1
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Drozdov AY, Allison HJ, Shprits YY, Usanova M, Saikin A, Wang D. Depletions of Multi-MeV Electrons and Their Association to Minima in Phase Space Density. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097620. [PMID: 35866059 PMCID: PMC9286695 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fast-localized electron loss, resulting from interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, can produce deepening minima in phase space density (PSD) radial profiles. Here, we perform a statistical analysis of local PSD minima to quantify how readily these are associated with radiation belt depletions. The statistics of PSD minima observed over a year are compared to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belts (VERB) simulations, both including and excluding EMIC waves. The observed minima distribution can only be achieved in the simulation including EMIC waves, indicating their importance in the dynamics of the radiation belts. By analyzing electron flux depletions in conjunction with the observed PSD minima, we show that, in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* < 5), on average, 53% of multi-MeV electron depletions are associated with PSD minima, demonstrating that fast localized loss by interactions with EMIC waves are a common and crucial process for ultra-relativistic electron populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Drozdov
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Y. Y. Shprits
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- GFZ German Centre for GeosciencesPotsdamGermany
- Institute of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - M.E. Usanova
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - A. Saikin
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - D. Wang
- GFZ German Centre for GeosciencesPotsdamGermany
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2
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Staples FA, Kellerman A, Murphy KR, Rae IJ, Sandhu JK, Forsyth C. Resolving Magnetopause Shadowing Using Multimission Measurements of Phase Space Density. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2021JA029298. [PMID: 35864842 PMCID: PMC9286781 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Loss mechanisms act independently or in unison to drive rapid loss of electrons in the radiation belts. Electrons may be lost by precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere, or through the magnetopause into interplanetary space-a process known as magnetopause shadowing. While magnetopause shadowing is known to produce dropouts in electron flux, it is unclear if shadowing continues to remove particles in tandem with electron acceleration processes, limiting the overall flux increase. We investigated the contribution of shadowing to overall radiation belt fluxes throughout a geomagnetic storm starting on the 7 September 2017. We use new, multimission phase space density calculations to decipher electron dynamics during each storm phase and identify features of magnetopause shadowing during both the net-loss and the net-acceleration storm phases on sub-hour time scales. We also highlight two distinct types of shadowing; "direct," where electrons are lost as their orbit intersects the magnetopause, and "indirect," where electrons are lost through ULF wave driven radial transport toward the magnetopause boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Staples
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Kellerman
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - I. J. Rae
- Northumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - C. Forsyth
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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3
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Claudepierre SG, Blake JB, Boyd AJ, Clemmons JH, Fennell JF, Gabrielse C, Looper MD, Mazur JE, O’Brien TP, Reeves GD, Roeder JL, Spence HE, Turner DL. The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:80. [PMID: 34744192 PMCID: PMC8553741 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurements from NASA's Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth's geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (MagEIS) that measured energetic and relativistic electrons, along with energetic ions, in the radiation belts. Accurate and routine measurement of these particles was of fundamental importance towards achieving the scientific goals of the mission. We provide a comprehensive review of the MagEIS suite's on-orbit performance, operation, and data products, along with a summary of scientific results. The purpose of this review is to serve as a complement to the MagEIS instrument paper, which was largely completed before flight and thus focused on pre-flight design and performance characteristics. As is the case with all space-borne instrumentation, the anticipated sensor performance was found to be different once on orbit. Our intention is to provide sufficient detail on the MagEIS instruments so that future generations of researchers can understand the subtleties of the sensors, profit from these unique measurements, and continue to unlock the mysteries of the near-Earth space radiation environment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-021-00855-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Claudepierre
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - J. B. Blake
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - A. J. Boyd
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - J. H. Clemmons
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - J. F. Fennell
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - C. Gabrielse
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - M. D. Looper
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - J. E. Mazur
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - T. P. O’Brien
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - J. L. Roeder
- Space Science Applications Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA USA
| | - H. E. Spence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - D. L. Turner
- Space Exploration Sector, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
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4
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Boyd AJ, Reeves GD, Spence HE, Funsten HO, Larsen BA, Skoug RM, Blake JB, Fennell JF, Claudepierre SG, Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Jaynes AN. RBSP-ECT Combined Spin-Averaged Electron Flux Data Product. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2019; 124:9124-9136. [PMID: 32025458 PMCID: PMC6988469 DOI: 10.1029/2019ja026733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new data product combining the spin-averaged electron flux measurements from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Energetic Particle Composition and Thermal Plasma (ECT) suite on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Van Allen Probes. We describe the methodology used to combine each of the data sets and produce a consistent set of spectra for September 2013 to the present. Three-minute-averaged flux spectra are provided spanning energies from 15 eV up to 20 MeV. This new data product provides additional utility to the ECT data and offers a consistent cross calibrated data set for researchers interested in examining the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere across a wide range of energies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. D. Reeves
