1
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Evan S, Brioude J, Rosenlof KH, Gao RS, Portmann RW, Zhu Y, Volkamer R, Lee CF, Metzger JM, Lamy K, Walter P, Alvarez SL, Flynn JH, Asher E, Todt M, Davis SM, Thornberry T, Vömel H, Wienhold FG, Stauffer RM, Millán L, Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Read WG. Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption. Science 2023; 382:eadg2551. [PMID: 37856589 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 January 2022 offered a good opportunity to explore the early impacts of tropical volcanic eruptions on stratospheric composition. Balloon-borne observations near Réunion Island revealed the unprecedented amount of water vapor injected by the volcano. The enhanced stratospheric humidity, radiative cooling, and expanded aerosol surface area in the volcanic plume created the ideal conditions for swift ozone depletion of 5% in the tropical stratosphere in just 1 week. The decrease in hydrogen chloride by 0.4 parts per million by volume (ppbv) and the increase in chlorine monoxide by 0.4 ppbv provided compelling evidence for chlorine activation within the volcanic plume. This study enhances our understanding of the effect of this unusual volcanic eruption on stratospheric chemistry and provides insights into possible chemistry changes that may occur in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Evan
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR8105, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jerome Brioude
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR8105, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Yunqian Zhu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher F Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de la Réunion, UAR 3365 (CNRS, Université de la Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis, France
| | - Kevin Lamy
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR8105, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Asher
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Todt
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sean M Davis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank G Wienhold
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan M Stauffer
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Luis Millán
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucien Froidevaux
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - William G Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Solomon S, Stone K, Yu P, Murphy DM, Kinnison D, Ravishankara AR, Wang P. Chlorine activation and enhanced ozone depletion induced by wildfire aerosol. Nature 2023; 615:259-264. [PMID: 36890371 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable perturbations in the stratospheric abundances of chlorine species and ozone were observed over Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes following the 2020 Australian wildfires1,2. These changes in atmospheric chemical composition suggest that wildfire aerosols affect stratospheric chlorine and ozone depletion chemistry. Here we propose that wildfire aerosol containing a mixture of oxidized organics and sulfate3-7 increases hydrochloric acid solubility8-11 and associated heterogeneous reaction rates, activating reactive chlorine species and enhancing ozone loss rates at relatively warm stratospheric temperatures. We test our hypothesis by comparing atmospheric observations to model simulations that include the proposed mechanism. Modelled changes in 2020 hydrochloric acid, chlorine nitrate and hypochlorous acid abundances are in good agreement with observations1,2. Our results indicate that wildfire aerosol chemistry, although not accounting for the record duration of the 2020 Antarctic ozone hole, does yield an increase in its area and a 3-5% depletion of southern mid-latitude total column ozone. These findings increase concern2,12,13 that more frequent and intense wildfires could delay ozone recovery in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kane Stone
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D M Murphy
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Doug Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Peidong Wang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Larin IK, Aloyan AE, Yermakov AN. Influence of Sulfate Aerosol in the Lower Stratosphere on the Lifetime of Odd Oxygen. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Larin IK, Aloyan AE, Ermakov AN. Influence of Particles of the Junge Layer on the Rate of Ozone Destruction in the Lower Stratosphere. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s199079312103009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Clapp CE, Anderson JG. Modeling the Effect of Potential Nitric Acid Removal During Convective Injection of Water Vapor Over the Central United States on the Chemical Composition of the Lower Stratosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:9743-9770. [PMID: 31763110 PMCID: PMC6853249 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropopause-penetrating convection is a frequent seasonal feature of the Central United States climate. This convection presents the potential for consistent transport of water vapor into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) through the lofting of ice, which then sublimates. Water vapor enhancements associated with convective ice lofting have been observed in both in situ and satellite measurements. These water vapor enhancements can increase the probability of sulfate aerosol-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions that convert reservoir chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical chlorine (Cl and ClO) that leads to catalytic ozone loss. In addition to water vapor transport, lofted ice may also scavenge nitric acid and further impact the chlorine activation chemistry of the UTLS. We present a photochemical model that resolves the vertical chemical structure of the UTLS to explore the effect of water vapor enhancements and potential additional nitric acid removal. The model is used to define the response of stratospheric column ozone to the range of convective water vapor transported and the temperature variability of the lower stratosphere currently observed over the Central United States in conjunction with potential nitric acid removal and to scenarios of elevated sulfate aerosol surface area density representative of possible future volcanic eruptions or solar radiation management. We find that the effect of HNO3 removal is dependent on the magnitude of nitric acid removal and has the greatest potential to increase chlorine activation and ozone loss under UTLS conditions that weakly favor the chlorine activation heterogeneous reactions by reducing NOx sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Clapp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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6
