1
|
Gholami H, Mohammadifar A, Song Y, Li Y, Rahmani P, Kaskaoutis DG, Panagos P, Borrelli P. An assessment of global land susceptibility to wind erosion based on deep-active learning modelling and interpretation techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18951. [PMID: 39147802 PMCID: PMC11327366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial accurate mapping of land susceptibility to wind erosion is necessary to mitigate its destructive consequences. In this research, for the first time, we developed a novel methodology based on deep learning (DL) and active learning (AL) models, their combination (e.g., recurrent neural network (RNN), RNN-AL, gated recurrent units (GRU), and GRU-AL) and three interpretation techniques (e.g., synergy matrix, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) decision plot, and accumulated local effects (ALE) plot) to map global land susceptibility to wind erosion. In this respect, 13 variables were explored as controlling factors to wind erosion, and eight of them (e.g., wind speed, topsoil carbon content, topsoil clay content, elevation, topsoil gravel fragment, precipitation, topsoil sand content and soil moisture) were selected as important factors via the Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) feature selection algorithm. The four models were applied to map land susceptibility to wind erosion, and their performance was assessed by three measures consisting of area under of receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, cumulative gain and Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS) statistic plots. The results revealed that GRU-AL model was considered as the most accurate, revealing that 38.5%, 12.6%, 10.3%, 12.5% and 26.1% of the global lands are grouped at very low, low, moderate, high and very high susceptibility classes to wind erosion hazard, respectively. Interpretation techniques were applied to interpret the contribution and impact of the eight input variables on the model's output. Synergy plot revealed that the soil carbon content exhibited high synergy with DEM and soil moisture on the model's predictions. ALE plot showed that soil carbon content and precipitation had negative feedback on the prediction of land susceptibility to wind erosion. Based on SHAP decision plot, soil moisture and DEM presented the highest contribution on the model's output. Results highlighted new regions at high latitudes (southern Greenland coast, hotspots in Alaska and Siberia), which exhibited high and very high land susceptibility to wind erosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Gholami
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Mohammadifar
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Yougui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Paria Rahmani
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Dimitris G Kaskaoutis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100, Kozani, Greece
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ro S, Park J, Yoo H, Han C, Lee A, Lee Y, Kim M, Han Y, Svensson A, Shin J, Ro CU, Hong S. Millennial-scale variability of Greenland dust provenance during the last glacial maximum as determined by single particle analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2040. [PMID: 38263283 PMCID: PMC10805741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Greenland ice core records exhibited 100-fold higher dust concentrations during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than during the Holocene, and dust input temporal variability corresponded to different climate states in the LGM. While East Asian deserts, the Sahara, and European loess have been suggested as the potential source areas (PSAs) for Greenland LGM dust, millennial-scale variability in their relative contributions within the LGM remains poorly constrained. Here, we present the morphological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of insoluble microparticles to constrain the provenance of dust in Greenland NEEM ice core samples covering cold Greenland Stadials (GS)-2.1a to GS-3 (~ 14.7 to 27.1 kyr ago) in the LGM. The analysis was conducted on individual particles in microdroplet samples by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. We found that the kaolinite-to-chlorite (K/C) ratios and chemical index of alteration (CIA) values were substantially higher (K/C: 1.4 ± 0.7, CIA: 74.7 ± 2.9) during GS-2.1a to 2.1c than during GS-3 (K/C: 0.5 ± 0.1, CIA: 65.8 ± 2.8). Our records revealed a significant increase in Saharan dust contributions from GS-2.1a to GS-2.1c and that the Gobi Desert and/or European loess were potential source(s) during GS-3. This conclusion is further supported by distinctly different carbon contents in particles corresponding to GS-2.1 and GS-3. These results are consistent with previous estimates of proportional dust source contributions obtained using a mixing model based on Pb and Sr isotopic compositions in NEEM LGM ice and indicate millennial-scale changes in Greenland dust provenance that are probably linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation variabilities during the LGM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seokhyun Ro
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Marine Environment Research Department, Ara Consulting and Technology, 30 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Particle Pollution Research and Management Center, Inha University, 36 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Han
- Department of Water Environmental Safety Management, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 200 Sintanjin-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon, 34350, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahhyung Lee
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Unit of Frontier Exploration, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongcheol Han
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Anders Svensson
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Julian 10 Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinhwa Shin
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
- Particle Pollution Research and Management Center, Inha University, 36 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marcisz K, Belka Z, Dopieralska J, Jakubowicz M, Karpińska-Kołaczek M, Kołaczek P, Mauquoy D, Słowiński M, Zieliński M, Lamentowicz M. Navigating the limitations, assumptions and conceptual pitfalls of Nd isotope research on peatlands: Reply to the comments of Le Roux et al. (2023) on 'Neodymium isotopes in peat reveal past local environmental disturbances' by Marcisz et al. (2023). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165398. [PMID: 37463625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marcisz