- New Mexico ConsortiumLos AlamosNMUSA
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - H. E. Spence
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and SpaceUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | | | - B. A. Larsen
- New Mexico ConsortiumLos AlamosNMUSA
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - R. M. Skoug
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | | | | | - S. G. Claudepierre
- The Aerospace CorporationEl SegundoCAUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - D. N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - A. N. Jaynes
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
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5
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Kollmann P, Roussos E, Paranicas C, Woodfield EE, Mauk BH, Clark G, Smith DC, Vandegriff J. Electron Acceleration to MeV Energies at Jupiter and Saturn. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2018; 123:9110-9129. [PMID: 30775196 PMCID: PMC6360449 DOI: 10.1029/2018ja025665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The radiation belts and magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn show significant intensities of relativistic electrons with energies up to tens of megaelectronvolts (MeV). To date, the question on how the electrons reach such high energies is not fully answered. This is largely due to the lack of high-quality electron spectra in the MeV energy range that models could be fit to. We reprocess data throughout the Galileo orbiter mission in order to derive Jupiter's electron spectra up to tens of MeV. In the case of Saturn, the spectra from the Cassini orbiter are readily available and we provide a systematic analysis aiming to study their acceleration mechanisms. Our analysis focuses on the magnetospheres of these planets, at distances of L > 20 and L > 4 for Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, where electron intensities are not yet at radiation belt levels. We find no support that MeV electrons are dominantly accelerated by wave-particle interactions in the magnetospheres of both planets at these distances. Instead, electron acceleration is consistent with adiabatic transport. While this is a common assumption, confirmation of this fact is important since many studies on sources, losses, and transport of energetic particles rely on it. Adiabatic heating can be driven through various radial transport mechanisms, for example, injections driven by the interchange instability or radial diffusion. We cannot distinguish these processes at Saturn with our technique. For Jupiter, we suggest that the dominating acceleration process is radial diffusion because injections are never observed at MeV energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kollmann
- The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - E. Roussos
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System ResearchGóttingenGermany
| | - C. Paranicas
- The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | | | - B. H. Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - G. Clark
- The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - D. C. Smith
- The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - J. Vandegriff
- The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
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6
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Mozer FS, Agapitov OV, Giles B, Vasko I. Direct Observation of Electron Distributions inside Millisecond Duration Electron Holes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:135102. [PMID: 30312045 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.135102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of millisecond duration spatial structures [chorus wave nonlinearity or time domain structures (TDS)] to plasma dynamics, there have been no direct observations of the generation and interaction of these waves and TDS with electrons at the millisecond timescale required for their understanding. Through superposition of 0.195 ms Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellite electron measurements inside 37 superposed, millisecond duration electron holes, the first observations of electron spectra and pitch angle distributions on a submillisecond timescale have been obtained. They show that keV electrons inside the superposed electron hole are accelerated by several hundred volts and that the spectrum of electrons inside the electron hole contain several maxima and minima that are explained by a model of electron energy changes on entering the holes. We report the first observation of trapped electrons inside the TDS, in accordance with the theoretical requirement that such electrons must be present in order to form the phase space holes. Mechanisms of electron acceleration by electron holes (through perpendicular energy gain as the TDS moves into a converging magnetic field) and scattering (due to the perpendicular electric field) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Mozer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - O V Agapitov
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - I Vasko
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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7
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Mozer FS, Agapitov O, Krasnoselskikh V, Lejosne S, Reeves GD, Roth I. Direct observation of radiation-belt electron acceleration from electron-volt energies to megavolts by nonlinear whistlers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:035001. [PMID: 25083648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for accelerating electrons from thermal to relativistic energies in the terrestrial magnetosphere, on the sun, and in many astrophysical environments have never been verified. We present the first direct observation of two processes that, in a chain, cause this acceleration in Earth's outer radiation belt. The two processes are parallel acceleration from electron-volt to kilovolt energies by parallel electric fields in time-domain structures (TDS), after which the parallel electron velocity becomes sufficiently large for Doppler-shifted upper band whistler frequencies to be in resonance with the electron gyration frequency, even though the electron energies are kilovolts and not hundreds of kilovolts. The electrons are then accelerated by the whistler perpendicular electric field to relativistic energies in several resonant interactions. TDS are packets of electric field spikes, each spike having duration of a few hundred microseconds and containing a local parallel electric field. The TDS of interest resulted from nonlinearity of the parallel electric field component in oblique whistlers and consisted of ∼ 0.1 msec pulses superposed on the whistler waveform with each such spike containing a net parallel potential the order of 50 V. Local magnetic field compression from remote activity provided the free energy to drive the two processes. The expected temporal correlations between the compressed magnetic field, the nonlinear whistlers with their parallel electric field spikes, the electron flux and the electron pitch angle distributions were all observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Mozer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - O Agapitov
