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Cui Y, Hua J, He Q, Guo L, Wang Y, Wang X. Comparison of three source apportionment methods based on observed and initial HCHO in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171828. [PMID: 38521281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of formaldehyde (HCHO) is key to reducing the pollution of HCHO and ozone (O3) on the ground level. Using the same datasets applied to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model by (Hua et al., 2023), the initial concentrations of HCHO were estimated using the photochemical age and the sources of observed and initial HCHO were apportioned based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and photochemical age-based parameterization (PCAP) methods. These results suggest that the source of the initial HCHO can better reflect its contribution. The secondary formation contributed to 49.3-69.1 % of initial HCHO at four sites in Taiyuan based on MLR, which was higher (7.4-36.2 %) than the contributions of secondary formation from observed HCHO. The HCHO was mainly affected by anthropogenic secondary (10.8-34.4 %) and background sources (17.4-78.7 %) based on the PCAP method. We compared the results of the HCHO sources from the MLR, PCAP, and PMF models under photochemical loss. There was good agreement among the emission ratios of acetylene-based HCHO obtained by the different methods at the four sites. The correlation analysis of different source apportionment methods illustrated that primary emissions from the PCAP and the MLR model had the greatest correlation (0.22-0.60). Secondary formations from the PMF and MLR models showed good correlations at all four sites, with R values ranging from 0.42 to 0.83. The HCHO peak of diurnal variation simulated by MLR appeared late compared to the other methods, and the difference in daily variation of HCHO from the PMF model was significantly higher than that of PCAP and MLR. The overlapping conclusions of different source apportionment methods should be considered and used to guide efforts to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jingya Hua
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- Department of Materials Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Polytechnic College, Taiyuan 237016, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang W, Xiao Y, Han S, Zhang Y, Gong D, Wang H, Wang B. A vehicle-mounted dual-smog chamber: Characterization and its preliminary application to evolutionary simulation of photochemical processes in a quasi-realistic atmosphere. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:98-108. [PMID: 37336613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Smog chambers are the effective tools for studying formation mechanisms of air pollution. Simulations by traditional smog chambers differ to a large extent from real atmospheric conditions, including light, temperature and atmospheric composition. However, the existing parameters for mechanism interpretation are derived from the traditional smog chambers. To address the gap between the traditional laboratory simulations and the photochemistry in the real atmosphere, a vehicle-mounted indoor-outdoor dual-smog chamber (JNU-VMDSC) was developed, which can be quickly transferred to the desired sites to simulate quasi-realistic atmosphere simultaneously in both chambers using "local air". Multiple key parameters of the smog chamber were characterized in the study, demonstrating that JNU-VMDSC meets the requirements of general atmospheric chemistry simulation studies. Additionally, the preliminary results for the photochemical simulations of quasi-realistic atmospheres in Pearl River Delta region and Nanling Mountains are consistent with literature reports on the photochemistry in this region. JNU-VMDSC provides a convenient and reliable experimental device and means to study the mechanism of atmospheric photochemical reactions to obtain near-real results, and will make a great contribution to the control of composite air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Selimovic V, Ketcherside D, Chaliyakunnel S, Wielgasz C, Permar W, Angot H, Millet DB, Fried A, Helmig D, Hu L. Atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Alaskan Arctic tundra: constraints from measurements at Toolik Field Station. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2022; 22:14037-14058. [PMID: 37476609 PMCID: PMC10358744 DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-14037-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is a climatically sensitive region that has experienced warming at almost 3 times the global average rate in recent decades, leading to an increase in Arctic greenness and a greater abundance of plants that emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). These changes in atmospheric emissions are expected to significantly modify the overall oxidative chemistry of the region and lead to changes in VOC composition and abundance, with implications for atmospheric processes. Nonetheless, observations needed to constrain our current understanding of these issues in this critical environment are sparse. This work presents novel atmospheric in situ proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) measurements of VOCs at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W), in the Alaskan Arctic tundra during May-June 2019. We employ a custom nested grid version of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM), driven with MEGANv2.1 (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1) biogenic emissions for Alaska at 0.25° × 0.3125° resolution, to interpret the observations in terms of their constraints on BVOC emissions, total reactive organic carbon (ROC) composition, and calculated OH reactivity (OHr) in this environment. We find total ambient mole fraction of 78 identified VOCs to be 6.3 ± 0.4 ppbv (10.8 ± 0.5 ppbC), with overwhelming (> 80 %) contributions are from short-chain oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) including methanol, acetone and formaldehyde. Isoprene was the most abundant terpene identified. GEOS-Chem captures the observed isoprene (and its oxidation products), acetone and acetaldehyde abundances within the combined model and observation uncertainties (±25 %), but underestimates other OVOCs including methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid by a factor of 3 to 12. The negative model bias for methanol is attributed to underestimated biogenic methanol emissions for the Alaskan tundra in MEGANv2.1. Observed formaldehyde mole fractions increase exponentially with air temperature, likely reflecting its biogenic precursors and pointing to a systematic model underprediction of its secondary production. The median campaign-calculated OHr from VOCs measured at TFS was 0.7 s-1, roughly 5 % of the values typically reported in lower-latitude forested ecosystems. Ten species account for over 80 % of the calculated VOC OHr, with formaldehyde, isoprene and acetaldehyde together accounting for nearly half of the total. Simulated OHr based on median-modeled VOCs included in GEOS-Chem averages 0.5 s-1 and is dominated by isoprene (30 %) and monoterpenes (17 %). The data presented here serve as a critical evaluation of our knowledge of BVOCs and ROC budgets in high-latitude environments and represent a foundation for investigating and interpreting future warming-driven changes in VOC emissions in the Alaskan Arctic tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Damien Ketcherside