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zdzislaw Belka
- Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dopieralska
- Isotope Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | - Piotr Kołaczek
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dmitri Mauquoy
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michał Słowiński
- Past Landscape Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Lamentowicz
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Újvári G, Klötzli U, Stevens T, Svensson A, Ludwig P, Vennemann T, Gier S, Horschinegg M, Palcsu L, Hippler D, Kovács J, Di Biagio C, Formenti P. Greenland Ice Core Record of Last Glacial Dust Sources and Atmospheric Circulation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036597. [PMID: 36245641 PMCID: PMC9542552 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abrupt and large-scale climate changes have occurred repeatedly and within decades during the last glaciation. These events, where dramatic warming occurs over decades, are well represented in both Greenland ice core mineral dust and temperature records, suggesting a causal link. However, the feedbacks between atmospheric dust and climate change during these Dansgaard-Oeschger events are poorly known and the processes driving changes in atmospheric dust emission and transport remain elusive. Constraining dust provenance is key to resolving these gaps. Here, we present a multi-technique analysis of Greenland dust provenance using novel and established, source diagnostic isotopic tracers as well as results from a regional climate model including dust cycle simulations. We show that the existing dominant model for the provenance of Greenland dust as sourced from combined East Asian dust and Pacific volcanics is not supported. Rather, our clay mineralogical and Hf-Sr-Nd and D/H isotopic analyses from last glacial Greenland dust and an extensive range of Northern Hemisphere potential dust sources reveal three most likely scenarios (in order of probability): direct dust sourcing from the Taklimakan Desert in western China, direct sourcing from European glacial sources, or a mix of dust originating from Europe and North Africa. Furthermore, our regional climate modeling demonstrates the plausibility of European or mixed European/North African sources for the first time. We suggest that the origin of dust to Greenland is potentially more complex than previously recognized, demonstrating more uncertainty in our understanding dust climate feedbacks during abrupt events than previously understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Újvári
- Centre for Astronomy and Earth SciencesInstitute for Geological and Geochemical ResearchEötvös Loránd Research NetworkBudapestHungary
- CSFKMTA Centre of ExcellenceBudapestHungary
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - U. Klötzli
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - T. Stevens
- Department of Earth SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - A. Svensson
- Physics of Ice, Climate and EarthNiels Bohr InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - P. Ludwig
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - T. Vennemann
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - S. Gier
- Department of GeologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M. Horschinegg
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - L. Palcsu
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research CentreInstitute for Nuclear ResearchDebrecenHungary
| | - D. Hippler
- Institute of Applied GeosciencesGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - J. Kovács
- Environmental Analytical and Geoanalytical Research GroupSzentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Institute of Geography and Earth SciencesUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - C. Di Biagio
- Université de Paris Cité and University Paris Est CreteilCNRSLISAParisFrance
| | - P. Formenti
- Université de Paris Cité and University Paris Est CreteilCNRSLISAParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Corella JP, Maffezzoli N, Spolaor A, Vallelonga P, Cuevas CA, Scoto F, Müller J, Vinther B, Kjær HA, Cozzi G, Edwards R, Barbante C, Saiz-Lopez A. Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:88. [PMID: 35013214 PMCID: PMC8748508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine has a significant impact on promoting the formation of new ultrafine aerosol particles and accelerating tropospheric ozone loss, thereby affecting radiative forcing and climate. Therefore, understanding the long-term natural evolution of iodine, and its coupling with climate variability, is key to adequately assess its effect on climate on centennial to millennial timescales. Here, using two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and RECAP), we report the Arctic iodine variability during the last 127,000 years. We find the highest and lowest iodine levels recorded during interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, modulated by ocean bioproductivity and sea ice dynamics. Our sub-decadal resolution measurements reveal that high frequency iodine emission variability occurred in pace with Dansgaard/Oeschger events, highlighting the rapid Arctic ocean-ice-atmosphere iodine exchange response to abrupt climate changes. Finally, we discuss if iodine levels during past warmer-than-present climate phases can serve as analogues of future scenarios under an expected ice-free Arctic Ocean. We argue that the combination of natural biogenic ocean iodine release (boosted by ongoing Arctic warming and sea ice retreat) and anthropogenic ozone-induced iodine emissions may lead to a near future scenario with the highest iodine levels of the last 127,000 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Corella
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIEMAT, Environmental Department, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Niccolo Maffezzoli
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Scoto
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, S.P Lecce-Monteroni km1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Juliane Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