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - V Krasnoselskikh
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS, Orleans 45171, France
| | - S Lejosne
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G D Reeves
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - I Roth
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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8
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Mozer FS, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Chaston CC, Roth I, Wygant J. Megavolt parallel potentials arising from double-layer streams in the Earth's outer radiation belt. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:235002. [PMID: 24476280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Huge numbers of double layers carrying electric fields parallel to the local magnetic field line have been observed on the Van Allen probes in connection with in situ relativistic electron acceleration in the Earth's outer radiation belt. For one case with adequate high time resolution data, 7000 double layers were observed in an interval of 1 min to produce a 230,000 V net parallel potential drop crossing the spacecraft. Lower resolution data show that this event lasted for 6 min and that more than 1,000,000 volts of net parallel potential crossed the spacecraft during this time. A double layer traverses the length of a magnetic field line in about 15 s and the orbital motion of the spacecraft perpendicular to the magnetic field was about 700 km during this 6 min interval. Thus, the instantaneous parallel potential along a single magnetic field line was the order of tens of kilovolts. Electrons on the field line might experience many such potential steps in their lifetimes to accelerate them to energies where they serve as the seed population for relativistic acceleration by coherent, large amplitude whistler mode waves. Because the double-layer speed of 3100 km/s is the order of the electron acoustic speed (and not the ion acoustic speed) of a 25 eV plasma, the double layers may result from a new electron acoustic mode. Acceleration mechanisms involving double layers may also be important in planetary radiation belts such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, in the solar corona during flares, and in astrophysical objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Mozer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S D Bale
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C C Chaston
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - I Roth
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Wygant
- Physics Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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9
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Reeves GD, Spence HE, Henderson MG, Morley SK, Friedel RHW, Funsten HO, Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Blake JB, Fennell JF, Claudepierre SG, Thorne RM, Turner DL, Kletzing CA, Kurth WS, Larsen BA, Niehof JT. Electron acceleration in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts. Science 2013; 341:991-4. [PMID: 23887876 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Van Allen radiation belts contain ultrarelativistic electrons trapped in Earth's magnetic field. Since their discovery in 1958, a fundamental unanswered question has been how electrons can be accelerated to such high energies. Two classes of processes have been proposed: transport and acceleration of electrons from a source population located outside the radiation belts (radial acceleration) or acceleration of lower-energy electrons to relativistic energies in situ in the heart of the radiation belts (local acceleration). We report measurements from NASA's Van Allen Radiation Belt Storm Probes that clearly distinguish between the two types of acceleration. The observed radial profiles of phase space density are characteristic of local acceleration in the heart of the radiation belts and are inconsistent with a predominantly radial acceleration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Reeves
- Space Science and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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10
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Shprits Y, Daae M, Ni B. Statistical analysis of phase space density buildups and dropouts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Li X, Temerin M, Baker DN, Reeves GD. Behavior of MeV electrons at geosynchronous orbit during last two solar cycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - D. N. Baker
- Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Space Science and Applications Group; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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12
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Tu W, Selesnick R, Li X, Looper M. Quantification of the precipitation loss of radiation belt electrons observed by SAMPEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Tu
- LASP and Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Laboratory for Space Weather; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | | | - Xinlin Li
- LASP and Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Laboratory for Space Weather; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Mark Looper
- Space Sciences Department; The Aerospace Corporation; Los Angeles California USA
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13
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Lam MM, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA, Moffat-Griffin T, Green JC. Origin of energetic electron precipitation >30 keV into the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mai Lam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Richard B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah A. Glauert
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | | | - Janet C. Green
- Space Weather Prediction Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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14
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Chu F, Hudson MK, Haines P, Shprits Y. Dynamic modeling of radiation belt electrons by radial diffusion simulation for a 2 month interval following the 24 March 1991 storm injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Chu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Mary K. Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Paul Haines
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Yuri Shprits
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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15