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Kolb C, Davidovits P, Jayne J, Shi Q, Worsnop D. Kinetics of Trace Gas Uptake by Liquid Surfaces. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967402103165324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - P. Davidovits
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3809, USA
| | - J.T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - Q. Shi
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - D.R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3809, USA
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7
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Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Wolke R, Herrmann H. Enhanced Chlorine and Bromine Atom Activation by Hydrolysis of Halogen Nitrates from Marine Aerosols at Polluted Coastal Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:771-778. [PMID: 30557005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Detailed multiphase chemistry box model studies are carried out, investigating halogen radical activation at polluted coastal areas. Simulations are performed for a nonpermanent cloud and a cloud-free scenario and reveal that ClNO2 photolysis and ICl photolysis are crucial for gas-phase Cl atom activation. In the cloud scenario, the integrated ClNO2 and ICl photolysis rates are 3.7 × 107 and 3.1 × 107 molecules cm-3 s-1. In the cloud-free scenario, the integrated ClNO2 and ICl photolysis rates are 8.1 × 107 and 3.6 × 107 molecules cm-3 s-1. The simulations show larger contributions of ClNO2 photolysis in the morning and higher ones of ICl photolysis during afternoon. Throughout the simulation, average contributions to Cl atom activation in the cloud and cloud-free scenarios by ClNO2 photolysis are 42% and 62% and by ICl photolysis 35% and 28%, respectively. ICl is formed through an aqueous-phase reaction of HOI with chloride. Two thirds of the formed ICl is released into the gas phase. The residual third reacts with bromide, creating IBr. Overall, the simulations emphasize the crucial role of INO3 hydrolysis for Cl and Br atom activation in polluted coastal areas. Therefore, it needs to be considered in chemical transport models to improve air quality predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , D-04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , D-04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ralf Wolke
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , D-04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , D-04318 Leipzig , Germany
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8
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Anderson JG, Clapp CE. Coupling free radical catalysis, climate change, and human health. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10569-10587. [PMID: 29638230 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the chain of mechanisms linking free radical catalytic loss of stratospheric ozone, specifically over the central United States in summer, to increased climate forcing by CO2 and CH4 from fossil fuel use. This case directly engages detailed knowledge, emerging from in situ aircraft observations over the polar regions in winter, defining the temperature and water vapor dependence of the kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical form (ClO). Analysis is placed in the context of irreversible changes to specific subsystems of the climate, most notably coupled feedbacks that link rapid changes in the Arctic with the discovery that convective storms over the central US in summer both suppress temperatures and inject water vapor deep into the stratosphere. This places the lower stratosphere over the US in summer within the same photochemical catalytic domain as the lower stratosphere of the Arctic in winter engaging the risk of amplifying the rate limiting step in the ClO dimer catalytic mechanism by some six orders of magnitude. This transitions the catalytic loss rate of ozone in lower stratosphere over the United States in summer from HOx radical control to ClOx radical control, increasing the overall ozone loss rate by some two orders of magnitude over that of the unperturbed state. Thus we address, through a combination of observations and modeling, the mechanistic foundation defining why stratospheric ozone, vulnerable to increased climate forcing, is one of the most delicate aspects of habitability on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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9
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Aloyan AE, Ermakov AN, Arutyunyan VO. Mechanism and Kinetics of the Formation and Transport of Aerosol Particles in the Lower Stratosphere. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Bang Y, Kim SH, Kim Y. Direct dynamics calculations of multiple proton transfer through hydrogen-bonded wire and the role of micro-solvation in ClONO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HOCl reactions. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Anderson JG, Weisenstein DK, Bowman KP, Homeyer CR, Smith JB, Wilmouth DM, Sayres DS, Klobas JE, Leroy SS, Dykema JA, Wofsy SC. Stratospheric ozone over the United States in summer linked to observations of convection and temperature via chlorine and bromine catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4905-E4913. [PMID: 28584119 PMCID: PMC5488921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619318114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present observations defining (i) the frequency and depth of convective penetration of water into the stratosphere over the United States in summer using the Next-Generation Radar system; (ii) the altitude-dependent distribution of inorganic chlorine established in the same coordinate system as the radar observations; (iii) the high resolution temperature structure in the stratosphere over the United States in summer that resolves spatial and structural variability, including the impact of gravity waves; and (iv) the resulting amplification in the catalytic loss rates of ozone for the dominant halogen, hydrogen, and nitrogen catalytic cycles. The weather radar observations of ∼2,000 storms, on average, each summer that reach the altitude of rapidly increasing available inorganic chlorine, coupled with observed temperatures, portend a risk of initiating rapid heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine to free radical form on ubiquitous sulfate-water aerosols; this, in turn, engages the element of risk associated with ozone loss in the stratosphere over the central United States in summer based upon the same reaction network that reduces stratospheric ozone over the Arctic. The summertime development of the upper-level anticyclonic flow over the United States, driven by the North American Monsoon, provides a means of retaining convectively injected water, thereby extending the time for catalytic ozone loss over the Great Plains. Trusted decadal forecasts of UV dosage over the United States in summer require understanding the response of this dynamical and photochemical system to increased forcing of the climate by increasing levels of CO2 and CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Debra K Weisenstein
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kenneth P Bowman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - Jessica B Smith
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David M Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David S Sayres
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - J Eric Klobas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Stephen S Leroy
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - John A Dykema
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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12
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Larin IK, Aloyan AE, Ermakov AN. Chlorine activation of the lower stratosphere at mid-latitudes: Impact on the ozone layer. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793116050079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Adsorption and heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 and N2O5 on/with NaCl aerosol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adsorption and heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 and N2O5 on the NaCl (100) surface have been investigated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
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14
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Burkholder JB, Cox RA, Ravishankara AR. Atmospheric degradation of ozone depleting substances, their substitutes, and related species. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3704-59. [PMID: 25893463 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James B Burkholder
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - R A Cox
- ‡Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EP, United Kingdom
| | - A R Ravishankara
- §Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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15
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Dykema JA, Keith DW, Anderson JG, Weisenstein D. Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20140059. [PMID: 25404681 PMCID: PMC4240955 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although solar radiation management (SRM) through stratospheric aerosol methods has the potential to mitigate impacts of climate change, our current knowledge of stratospheric processes suggests that these methods may entail significant risks. In addition to the risks associated with current knowledge, the possibility of 'unknown unknowns' exists that could significantly alter the risk assessment relative to our current understanding. While laboratory experimentation can improve the current state of knowledge and atmospheric models can assess large-scale climate response, they cannot capture possible unknown chemistry or represent the full range of interactive atmospheric chemical physics. Small-scale, in situ experimentation under well-regulated circumstances can begin to remove some of these uncertainties. This experiment-provisionally titled the stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment-is under development and will only proceed with transparent and predominantly governmental funding and independent risk assessment. We describe the scientific and technical foundation for performing, under external oversight, small-scale experiments to quantify the risks posed by SRM to activation of halogen species and subsequent erosion of stratospheric ozone. The paper's scope includes selection of the measurement platform, relevant aspects of stratospheric meteorology, operational considerations and instrument design and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Dykema
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David W Keith
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Kennedy School and School of Engineering and Applied Science, Pierce Hall, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James G Anderson
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Mallinckrodt Link Building, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Debra Weisenstein
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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16
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Sakaguchi S, Morita A. Molecular Dynamics Study of Water Transfer at Supercooled Sulfuric Acid Solution Surface Covered with Butanol. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4602-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp310305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai
980-8578, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai
980-8578, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative
for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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17
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Anderson JG, Wilmouth DM, Smith JB, Sayres DS. UV Dosage Levels in Summer: Increased Risk of Ozone Loss from Convectively Injected Water Vapor. Science 2012; 337:835-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1222978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Talukdar RK, Burkholder JB, Roberts JM, Portmann RW, Ravishankara AR. Heterogeneous Interaction of N2O5 with HCl Doped H2SO4 under Stratospheric Conditions: ClNO2 and Cl2 Yields. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6003-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210960z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit K. Talukdar