- MARUM Research Faculty, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Bo Vinther
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Helle A Kjær
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ross Edwards
- Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zieliński M, Dopieralska J, Królikowska-Ciągło S, Walczak A, Belka Z. Mapping of spatial variations in Sr isotope signatures ( 87Sr/ 86Sr) in Poland - Implications of anthropogenic Sr contamination for archaeological provenance and migration research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145792. [PMID: 33631577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents first isoscape maps of strontium isotope signatures and their spatial variation in Poland, based on ~900 samples of rocks, sediments, surface water, and flora. This dataset is supplemented by 87Sr/86Sr ratios predicted for several carbonate rock units. High, radiogenic Sr isotope ratios (>0.72), related to the Pleistocene glacial deposits, are omnipresent throughout the country and are also found in the Sudetes and the Holy Cross Mountains, where igneous and clastic Palaeozoic rocks are widely exposed. The lowest Sr signatures (<0.71) occur predominantly in the Silesian-Małopolska and Lublin uplands and are related to exposures of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Neogene carbonate rocks. The large variation of 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the environment across the country is chiefly driven by the diversity in the geological substrate, and locally, it is also influenced by anthropogenic contamination. Strontium isoscapes for the geological substrate and surface waters differ from each other, in terms of the range of 87Sr/86Sr values and their distributional pattern. The differences result primarily from mixing processes in the geosphere (weathering), hydrosphere, and biosphere that control Sr inputs from various natural sources present in the environment. On the other side, they are also created by anthropogenic contamination of surface water and presumably of soils. This situation has important implications for future archaeological provenance and migration studies, as isoscapes for surface water and vegetation cannot be directly used to estimate the local 87Sr/86Sr baselines for past human populations. Therefore, caution is required when modern Sr data of surface water and plants are used in archaeological research. 87Sr/86Sr values of the geological substrate, which may be affected by anthropogenic contamination to a lesser extent than water, soil, and vegetation, are favoured for the baseline estimation for historical times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Zieliński
- Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Dopieralska
- Poznan Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, ul. Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Królikowska-Ciągło
- Poznan Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, ul. Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Walczak
- Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zdzislaw Belka
- Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saharan dust and giant quartz particle transport towards Iceland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11891. [PMID: 34088966 PMCID: PMC8178365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral dust emissions from Saharan sources have an impact on the atmospheric environment and sedimentary units in distant regions. Here, we present the first systematic observations of long-range Saharan dust transport towards Iceland. Fifteen Saharan dust episodes were identified to have occurred between 2008 and 2020 based on aerosol optical depth data, backward trajectories and numerical models. Icelandic samples from the local dust sources were compared with deposited dust from two severe Saharan dust events in terms of their granulometric and mineralogical characteristics. The episodes were associated with enhanced meridional atmospheric flow patterns driven by unusual meandering jets. Strong winds were able to carry large Saharan quartz particles (> 100 µm) towards Iceland. Our results confirm the atmospheric pathways of Saharan dust towards the Arctic, and identify new northward meridional long-ranged transport of giant dust particles from the Sahara, including the first evidence of their deposition in Iceland as previously predicted by models.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar A, Suresh K, Rahaman W. Geochemical characterization of modern aeolian dust over the Northeastern Arabian Sea: Implication for dust transport in the Arabian Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138576. [PMID: 32375070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Arabian Sea, one of the most biologically productive oceanic regions, receive significant amount of nutrients through aeolian dust deposition which have potential to modulate surface water biogeochemical processes. Identification of dust sources is important to assess role of dust deposition to surface water biogeochemistry. Here we report geochemical characteristics (major elements and trace metals composition, clay mineralogy and radiogenic isotopes of Sr and Nd) of aeolian dust, derived from dust storms in Middle East and South West Asia, to decipher its sources and possible transport pathways over the Arabian Sea. Twelve bulk aerosol samples were collected, during dusty period, at a coastal station (Goa; 15.4o N, 73.8o E) located in the Northeastern Arabian Sea, spanning over three years in different seasons. A preliminary estimation of sources for dust storms was done using satellite imagery and air mass back trajectory analyses. Major element and trace metal compositions of storm derived dust samples indicate insignificant contribution from anthropogenic sources. Illite and chlorite are major clay minerals found in all dust samples, however, high palygorskite content were observed for dust sourced from the Arabian Peninsula. A more uniform Sr-Nd signature is found for those derived from Arabia, however, highly variable Sr-Nd isotope signatures were observed for those derived from the South West Asia (Iran and Makran coast). The reported comprehensive data set on geochemical characteristics of mineral dust, is the first attempt that provides important information to understand present and past dust emission and deposition over the Arabian Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India.
