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Le Mével H, Miller CA, Ribó M, Cronin S, Kula T. The magmatic system under Hunga volcano before and after the 15 January 2022 eruption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3156. [PMID: 38100588 PMCID: PMC10848737 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the largest explosive eruptions instrumentally recorded occurred at Hunga volcano on 15 January 2022. The magma plumbing system under this volcano is unexplored because of inherent difficulties caused by its submarine setting. We use marine gravity data derived from satellite altimetry combined with multibeam bathymetry to model the architecture and dynamics of the magmatic system before and after the January 2022 eruption. We provide geophysical evidence for substantial high-melt content magma accumulation in three reservoirs at shallow depths (2 to 10 kilometers) under the volcano. We estimate that less than ~30% of the existing magma was evacuated by the main eruptive phases, enough to trigger caldera collapse. The eruption and caldera collapse reorganized magma storage, resulting in an increased connectivity between the two spatially distinct reservoirs. Modeling global satellite altimetry-derived gravity data at undersea volcanoes offer a promising reconnaissance tool to probe the subsurface for eruptible magma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Mével
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Marta Ribó
- Department of Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shane Cronin
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taaniela Kula
- Geology Unit, Natural Resources Division, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Nuku‘alofa, Tonga
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Wakita K, Yoshida R, Fushimi Y. Tectonic setting for Tsunemori Formation in the Permian accretionary complex of the Akiyoshi Belt, Southwest Japan. Heliyon 2019; 4:e01084. [PMID: 30603715 PMCID: PMC6307041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to reexamine the age, depositional environment, and tectonic setting of the Tsunemori Formation. This study provides a new tectonic model on the formation of Tsunemori Formation, which is a key formation to understand the Late Permian subduction and accretionary processes in Japan. The sedimentation age of the Tsunemori Formation is late Middle Permian to early Late Permian, based on radiolarians, such as Follicucullus cf. scholasticus Ormiston and Babcock reported in this study. This paper disproves the previous theory of atoll carbonates collapse at the trench for the Akiyoshi Limestone. Most of sedimentary rocks of the Tsunemori Formation is not pervasively sheared, are less deformed compared with sedimentary rocks of the typical accretionary complexes. There is no layer parallel or sub-parallel thrusting in the turbidite sequences of the Tsunemori Formation. Mudstone of turbidite and pebbly mudstone is lack of fissility and scaly cleavages. The styles of deformation, occurrence of reworked fossils, presence of calcarenite and limestone breccia suggest that the Tsunemori Formation was not a part of accretionary wedges, but possibly was fore arc or slope basin deposits. Presence of reworked fossils, calcarenite, limestone breccia suggest that a part of the provenance of Tsunemori Formation are limestone exposed at the arc trench gap, which was moved upward to reach the arc trench gap where the Akiyoshi Limestone provides its fragments and blocks into forearc and/or slope basins. Therefore, Tsunemori Formation is a deposit in the forearc basin and/or slope basin rather than trench deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Wakita
- Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Ruri Yoshida
- Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yuki Fushimi
- Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, 753-8512, Japan
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The Benefits of the Ka-Band as Evidenced from the SARAL/AltiKa Altimetric Mission: Scientific Applications. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anderson BW, Coogan LA, Gillis KM. The role of outcrop-to-outcrop fluid flow in off-axis oceanic hydrothermal systems under abyssal sedimentation conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb009052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clark MR, Schlacher TA, Rowden AA, Stocks KI, Consalvey M. Science priorities for seamounts: research links to conservation and management. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29232. [PMID: 22279531 PMCID: PMC3261142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seamounts shape the topography of all ocean basins and can be hotspots of biological activity in the deep sea. The Census of Marine Life on Seamounts (CenSeam) was a field program that examined seamounts as part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) initiative from 2005 to 2010. CenSeam progressed seamount science by collating historical data, collecting new data, undertaking regional and global analyses of seamount biodiversity, mapping species and habitat distributions, challenging established paradigms of seamount ecology, developing new hypotheses, and documenting the impacts of human activities on seamounts. However, because of the large number of seamounts globally, much about the structure, function and connectivity of seamount ecosystems remains unexplored and unknown. Continual, and potentially increasing, threats to seamount resources from fishing and seabed mining are creating a pressing demand for research to inform conservation and management strategies. To meet this need, intensive science effort in the following areas will be needed: 1) Improved physical and biological data; of particular importance is information on seamount location, physical characteristics (e.g. habitat heterogeneity and complexity), more complete and intensive biodiversity inventories, and increased understanding of seamount connectivity and faunal dispersal; 2) New human impact data; these shall encompass better studies on the effects of human activities on seamount ecosystems, as well as monitoring long-term changes in seamount assemblages following impacts (e.g. recovery); 3) Global data repositories; there is a pressing need for more comprehensive fisheries catch and effort data, especially on the high seas, and compilation or maintenance of geological and biodiversity databases that underpin regional and global analyses; 4) Application of support tools in a data-poor environment; conservation and management will have to increasingly rely on predictive modelling techniques, critical evaluation of environmental surrogates as faunal "proxies", and ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Clark
