uniform mixing, with a measured scale height of 11.56 +/- 0.62 kilometers. The dust's cross section weighted mean radius was 1.47 +/- 0.21 micrometers (mm) at Gusev and 1.52 +/- 0.18 mm at Meridiani. Comparison of visible optical depths with 9-mm optical depths shows a visible-to-infrared optical depth ratio of 2.0 +/- 0.2 for comparison with previous monitoring of infrared optical depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lemmon
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Farrell WM. Electric and magnetic signatures of dust devils from the 2000–2001 MATADOR desert tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Ferri F, Smith PH, Lemmon M, Rennó NO. Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferri
- Center of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS), “G. Colombo,”; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Peter H. Smith
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Texas A and M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Nilton O. Rennó
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Herkenhoff KE, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Brown D, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliot ST, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch K, Lemmon MT, Morris RV, Scherr L, Schwochert M, Shepard MK, Smith GH, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Sullivan WT, Wadsworth M. Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - D. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliot
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. Joseph
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - K. Kinch
- Neils Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | | | - L. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - W. T. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Schuerger AC, Mancinelli RL, Kern RG, Rothschild LJ, McKay CP. Survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis on spacecraft surfaces under simulated martian environments: implications for the forward contamination of Mars. ICARUS 2003; 165:253-276. [PMID: 14649627 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a Mars simulation chamber (MSC) to characterize the survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis under high UV irradiation and simulated martian conditions. The MSC was used to create Mars surface environments in which pressure (8.5 mb), temperature (-80, -40, -10, or +23 degrees C), gas composition (Earth-normal N2/O2 mix, pure N2, pure CO2, or a Mars gas mix), and UV-VIS-NIR fluence rates (200-1200 nm) were maintained within tight limits. The Mars gas mix was composed of CO2 (95.3%), N2 (2.7%), Ar (1.7%), O2 (0.2%), and water vapor (0.03%). Experiments were conducted to measure the effects of pressure, gas composition, and temperature alone or in combination with Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR light environments. Endospores of B. subtilis, were deposited on aluminum coupons as monolayers in which the average density applied to coupons was 2.47 x 10(6) bacteria per sample. Populations of B. subtilis placed on aluminum coupons and subjected to an Earth-normal temperature (23 degrees C), pressure (1013 mb), and gas mix (normal N2/O2 ratio) but illuminated with a Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR spectrum were reduced by over 99.9% after 30 sec exposure to Mars-normal UV fluence rates. However, it required at least 15 min of Mars-normal UV exposure to reduce bacterial populations on aluminum coupons to non-recoverable levels. These results were duplicated when bacteria were exposed to Mars-normal environments of temperature (-10 degrees C), pressure (8.5 mb), gas composition (pure CO2), and UV fluence rates. In other experiments, results indicated that the gas composition of the atmosphere and the temperature of the bacterial monolayers at the time of Mars UV exposure had no effects on the survival of bacterial endospores. But Mars-normal pressures (8.5 mb) were found to reduce survival by approximately 20-35% compared to Earth-normal pressures (1013 mb). The primary implications of these results are (a) that greater than 99.9% of bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft are likely to be inactivated within a few tens of seconds to a few minutes on the surface of Mars, and (b) that within a single Mars day under clear-sky conditions bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft will be sterilized. Furthermore, these results suggest that the high UV fluence rates on the martian surface can be an important resource in minimizing the forward contamination of Mars.
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Liu J. An assessment of the global, seasonal, and interannual spacecraft record of Martian climate in the thermal infrared. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolff MJ. Constraints on the size of Martian aerosols from Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Clancy RT. Mars aerosol studies with the MGS TES emission phase function observations: Optical depths, particle sizes, and ice cloud types versus latitude and solar longitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Neumann GA. Two Mars years of clouds detected by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bishop JL, Murchie SL, Pieters CM, Zent AP. A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Carlé M. Pieters
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Aaron P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Christensen PR. Thermal Emission Spectrometer results: Mars atmospheric thermal structure and aerosol distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith PH, Reynolds R, Weinberg J, Friedman T, Lemmon MT, Tanner R, Reid RJ, Marcialis RL, Bos BJ, Oquest C, Keller HU, Markiewicz WJ, Kramm R, Gliem F, Rueffer P. The MVACS Surface Stereo Imager on Mars Polar Lander. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nakakushi T, Akabane T, Iwasaki K, Larson SM. Mars: The cloud effect on the blue clearing in the Syrtis Major region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Ming DW, Shelfer TD, Jørgensen LC, Bell JF, Graff TG, Mertzman SA. Phyllosilicate-poor palagonitic dust from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii): A mineralogical analogue for magnetic Martian dust? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Christensen PR. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of dust opacity during aerobraking and science phasing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clancy RT, Sandor BJ, Wolff MJ, Christensen PR, Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Wilson RJ. An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Toigo AD, Richardson MI. Seasonal variation of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bell JF, McSween HY, Crisp JA, Morris RV, Murchie SL, Bridges NT, Johnson JR, Britt DT, Golombek MP, Moore HJ, Ghosh A, Bishop JL, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Economou T, Greenwood JP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hargraves RM, Hviid S, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Reid R, Rieder R, Soderblom L. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Golombek MP, Anderson RC, Barnes JR, Bell JF, Bridges NT, Britt DT, Brückner J, Cook RA, Crisp D, Crisp JA, Economou T, Folkner WM, Greeley R, Haberle RM, Hargraves RB, Harris JA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid SF, Jaumann R, Johnson JR, Kallemeyn PH, Keller HU, Kirk RL, Knudsen JM, Larsen S, Lemmon MT, Madsen MB, Magalhães JA, Maki JN, Malin MC, Manning RM, Matijevic J, McSween HY, Moore HJ, Murchie SL, Murphy JR, Parker TJ, Rieder R, Rivellini TP, Schofield JT, Seiff A, Singer RB, Smith PH, Soderblom LA, Spencer DA, Stoker CR, Sullivan R, Thomas N, Thurman SW, Tomasko MG, Vaughan RM, Wänke H, Ward AW, Wilson GR. Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission: Launch through landing, surface operations, data sets, and science results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thomas N, Britt DT, Herkenhoff KE, Murchie SL, Semenov B, Keller HU, Smith PH. Observations of Phobos, Deimos, and bright stars with the Imager for Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tomasko MG, Doose LR, Lemmon M, Smith PH, Wegryn E. Properties of dust in the Martian atmosphere from the Imager on Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thomas N, Markiewicz WJ, Sablotny RM, Wuttke MW, Keller HU, Johnson JR, Reid RJ, Smith PH. The color of the Martian sky and its influence on the illumination of the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johnson JR, Kirk R, Soderblom LA, Gaddis L, Reid RJ, Britt DT, Smith P, Lemmon M, Thomas N, Bell JF, Bridges NT, Anderson R, Herkenhoff KE, Maki J, Murchie S, Dummel A, Jaumann R, Trauthan F, Arnold G. Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Colaprete A, Toon OB, Magalhães JA. Cloud formation under Mars Pathfinder conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Magalhães JA, Schofield JT, Seiff A. Results of the Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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