| | - K Suresh
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India; The School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Goa, India
| | - Waliur Rahaman
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao C, Du Z, Handley MJ, Mayewski PA, Cao J, Schüpbach S, Zhang T, Petit JR, Li C, Han Y, Li Y, Ren J. Iron in the NEEM ice core relative to Asian loess records over the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa144. [PMID: 34691679 PMCID: PMC8310736 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral dust can indirectly affect the climate by supplying bioavailable iron (Fe) to the ocean. Here, we present the records of dissolved Fe (DFe) and total Fe (TDFe) in North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core over the past 110 kyr BP. The Fe records are significantly negatively correlated with the carbon-dioxide (CO2) concentrations during cold periods. The results suggest that the changes in Fe fluxes over the past 110 kyr BP in the NEEM ice core are consistent with those in Chinese loess records because the mineral-dust distribution is controlled by the East Asian deserts. Furthermore, the variations in the dust input on a global scale are most likely driven by changes in solar radiation during the last glacial-interglacial cycle in response to Earth's orbital cycles. In the last glacial-interglacial cycle, the DFe/TDFe ratios were higher during the warm periods (following the post-Industrial Revolution and during the Holocene and last interglacial period) than during the main cold period (i.e. the last glacial maximum (LGM)), indicating that the aeolian input of iron and the iron fertilization effect on the oceans have a non-linear relationship during different periods. Although the burning of biomass aerosols has released large amounts of DFe since the Industrial Revolution, no significant responses are observed in the DFe and TDFe variations during this period, indicating that severe anthropogenic contamination has no significant effect on the DFe (TDFe) release in the NEEM ice core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhiheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mike J Handley
- Climate Change Institute, School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Paul A Mayewski
- Climate Change Institute, School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Simon Schüpbach
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau and Polar Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jean-Robert Petit
- Institut des Geosciences de I'Environment (IGE), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F38000, France
| | - Chuanjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | - Yuefang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiawen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Erhardt T, Jensen CM, Borovinskaya O, Fischer H. Single Particle Characterization and Total Elemental Concentration Measurements in Polar Ice Using Continuous Flow Analysis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13275-13283. [PMID: 31608632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow analysis (CFA) has become widely used for the measurement of aerosol-derived impurities in ice-core samples, resulting in high-resolution data sets of past aerosol deposition. Here, we present first results from coupling an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) to a traditional CFA system. This setup enables the measurement of exactly coregistered elemental concentrations over the full mass range without degradation of sensitivity with an increasing number of analytes. The resulting total elemental concentration records have similar or better resolution than the established spectrophotometric methods. The unique capability of a TOFMS to measure fast transient signals and to still cover the full mass range furthermore enables the detection of the ionization of individual insoluble particles entering the plasma. The resulting mass spectra of the particles can be used to investigate the relative elemental composition of the mineral dust particles preserved in ice. The presented analysis of iron-bearing particles indicates that most of the particulate iron in Greenland ice is associated with Mg and Al and is likely part of clay minerals such as illite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Erhardt
- Climate and Environmental Physics and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research , University of Bern , Sidlerstrasse 5 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Camilla M Jensen
- Climate and Environmental Physics and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research , University of Bern , Sidlerstrasse 5 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | | | - Hubertus Fischer
- Climate and Environmental Physics and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research , University of Bern , Sidlerstrasse 5 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee K, Han C, Hong SB, Jun SJ, Han Y, Xiao C, Du Z, Hur SD, Lee JI, Boutron CF, Hong S. A 300-Year High-Resolution Greenland Ice Record of Large-Scale Atmospheric Pollution by Arsenic in the Northern Hemisphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12999-13008. [PMID: 31603318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first high-resolution record of arsenic (As) observed in Greenland snow and ice for the periods 1711-1970 and 2003-2009 AD. The results show well-defined large-scale atmospheric pollution by this toxic element in the northern hemisphere, beginning as early as the 18th century. The most striking feature is an abrupt, unprecedented enrichment factor (EF) peak in the late 1890s, with an ∼30-fold increase in the mean value above the Holocene natural level. Highly enriched As was evident until the late 1910s; a sharp decline was observed after the First World War, reaching a minimum in the early 1930s during the Great Depression. A subsequent increase lasted until the mid-1950s, before decreasing again. Comparisons between the observed variations and Cu smelting data indicate that Cu smelting in Europe and North America was the likely source of early anthropogenic As in Greenland. Despite a significant reduction of ∼80% in concentration and ∼60% in EF from the 1950s to the 2000s, more than 80% of present-day As in Greenland is of anthropogenic origin, probably due to increasing As emissions from coal combustion in China. This highlights the demand for the implementation of national and international environmental regulations to further reduce As emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanghyun Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Changhee Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Jun
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Yeongcheol Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Cunde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Land Surface Processes and Resource Ecology , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Zhiheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences , Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Jong Ik Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990 , Korea
| | - Claude F Boutron
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement , Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS , 54 rue Molière , 38400 Saint Martin d'Hères , France
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences , Inha University , 100 Inha-ro , Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
East Greenland ice core dust record reveals timing of Greenland ice sheet advance and retreat. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4494. [PMID: 31582753 PMCID: PMC6776541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimates of the past extent of the Greenland ice sheet provide critical constraints for ice sheet models used to determine Greenland’s response to climate forcing and contribution to global sea level. Here we use a continuous ice core dust record from the Renland ice cap on the east coast of Greenland to constrain the timing of changes to the ice sheet margin and relative sea level over the last glacial cycle. During the Holocene and the previous interglacial period (Eemian) the dust record was dominated by coarse particles consistent with rock samples from central East Greenland. From the coarse particle concentration record we infer the East Greenland ice sheet margin advanced from 113.4 ± 0.4 to 111.0 ± 0.4 ka BP during the glacial onset and retreated from 12.1 ± 0.1 to 9.0 ± 0.1 ka BP during the last deglaciation. These findings constrain the possible response of the Greenland ice sheet to climate forcings. Accurate measurements of the past extent of the Greenland ice sheet are crucial to understand its response to changing climate conditions. Here, the authors present a dust record from an ice core from the east coast of Greenland to provide detailed time constraints on ice sheet advance and retreat over the last interglacials.