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James B. Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - James M. Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
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19
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Update 1 of: Mass Accommodation and Chemical Reactions at Gas−Liquid Interfaces. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR76-109. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Leah R. Williams
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - John T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
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Leu MT. Laboratory studies of interaction between trace gases and sulphuric acid or sulphate aerosols using flow-tube reactors. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000087282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Taun Leu
- a Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91109 , USA
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Elbern H, Schwinger J, Botchorishvili R. Chemical state estimation for the middle atmosphere by four-dimensional variational data assimilation: System configuration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Nam K, Kim Y. Direct ab initio dynamics calculations for rates and the kinetic isotope effects of multiproton transfer in ClONO2 + HCl --> HNO3 + Cl2 reactions with water clusters: breakdown of the rule of the geometric mean. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:144310. [PMID: 19368448 DOI: 10.1063/1.3113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed high-level quantum mechanical calculations and direct ab initio reaction dynamics calculations for multiple proton transfers in ClONO(2)+HCl-->HNO(3)+Cl(2) with water clusters containing one to two water molecules, which can be used as a model of the reactions occurring on ice surface in stratospheric clouds. The energy barriers of these reactions depend on the number of water molecules involved. Two and three protons in these reactions with one and two water molecules, respectively, were transferred concertedly and asynchronously. The potential energy barrier at the MP2/6-311++(3df,3pd)//MP2/6-31G(d,p) level was 4.8 kcal/mol for the triple proton transfer involving two water molecules with a rate constant of 1.6x10(3) s(-1) at 197 K. The potential energy curve near the saddle points was very flat and the tunneling effect on the proton transfer was negligible. The primary HH/DH kinetic isotope effect for the double proton transfer involving one water molecule was lower than unity due to the enhanced force constant at the transition state. The rule of the geometric mean for the concerted proton transfer does not hold in these reactions because the zero-point energy changes of each proton in flight at the transition state are not the same in the highly asynchronous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikyung Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seochun-Dong, Kiheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-701, Korea
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23
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Behr P, Scharfenort U, Ataya K, Zellner R. Dynamics and mass accommodation of HCl molecules on sulfuric acid–water surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8048-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b904629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Tilmes S, Kinnison DE, Garcia RR, Müller R, Sassi F, Marsh DR, Boville BA. Evaluation of heterogeneous processes in the polar lower stratosphere in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Mass accommodation and chemical reactions at gas-liquid interfaces. Chem Rev 2007; 106:1323-54. [PMID: 16608183 DOI: 10.1021/cr040366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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Loerting T, Voegele AF, Tautermann CS, Liedl KR, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Modeling the heterogeneous reaction probability for chlorine nitrate hydrolysis on ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lawrence JR, Glass SV, Park SC, Nathanson GM. Surfactant Control of Gas Uptake: Effect of Butanol Films on HCl and HBr Entry into Supercooled Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7458-65. [PMID: 16834115 DOI: 10.1021/jp0500438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The entry of HCl into 60-68 wt % D(2)SO(4) and HBr into 68 wt % acid containing 0-0.18 M 1-butanol was monitored by measuring the fractions of impinging HCl and HBr molecules that desorb as DCl and DBr after undergoing H --> D exchange within the deuterated acid. The addition of 0.18 M butanol to the acid creates butyl films that reach approximately 80% surface coverage at 213 K. Surprisingly, this butyl film does not impede exchange but instead enhances it: the HCl --> DCl exchange fractions increase from 0.52 to 0.74 for 60 wt % D(2)SO(4) and from 0.14 to 0.27 for 68 wt % D(2)SO(4). HBr --> DBr exchange increases even more sharply, rising from 0.22 to 0.65 for 68 wt % D(2)SO(4). We demonstrate that this enhanced exchange corresponds to enhanced uptake into the butyl-coated acid for HBr and infer this equivalence for HCl. In contrast, the entry probability of the basic molecule CF(3)CH(2)OH exceeds 0.85 at all acid concentrations and is only slightly diminished by the butyl film. The OD groups of surface butanol molecules may assist entry by providing extra interfacial protonation sites for HCl and HBr dissociation. The experiments suggest that short-chain surfactants in sulfuric acid aerosols do not hinder heterogeneous reactions of HCl or HBr with other solute species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Danilin MY. Quantifying uptake of HNO3and H2O by alumina particles in Athena-2 rocket plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Hanisco TF. Quantifying the rate of heterogeneous processing in the Arctic polar vortex with in situ observations of OH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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