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Ni B, Shprits Y, Thorne R, Friedel R, Nagai T. Reanalysis of relativistic radiation belt electron phase space density using multisatellite observations: Sensitivity to empirical magnetic field models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ni
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yuri Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Richard Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Reiner Friedel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Tsugunobu Nagai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Tokyo Japan
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16
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Ni B, Shprits Y, Nagai T, Thorne R, Chen Y, Kondrashov D, Kim HJ. Reanalyses of the radiation belt electron phase space density using nearly equatorial CRRES and polar-orbiting Akebono satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ni
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yuri Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Tsugunobu Nagai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Richard Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Dmitri Kondrashov
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Hee-jeong Kim
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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17
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Tu W, Li X, Chen Y, Reeves GD, Temerin M. Storm-dependent radiation belt electron dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Tu
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Xinlin Li
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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18
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Shprits Y, Kondrashov D, Chen Y, Thorne R, Ghil M, Friedel R, Reeves G. Reanalysis of relativistic radiation belt electron fluxes using CRRES satellite data, a radial diffusion model, and a Kalman filter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Dmitri Kondrashov
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Richard Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Michael Ghil
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Département Terre-Atmosphère-Océan and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | - Reiner Friedel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Geoff Reeves
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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Kondrashov D, Shprits Y, Ghil M, Thorne R. A Kalman filter technique to estimate relativistic electron lifetimes in the outer radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kondrashov
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - M. Ghil
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Département Terre-Atmosphère-Océan and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL), Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | - R. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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Bortnik J, Thorne RM, O'Brien TP, Green JC, Strangeway RJ, Shprits YY, Baker DN. Observation of two distinct, rapid loss mechanisms during the 20 November 2003 radiation belt dropout event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Ontiveros PA, Naehr SM, Toffoletto FR, Hill TW. A flexible approach to modeling the storm time Region 2 and magnetopause currents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Selesnick RS. Source and loss rates of radiation belt relativistic electrons during magnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Miyoshi YS, Jordanova VK, Morioka A, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD, Evans DS, Green JC. Observations and modeling of energetic electron dynamics during the October 2001 storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Iles RHA, Meredith NP, Fazakerley AN, Horne RB. Phase space density analysis of the outer radiation belt energetic electron dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Lyons LR, Lee DY, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Smith AJ. Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling leading to relativistic electron energization during high-speed streams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Ukhorskiy AY. Impact of toroidal ULF waves on the outer radiation belt electrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen Y. Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: Methodology and results during geomagnetically quiet times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taylor MGGT. Multisatellite measurements of electron phase space density gradients in the Earth's inner and outer magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Green JC. Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt: Differentiating between acceleration mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Green JC. Testing loss mechanisms capable of rapidly depleting relativistic electron flux in the Earth's outer radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Onsager TG. The radial gradient of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Brien TP. Energization of relativistic electrons in the presence of ULF power and MeV microbursts: Evidence for dual ULF and VLF acceleration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Elkington SR. Resonant acceleration and diffusion of outer zone electrons in an asymmetric geomagnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja009202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miyoshi Y. Rebuilding process of the outer radiation belt during the 3 November 1993 magnetic storm: NOAA and Exos-D observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja007542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Onsager TG. Radiation belt electron flux dropouts: Local time, radial, and particle-energy dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vassiliadis D. Long-term-average, solar cycle, and seasonal response of magnetospheric energetic electrons to the solar wind speed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mathie RA, Mann IR. On the solar wind control of Pc5 ULF pulsation power at mid-latitudes: Implications for MeV electron acceleration in the outer radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blake JB, Selesnick RS, Baker DN, Kanekal S. Studies of relativistic electron injection events in 1997 and 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Brien TP, Sornette D, McPherron RL. Statistical asynchronous regression: Determining the relationship between two quantities that are not measured simultaneously. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja900193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McAdams KL, Reeves GD, Friedel RHW, Cayton TE. Multisatellite comparisons of the radiation belt response to the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) magnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lorentzen KR, Blake JB, Inan US, Bortnik J. Observations of relativistic electron microbursts in association with VLF chorus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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