Collapse
|
13
|
Conny JM, Willis RD, Ortiz-Montalvo DL. Analysis and Optical Modeling of Individual Heterogeneous Asian Dust Particles Collected at Mauna Loa Observatory. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:10.1029/2018jd029387. [PMID: 32166055 PMCID: PMC7067279 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have determined optical properties of heterogeneous particles from aerosol samples collected at Hawaii's Mauna Loa Observatory. Back trajectories, satellite imagery, and composition differences among particles from scanning electron microscopy revealed a subset of particles with dolomite or calcite that likely came from Asia. Using focused ion-beam tomography and the discrete dipole approximation, we show how small amounts of an iron phase (oxide or carbonate), or in one case soot, affected extinction and scattering compared with particles of neat dolomite or calcite. We show how particles exhibit a range scattering values due to varying orientations of the inclusion phases. Extinction efficiencies for the heterogeneous particles with dolomite (3.47) and calcite (3.36) were 19% to 21% lower than extinction for marine background air particles (3.72). Extinction for the Asian dust was, however, generally higher than for the neat particles. Compared to iron carbonate, the presence of an absorbing iron oxide affected scattering in Asian dust particles even at the low oxide concentrations studied here (0.6% to 8.1%). Scattering efficiency decreased by <1% with a 1% increase in hematite but by 2% to 5% with magnetite. Asian dust scattered light strongly forward, but backscattering was 56% larger than for the marine background air particles. Backscattering in the Asian dust was also larger with magnetite than hematite. Single scattering albedo for Asian dust with hematite, magnetite, or soot averaged 0.96 ± 0.06 ( x ¯ ± s , n = 19 ) but was as low as 0.72 with a magnetite mass of 5.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Conny
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Willis
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (retired)
| | - Diana L Ortiz-Montalvo
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Szczepanek A, Belka Z, Jarosz P, Pospieszny Ł, Dopieralska J, Frei KM, Rauba-Bukowska A, Werens K, Górski J, Hozer M, Mazurek M, Włodarczak P. Understanding Final Neolithic communities in south-eastern Poland: New insights on diet and mobility from isotopic data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207748. [PMID: 30566432 PMCID: PMC6300194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first comprehensive multi-isotopic data on human and animal remains from the Final Neolithic Corded Ware culture (ca. 2900–2300 cal. BC) in south-eastern Poland. The study focused on communities of two settlement areas located in the Małopolska Upland and in the Subcarpathian region. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes of bone collagen were investigated to obtain insights into human dietary preferences, whereas the strontium isotope composition of human tooth enamel was used to trace the mobility and provenance of individuals. Sr isotope data point to a non-local origin of at least one-quarter of the investigated individuals in the Subcarpathian region, consistent with associated allochthonous grave inventories of eastern or western origins. In contrast, all investigated individuals in the Małopolska Upland were of local origin. Furthermore, our study shows an example that the use of fauna for the assessment of the local 87Sr/86Sr range of an archaeological site can lead to incorrect conclusions and suggests that a detailed Sr isotopic survey of the geological background and its hydrologic elements is necessary to provide conclusive constraints for the identification of local and non-local individuals in prehistoric communities. Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of bone collagen indicate an omnivorous diet that included C3-based terrestrial plant and animal resources, in which plant food dominated. In both regions, there were no significant sex differences in dietary intakes. Higher δ15Ncoll values of younger infants presumably reflect the effect of weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Szczepanek
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Zdzislaw Belka
- Isotope Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Jarosz
- Institute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pospieszny
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Rauba-Bukowska
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Werens
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jacek Górski
- Department of History and Cultural Heritage, University of Pope Jan Paweł II, Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Hozer
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mirosław Mazurek
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Piotr Włodarczak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Han C, Do Hur S, Han Y, Lee K, Hong S, Erhardt T, Fischer H, Svensson AM, Steffensen JP, Vallelonga P. High-resolution isotopic evidence for a potential Saharan provenance of Greenland glacial dust. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15582. [PMID: 30348975 PMCID: PMC6197225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust concentrations in Greenland ice show pronounced glacial/interglacial variations with almost two orders of magnitude increase during the Last Glacial Maximum. Greenland glacial dust was previously sourced to two East Asian deserts: the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts. Here we report the first high-resolution Pb and Sr isotopic evidence for a significant Saharan dust influence in Greenland during the last glacial period, back to ~31 kyr ago, from the Greenland NEEM ice core. We find that during Greenland Stadials 3-5.1 (~31 to 23 kyr ago), the primary dust provenance was East Asia, as previously proposed. Subsequently, the Saharan isotopic signals emerge during Greenland Stadials 2.1a-2.1c (~22.6 to 14.7 kyr ago) and from the late Bølling-Allerød to the Younger Dryas periods (~13.6 to 12 kyr ago), coincident with increased aridity in the Sahara and efficient northward transport of dust during these cold periods. A mixing isotopic model proposes the Sahara as an important source, accounting for contribution to Greenland glacial dust of up to 50%, particularly during Greenland Stadial 2.1b and the late Bølling-Allerød to the Younger Dryas periods. Our findings provide new insights into climate-related dust provenance changes and essential paleoclimatic constraints on dust-climate feedbacks in northern high latitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Han
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Korea
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Korea
| | - Yeongcheol Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Korea
| | - Khanghyun Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Korea
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
| | - Tobias Erhardt
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Fischer
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anders M Svensson
- Center for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Julian Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Peder Steffensen