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Catherine Wielgasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Wade Permar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Hélène Angot
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Zhu B, Huang XF, Xia SY, Lin LL, Cheng Y, He LY. Biomass-burning emissions could significantly enhance the atmospheric oxidizing capacity in continental air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117523. [PMID: 34380222 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of photochemical pollution. However, a substantial fraction of VOCs, namely, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), have not been sufficiently characterized to evaluate their sources in air pollution in China. In this study, a total of 119 VOCs, including 60 OVOCs in particular, were monitored to provide a more comprehensive picture based on different online measurement techniques, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and online gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), at a receptor site in southeastern China during a photochemically active period. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and photochemical age-based parameterization were combined to identify and quantify different sources of major VOCs during daytime hours, with the advantage of including VOC decay processes. The results revealed the unexpected role of biomass burning (21%) in terms of ozone (O3) formation potential (OFP) when including the contributions of OVOCs and large contributions (30-32%) of biomass burning to aldehydes, as more OVOCs were measured in this study. We argue that biomass burning could significantly enhance the continental atmospheric oxidizing capacity, in addition to the well-recognized contributions of primary pollutants, which should be seriously considered in photochemical models and air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Hui L, Kong L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Qu Y, An J, Ma D, Tan Q, Feng M. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113599. [PMID: 31796324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 99 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continuously measured online at an urban site in Beijing, China, in January, April, July, and October 2016. Characterization and sources of VOCs and their related changes during days with heavy ozone (O3) pollution were analysed. The total observed concentration of VOCs (TVOCs) was 44.0 ± 28.9 ppbv. The VOC pollution level has decreased in Beijing but remains higher than in other Chinese cities. Alkanes comprised the highest proportion among seven major sampled VOC groups. The concentrations and sources of ambient VOCs showed obvious temporal variations. Six emission sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF), including biomass burning, coal combustion, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, solvent usage, and biogenic + secondary emissions. The combustion source was the key control factor for VOC reduction in Beijing. From the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) model, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, and Henan were identified as major potential source regions of ambient VOCs. O3 formation was sensitive to VOCs in Beijing according to the VOC/NOx ratio (ppbC/ppbv, 8:1 threshold). High- and low-O3 days in July were identified, and high O3 levels were due to both enhanced VOC emission levels and meteorological conditions favourable to the production of O3. These findings provide evidence that the fuel combustion and regional transport have a great impact on concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liuwei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Depeng Ma
- Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering, Ministry of Environment and Ecology, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
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Angot H, McErlean K, Hu L, Millet DB, Hueber J, Cui K, Moss J, Wielgasz C, Milligan T, Ketcherside D, Bret-Harte MS, Helmig D. Biogenic volatile organic compound ambient mixing ratios and emission rates in the Alaskan Arctic tundra. BIOGEOSCIENCES (ONLINE) 2020; 17:6219-6236. [PMID: 35222652 PMCID: PMC8872036 DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-6219-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and the increasing abundance of biogenic volatile-organic-compound-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers of 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0-500 parts per trillion by volume - pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (~ 2 pptv). Isoprene surface emission rates ranged from 0.2 to 2250 μgC m-2 h-1 (mean of 85 μgC m-2 h-1) and monoterpene emission rates remained, on average, below 1 μgC m-2 h-1 over the course of the study. We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation, including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180 %-215 % emission increase in response to a 3-4°C warming, and the MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures in the 0-30°C range. The data presented here provide a baseline for investigating future changes in the BVOC emission potential of the under-studied Arctic tundra environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Angot
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Katelyn McErlean
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jacques Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kaixin Cui
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jacob Moss
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine Wielgasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Tyler Milligan
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Damien Ketcherside