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Goff JA. Global prediction of abyssal hill root-mean-square heights from small-scale altimetric gravity variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Costello MJ, Cheung A, De Hauwere N. Surface area and the seabed area, volume, depth, slope, and topographic variation for the world's seas, oceans, and countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8821-8828. [PMID: 21033734 DOI: 10.1021/es1012752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Depth and topography directly and indirectly influence most ocean environmental conditions, including light penetration and photosynthesis, sedimentation, current movements and stratification, and thus temperature and oxygen gradients. These parameters are thus likely to influence species distribution patterns and productivity in the oceans. They may be considered the foundation for any standardized classification of ocean ecosystems and important correlates of metrics of biodiversity (e.g., species richness and composition, fisheries). While statistics on ocean depth and topography are often quoted, how they were derived is rarely cited, and unless calculated using the same spatial resolution the resulting statistics will not be strictly comparable. We provide such statistics using the best available resolution (1-min) global bathymetry, and open source digital maps of the world's seas and oceans and countries' Exclusive Economic Zones, using a standardized methodology. We created a terrain map and calculated sea surface and seabed area, volume, and mean, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum, of both depth and slope. All the source data and our database are freely available online. We found that although the ocean is flat, and up to 71% of the area has a < 1 degree slope. It had over 1 million approximately circular features that may be seamounts or sea-hills as well as prominent mountain ranges or ridges. However, currently available global data significantly underestimate seabed slopes. The 1-min data set used here predicts there are 68,669 seamounts compared to the 30,314 previously predicted using the same method but lower spatial resolution data. The ocean volume exceeds 1.3 billion km(3) (or 1.3 sextillion liters), and sea surface and seabed areas over 354 million km(2). We propose the coefficient of variation of slope as an index of topographic heterogeneity. Future studies may improve on this database, for example by using a more detailed bathymetry, and in situ measured data. The database could be used to classify ocean features, such as abyssal plains, ridges, and slopes, and thus provide the basis for a standards based classification of ocean topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark John Costello
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, P.O. Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand.
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Clark MR, Rowden AA, Schlacher T, Williams A, Consalvey M, Stocks KI, Rogers AD, O'Hara TD, White M, Shank TM, Hall-Spencer JM. The ecology of seamounts: structure, function, and human impacts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2010; 2:253-78. [PMID: 21141665 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review of seamount ecology, we address a number of key scientific issues concerning the structure and function of benthic communities, human impacts, and seamount management and conservation. We consider whether community composition and diversity differ between seamounts and continental slopes, how important dispersal capabilities are in seamount connectivity, what environmental factors drive species composition and diversity, whether seamounts are centers of enhanced biological productivity, and whether they have unique trophic architecture. We discuss how vulnerable seamount communities are to fishing and mining, and how we can balance exploitation of resources and conservation of habitat. Despite considerable advances in recent years, there remain many questions about seamount ecosystems that need closer integration of molecular, oceanographic, and ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Clark
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
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How supercontinents and superoceans affect seafloor roughness. Nature 2008; 456:938-41. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wessel P, Kroenke LW. Pacific absolute plate motion since 145 Ma: An assessment of the fixed hot spot hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chandler MT, Wessel P. Improving the quality of marine geophysical track line data: Along-track analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hutnak M, Fisher AT. Influence of sedimentation, local and regional hydrothermal circulation, and thermal rebound on measurements of seafloor heat flux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Watts AB, Sandwell DT, Smith WHF, Wessel P. Global gravity, bathymetry, and the distribution of submarine volcanism through space and time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fisher AT, Davis EE, Hutnak M, Spiess V, Zühlsdorff L, Cherkaoui A, Christiansen L, Edwards K, Macdonald R, Villinger H, Mottl MJ, Wheat CG, Becker K. Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank. Nature 2003; 421:618-21. [PMID: 12571592 DOI: 10.1038/nature01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Accepted: 11/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal circulation within the sea floor, through lithosphere older than one million years (Myr), is responsible for 30% of the energy released from plate cooling, and for 70% of the global heat flow anomaly (the difference between observed thermal output and that predicted by conductive cooling models). Hydrothermal fluids remove significant amounts of heat from the oceanic lithosphere for plates typically up to about 65 Myr old. But in view of the relatively impermeable sediments that cover most ridge flanks, it has been difficult to explain how these fluids transport heat from the crust to the ocean. Here we present results of swath mapping, heat flow, geochemistry and seismic surveys from the young eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca ridge, which show that isolated basement outcrops penetrating through thick sediments guide hydrothermal discharge and recharge between sites separated by more than 50 km. Our analyses reveal distinct thermal patterns at the sea floor adjacent to recharging and discharging outcrops. We find that such a circulation through basement outcrops can be sustained in a setting of pressure differences and crustal properties as reported in independent observations and modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Fisher
- Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
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