- Center for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Julian Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Center for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Julian Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schüpbach S, Fischer H, Bigler M, Erhardt T, Gfeller G, Leuenberger D, Mini O, Mulvaney R, Abram NJ, Fleet L, Frey MM, Thomas E, Svensson A, Dahl-Jensen D, Kettner E, Kjaer H, Seierstad I, Steffensen JP, Rasmussen SO, Vallelonga P, Winstrup M, Wegner A, Twarloh B, Wolff K, Schmidt K, Goto-Azuma K, Kuramoto T, Hirabayashi M, Uetake J, Zheng J, Bourgeois J, Fisher D, Zhiheng D, Xiao C, Legrand M, Spolaor A, Gabrieli J, Barbante C, Kang JH, Hur SD, Hong SB, Hwang HJ, Hong S, Hansson M, Iizuka Y, Oyabu I, Muscheler R, Adolphi F, Maselli O, McConnell J, Wolff EW. Greenland records of aerosol source and atmospheric lifetime changes from the Eemian to the Holocene. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 29662058 PMCID: PMC5902614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere experienced dramatic changes during the last glacial, featuring vast ice sheets and abrupt climate events, while high northern latitudes during the last interglacial (Eemian) were warmer than today. Here we use high-resolution aerosol records from the Greenland NEEM ice core to reconstruct the environmental alterations in aerosol source regions accompanying these changes. Separating source and transport effects, we find strongly reduced terrestrial biogenic emissions during glacial times reflecting net loss of vegetated area in North America. Rapid climate changes during the glacial have little effect on terrestrial biogenic aerosol emissions. A strong increase in terrestrial dust emissions during the coldest intervals indicates higher aridity and dust storm activity in East Asian deserts. Glacial sea salt aerosol emissions in the North Atlantic region increase only moderately (50%), likely due to sea ice expansion. Lower aerosol concentrations in Eemian ice compared to the Holocene are mainly due to shortened atmospheric residence time, while emissions changed little. Past climate changes in Greenland ice were accompanied by large aerosol concentration changes. Here, the authors show that by correcting for transport effects, reliable source changes for biogenic aerosol from North America, sea salt aerosol from the North Atlantic, and dust from East Asian deserts can be derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Schüpbach
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Fischer
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - M Bigler
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Erhardt
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Gfeller
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Mini
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Mulvaney
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - N J Abram
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.,Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - L Fleet
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - M M Frey
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - E Thomas
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - A Svensson
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - D Dahl-Jensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - E Kettner
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - H Kjaer
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - I Seierstad
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - J P Steffensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S O Rasmussen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - P Vallelonga
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - M Winstrup
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A Wegner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B Twarloh
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K Wolff
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K Schmidt
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K Goto-Azuma
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - T Kuramoto
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan.,Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu Town, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - M Hirabayashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - J Uetake
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan.,Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1371, USA
| | - J Zheng
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - J Bourgeois
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - D Fisher
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D Zhiheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - C Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - M Legrand
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40 700, 38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A Spolaor
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - J Gabrieli
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - C Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - J-H Kang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - S D Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - S B Hong
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Hwang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - S Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - M Hansson
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Iizuka
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Oyabu
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Muscheler
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Adolphi
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Geology, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Maselli
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - J McConnell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - E W Wolff
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kjær HA, Vallelonga P, Svensson A, Elleskov L Kristensen M, Tibuleac C, Winstrup M, Kipfstuhl S. An Optical Dye Method for Continuous Determination of Acidity in Ice Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10485-10493. [PMID: 27580680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pH of polar ice is important for the stability and mobility of impurities in ice cores and can be strongly influenced by volcanic eruptions or anthropogenic emissions. We present a simple optical method for continuous determination of acidity in ice cores based on spectroscopically determined color changes of two common pH-indicator dyes, bromophenol blue, and chlorophenol red. The sealed-system method described here is not equilibrated with CO2, making it simpler than existing methods for pH determination in ice cores and offering a 10-90% peak response time of 45 s and a combined uncertainty of 9%. The method is applied to Holocene ice core sections from Greenland and Antarctica and compared to standard techniques such as electrical conductivity measurement (ECM) conducted on the solid ice, and electrolytic meltwater conductivity, EMWC. Acidity measured in the Greenland NGRIP ice core shows good agreement with acidity calculated from ion chromatography. Conductivity and dye-based acidity Hdye+ are found to be highly correlated in the Greenland NEGIS firn core (75.38° N, 35.56° W), with all signals greater than 3σ variability coinciding with either volcanic eruptions or possible wild fire activity. In contrast, the Antarctic Roosevelt Island ice core (79.36° S, 161.71° W) features an anticorrelation between conductivity and Hdye+, likely due to strong influence of marine salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helle Astrid Kjær
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Svensson
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Catalin Tibuleac
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mai Winstrup
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rapid and cyclic dust accumulation during MIS 2 in Central Asia inferred from loess OSL dating and grain-size analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32365. [PMID: 27586593 PMCID: PMC5009356 DOI: 10.1038/srep32365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to lack of reliable proxies from the Westerlies-dominant region, the strength change of Northern Hemisphere Westerlies remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to provide a reliable paleoclimatic proxy about the Northern Hemisphere Westerlies change. Here we report a 30.7 m thick loess section from the Ili basin directly controlled by the Westerlies. Based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and high resolution grain-size records, we reconstruct the change history of the Westerlies strength during the last glacial period (mainly Marine Isotope Stages 2, MIS2), being similar with the Westerlies index recorded in the Qinghai Lake sediments. Within error limits, all ages are in stratigraphic order. We further compare the climatic records among the Ili loess, Qinghai Lake and the NGRIP, their similarity shows a good climatic coupling relationship among the Central Asia, East Asia and the North Atlantic, and the Westerlies plays a critical influence in transporting the North Atlantic signal to Central and East Asia.