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Ling Z, He Z, Wang Z, Shao M, Wang X. Sources of methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone and their contributions to methylglyoxal and formaldehyde at a receptor site in Pearl River Delta. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:1-10. [PMID: 30784434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) are two major intermediate products from the photochemical oxidation of isoprene, the most important biogenic volatile organic compound. In addition, MACR and MVK have primary emissions. Investigating the sources and evolution of MACR and MVK could provide helpful information for the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. In this study, hourly measurements of isoprene, MACR, and MVK were conducted at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region (PRD), i.e., the Heshan site (HS), from 22 October to 20 November, 2014. The average mixing ratios of isoprene, MACR and MVK were 151 ± 17, 91 ± 6 and 79 ± 6 pptv, respectively. The daily variations and the ratios of MVK/MACR during daytime and nighttime suggested that other sources besides isoprene photooxidation influenced the MACR and MVK abundances at the HS. Positive matrix factorization was utilized to resolve the sources of MACR and MVK. Five sources were identified and quantified, including biogenic emissions, biomass burning, secondary formation, diesel, and gasoline vehicular emissions. Among them, secondary formation made the greatest contribution to observed MACR and MVK with average contributions of ~45% and ~70%, respectively. Through the yields of secondary products from the oxidation of MACR and MVK by the OH radical and the concentrations of MACR and MVK, it was found that methylglyoxal and formaldehyde were the main oxidation products of MACR and MVK at the HS site. Overall, this study evaluated the roles of primary emissions on ambient levels of MACR and MVK and advanced the understanding of photochemical oxidation of MACR and MVK in the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoran He
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhu B, Han Y, Wang C, Huang X, Xia S, Niu Y, Yin Z, He L. Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Shenzhen utilizing photochemical age-based parameterization method. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 75:105-114. [PMID: 30473275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are key intermediates in the atmospheric photooxidation process. To further study the primary and secondary sources of OVOCs, their ambient levels were monitored using a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta of China. Continuous monitoring campaigns were conducted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter of 2016. Among the six types of OVOC species, the mean concentrations of methanol were the highest in each season (up to 13-20ppbv), followed by those of acetone, acetaldehyde and acetic acid (approximately 2-4ppbv), while those of formic acid and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were the lowest (approximately 1-2ppbv). As observed from a diurnal variation chart, the OVOCs observed in Shenzhen may have been affected by numerous factors such as their primary and secondary sources and photochemical consumption. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to apportion the sources of ambient OVOCs. Methanol had significant anthropogenic primary sources but negligible anthropogenic secondary sources during all of the seasons. Acetone, MEK and acetic acid were mostly attributed to anthropogenic primary sources during each season with smaller contributions from anthropogenic secondary sources. Acetaldehyde had similar contributions from both anthropogenic secondary and anthropogenic primary sources throughout the year. Meanwhile, anthropogenic primary sources contributed the most to formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shiyong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingbo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixuan Yin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Millet DB, Alwe HD, Chen X, Deventer MJ, Griffis TJ, Holzinger R, Bertman SB, Rickly PS, Stevens PS, Léonardis T, Locoge N, Dusanter S, Tyndall GS, Alvarez SL, Erickson MH, Flynn JH. Bidirectional Ecosystem-Atmosphere Fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds Across the Mass Spectrum: How Many Matter? ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2018; 2:764-777. [PMID: 33615099 PMCID: PMC7894362 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are simultaneously the largest source and a major sink of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the global atmosphere, and these two-way fluxes are an important source of uncertainty in current models. Here, we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry (proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface time-of-flight; PTR-QiTOF) to measure ecosystem-atmosphere VOC fluxes across the entire detected mass range (m/z 0-335) over a mixed temperate forest and use the results to test how well a state-of-science chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) is able to represent the observed reactive carbon exchange. We show that ambient humidity fluctuations can give rise to spurious VOC fluxes with PTR-based techniques and present a method to screen for such effects. After doing so, 377 of the 636 detected ions exhibited detectable gross fluxes during the study, implying a large number of species with active ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. We introduce the reactivity flux as a measure of how Earth-atmosphere fluxes influence ambient OH reactivity and show that the upward total VOC (∑VOC) carbon and reactivity fluxes are carried by a far smaller number of species than the downward fluxes. The model underpredicts the ∑VOC carbon and reactivity fluxes by 40-60% on average. However, the observed net fluxes are dominated (90% on a carbon basis, 95% on a reactivity basis) by known VOCs explicitly included in the CTM. As a result, the largest CTM uncertainties in simulating VOC carbon and reactivity exchange for this environment are associated with known rather than unrepresented species. This conclusion pertains to the set of species detectable by PTR-TOF techniques, which likely represents the majority in terms of carbon mass and OH reactivity, but not necessarily in terms of aerosol formation potential. In the case of oxygenated VOCs, the model severely underpredicts the gross fluxes and the net exchange. Here, unrepresented VOCs play a larger role, accounting for ~30% of the carbon flux and ~50% of the reactivity flux. The resulting CTM biases, however, are still smaller than those that arise from uncertainties for known and represented compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven B. Bertman