Collapse
|
19
|
Radiocarbon evidence for enhanced respired carbon storage in the Atlantic at the Last Glacial Maximum. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11998. [PMID: 27346723 PMCID: PMC4931225 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of ocean circulation changes on atmospheric CO2 hinges primarily on the ability to alter the ocean interior's respired nutrient inventory. Here we investigate the Atlantic overturning circulation at the Last Glacial Maximum and its impact on respired carbon storage using radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope data from the Brazil and Iberian Margins. The data demonstrate the existence of a shallow well-ventilated northern-sourced cell overlying a poorly ventilated, predominantly southern-sourced cell at the Last Glacial Maximum. We also find that organic carbon remineralization rates in the deep Atlantic remained broadly similar to modern, but that ventilation ages in the southern-sourced overturning cell were significantly increased. Respired carbon storage in the deep Atlantic was therefore enhanced during the last glacial period, primarily due to an increase in the residence time of carbon in the deep ocean, rather than an increase in biological carbon export.
Collapse
|
20
|
Stibal M, Gözdereliler E, Cameron KA, Box JE, Stevens IT, Gokul JK, Schostag M, Zarsky JD, Edwards A, Irvine-Fynn TDL, Jacobsen CS. Microbial abundance in surface ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:225. [PMID: 25852678 PMCID: PMC4371753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring microbial abundance in glacier ice and identifying its controls is essential for a better understanding and quantification of biogeochemical processes in glacial ecosystems. However, cell enumeration of glacier ice samples is challenging due to typically low cell numbers and the presence of interfering mineral particles. We quantified for the first time the abundance of microbial cells in surface ice from geographically distinct sites on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), using three enumeration methods: epifluorescence microscopy (EFM), flow cytometry (FCM), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, we reviewed published data on microbial abundance in glacier ice and tested the three methods on artificial ice samples of realistic cell (102–107 cells ml−1) and mineral particle (0.1–100 mg ml−1) concentrations, simulating a range of glacial ice types, from clean subsurface ice to surface ice to sediment-laden basal ice. We then used multivariate statistical analysis to identify factors responsible for the variation in microbial abundance on the ice sheet. EFM gave the most accurate and reproducible results of the tested methodologies, and was therefore selected as the most suitable technique for cell enumeration of ice containing dust. Cell numbers in surface ice samples, determined by EFM, ranged from ~ 2 × 103 to ~ 2 × 106 cells ml−1 while dust concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2 mg ml−1. The lowest abundances were found in ice sampled from the accumulation area of the ice sheet and in samples affected by fresh snow; these samples may be considered as a reference point of the cell abundance of precipitants that are deposited on the ice sheet surface. Dust content was the most significant variable to explain the variation in the abundance data, which suggests a direct association between deposited dust particles and cells and/or by their provision of limited nutrients to microbial communities on the GrIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Stibal
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erkin Gözdereliler
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Cameron
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jason E Box
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian T Stevens
- Centre for Glaciology, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Morten Schostag
- Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakub D Zarsky
- Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic ; Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Arwyn Edwards
- Centre for Glaciology, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Carsten S Jacobsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kjær HA, Vallelonga P, Svensson A, Kristensen MEL, Tibuleac C, Bigler M. Continuous flow analysis method for determination of dissolved reactive phosphorus in ice cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12325-12332. [PMID: 24128116 DOI: 10.1021/es402274z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Phosphorus is often present in nature as the soluble phosphate ion PO4(3-) and has biological, terrestrial, and marine emission sources. Thus PO4(3-) detected in ice cores has the potential to be an important tracer for biological activity in the past. In this study a continuous and highly sensitive absorption method for detection of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in ice cores has been developed using a molybdate reagent and a 2-m liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC). DRP is the soluble form of the nutrient phosphorus, which reacts with molybdate. The method was optimized to meet the low concentrations of DRP in Greenland ice, with a depth resolution of approximately 2 cm and an analytical uncertainty of 1.1 nM (0.1 ppb) PO4(3-). The method has been applied to segments of a shallow firn core from Northeast Greenland, indicating a mean concentration level of 2.74 nM (0.26 ppb) PO4(3-) for the period 1930-2005 with a standard deviation of 1.37 nM (0.13 ppb) PO4(3-) and values reaching as high as 10.52 nM (1 ppb) PO4(3-). Similar levels were detected for the period 1771-1823. Based on impurity abundances, dust and biogenic particles were found to be the most likely sources of DRP deposited in Northeast Greenland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helle Astrid Kjær
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thomas ER, Wolff EW, Mulvaney R, Johnsen SJ, Steffensen JP, Arrowsmith C. Anatomy of a Dansgaard‐Oeschger warming transition: High‐resolution analysis of the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Miteva V, Teacher C, Sowers T, Brenchley J. Comparison of the microbial diversity at different depths of the GISP2 Greenland ice core in relationship to deposition climates. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:640-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Formenti P, Rajot JL, Desboeufs K, Caquineau S, Chevaillier S, Nava S, Gaudichet A, Journet E, Triquet S, Alfaro S, Chiari M, Haywood J, Coe H, Highwood E. Regional variability of the composition of mineral dust from western Africa: Results from the AMMA SOP0/DABEX and DODO field campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Steffensen JP, Andersen KK, Bigler M, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Fischer H, Goto-Azuma K, Hansson M, Johnsen SJ, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Popp T, Rasmussen SO, Röthlisberger R, Ruth U, Stauffer B, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Sveinbjörnsdóttir AE, Svensson A, White JWC. High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science 2008; 321:680-4. [PMID: 18566247 DOI: 10.1126/science.1157707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Peder Steffensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Washington R, Todd M, Middleton NJ, Goudie AS. Dust-Storm Source Areas Determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and Surface Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8306.9302003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Todd
- b Department of Geography , University College London
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jonsell U, Hansson ME, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Steffensen JP. Comparison of northern and central Greenland ice core records of methanesulfonate covering the last glacial period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
29
|
Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of eolian dust of the arid-semiarid areas in China: Implications for loess provenance and monsoon evolution. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Gabrielli P, Barbante C, Plane JMC, Varga A, Hong S, Cozzi G, Gaspari V, Planchon FAM, Cairns W, Ferrari C, Crutzen P, Cescon P, Boutron CF. Meteoric smoke fallout over the Holocene epoch revealed by iridium and platinum in Greenland ice. Nature 2004; 432:1011-4. [PMID: 15616558 DOI: 10.1038/nature03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer has been attributed to an extraterrestrial body that struck the Earth some 65 million years ago. It has been suggested that, during this event, the carrier of iridium was probably a micrometre-sized silicate-enclosed aggregate or the nanophase material of the vaporized impactor. But the fate of platinum-group elements (such as iridium) that regularly enter the atmosphere via ablating meteoroids remains largely unknown. Here we report a record of iridium and platinum fluxes on a climatic-cycle timescale, back to 128,000 years ago, from a Greenland ice core. We find that unexpectedly constant fallout of extraterrestrial matter to Greenland occurred during the Holocene, whereas a greatly enhanced input of terrestrial iridium and platinum masked the cosmic flux in the dust-laden atmosphere of the last glacial age. We suggest that nanometre-sized meteoric smoke particles, formed from the recondensation of ablated meteoroids in the atmosphere at altitudes >70 kilometres, are transported into the winter polar vortices by the mesospheric meridional circulation and are preferentially deposited in the polar ice caps. This implies an average global fallout of 14 +/- 5 kilotons per year of meteoric smoke during the Holocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gabrielli
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (UMR CNRS/ Université Joseph Fourier 5183), 54, rue Molière, BP 96, 38402 St Martin d'Heres cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lanci L. Magnetization of Greenland ice and its relationship with dust content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Knüsel S, Piguet DE, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler HW. Accuracy of continuous ice-core trace-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:2267-2273. [PMID: 12785535 DOI: 10.1021/es026452o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements trapped in glaciers are important indicators for the characterization of past biogeochemical cycles, the identification of numerous sources and their varying strength, and thus indirectly provide insight into past climate variations. However, this necessitates highly resolved and continuous records of trace elements in ice. To obtain records corresponding to these requirements, a continuous ice-core melting (CIM) device was coupled to an inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometer (ICP-SFMS). Accuracy of this newly developed method was tested by replicate analysis of longitudinally cut ice-core sections (reproducibility) and by comparing results of the continuous method with the conventional decontamination and analysis procedure. The new, fast method is suited to accurately determine concentrations of a number of elements, such as Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Co, Br, Sr, Mo, and Tl. However, for 18 elements (including Al and lanthanides) observed concentrations were underestimated when analyzed using the continuous method. Possible explanations of these low concentrations are (i) incomplete dissolution of mineral dust particles contained in the ice resulting from a delayed acidification step and/or (ii) adsorption of dissolved trace elements or mineral dust particles on the surface of the ice melting device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Knüsel
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, CH-5232 Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruth U, Wagenbach D, Steffensen JP, Bigler M. Continuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Ruth
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dietmar Wagenbach
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Matthias Bigler
- Department of Climate and Environmental Physics; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fischer H. Imprint of large-scale atmospheric transport patterns on sea-salt records in northern Greenland ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Biscaye PE, Grousset FE, Svensson AM, Bory A, Barrie LA. Eurasian Air Pollution Reaches Eastern North America. Science 2000; 290:2258-9. [PMID: 17774596 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5500.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|