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | | | | | - Thierry Léonardis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffrey S. Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | | | - James H. Flynn
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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Millet DB, Baasandorj M, Hu L, Mitroo D, Turner J, Williams BJ. Nighttime Chemistry and Morning Isoprene Can Drive Urban Ozone Downwind of a Major Deciduous Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4335-4342. [PMID: 27010702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the predominant non-methane volatile organic compound emitted to the atmosphere and shapes tropospheric composition and biogeochemistry through its effects on ozone, other oxidants, aerosols, and the nitrogen cycle. Isoprene is emitted naturally by vegetation during daytime, when its photo-oxidation is rapid, and in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produces ozone and degrades air quality in polluted regions. Here, we show for a city downwind of an isoprene-emitting forest (St. Louis, MO) that isoprene actually peaks at night; ambient levels then endure, owing to low nighttime OH radical concentrations. Nocturnal chemistry controls the fate of that isoprene and the likelihood of a high-ozone episode the following day. When nitrate (NO3) radicals are suppressed, high isoprene persists through the night, providing photochemical fuel upon daybreak and leading to a dramatic late-morning ozone peak. On nights with significant NO3, isoprene is removed before dawn; days with low morning isoprene then have lower ozone with a more typical afternoon peak. This biogenic-anthropogenic coupling expands the daily high-ozone window and likely has an opposite O3-NOx response to what would otherwise be expected, with implications for exposure and air-quality management in cities that, like St. Louis, are downwind of major isoprene-emitting forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Millet
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Lu Hu
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Dhruv Mitroo
- Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jay Turner
- Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Brent J Williams
- Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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11
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Yuan B, Shao M, de Gouw J, Parrish DD, Lu S, Wang M, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Song Y, Zhang J, Hu M. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air: How chemistry affects the interpretation of positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Guo H, Ling ZH, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Wang DW. Observations of isoprene, methacrolein (MAC) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) at a mountain site in Hong Kong. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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14
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Park C, Schade GW, Boedeker I. Characteristics of the flux of isoprene and its oxidation products in an urban area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhyoun Park
- Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Gunnar W. Schade
- Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Ian Boedeker
- Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
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15
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Nguyen TB, Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds and oligomers in secondary organic aerosol formed by photooxidation of isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6908-6918. [PMID: 21732631 DOI: 10.1021/es201611n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI HR-MS) was used to probe molecular structures of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated in laboratory experiments on isoprene photooxidation at low- and high-NO(x) conditions. Approximately 80-90% of the observed products are oligomers and up to 33% by number are nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC). We observe oligomers with maximum 8 monomer units in length. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) confirms NOC compounds are organic nitrates and elucidates plausible chemical building blocks contributing to oligomer formation. Most organic nitrates are comprised of methylglyceric acid units. Other important multifunctional C(2)-C(5) monomer units are identified including methylglyoxal, hydroxyacetone, hydroxyacetic acid, and glycolaldehyde. Although the molar fraction of NOC in the high-NO(x) SOA is high, the majority of the NOC oligomers contain only one nitrate moiety resulting in a low average N:C ratio of 0.019. Average O:C ratios of the detected SOA compounds are 0.54 under the low-NO(x) conditions and 0.83 under the high-NO(x) conditions. Our results underscore the importance of isoprene photooxidation as a source of NOC in organic particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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16
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Pang X, Lewis AC, Hamilton JF. Determination of airborne carbonyls via pentafluorophenylhydrazine derivatisation by GC-MS and its comparison with HPLC method. Talanta 2011; 85:406-14. [PMID: 21645717 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The classical analytical method for gaseous carbonyl measurements based on solid sorbent coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and analysis by HPLC/UV suffers from limited resolution of carbonyls with similar molecular structures and high molecular weights. In this paper, we report the development of a sensitive and reliable analytical method for simultaneous determination of 21 airborne carbonyls within the C(1)-C(9) range. Carbonyls were collected on a sampling tube filled with 100mg Tenax TA (60-80 mesh) sorbent coated with 1 μmol pentafluorophenyl hydrazine (PFPH), followed by solvent desorption and analysis by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS). Common carbonyl gases including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexaldehyde and benzaldehyde at ppbv levels were collected with efficiency greater than 90% onto sampling tubes at a flow rate of 100 mL min(-1). The limits of detection (LODs, signal/noise=3) of the tested carbonyls were in the range of 0.08-0.20 ppbv for a sampled volume of 24.0 L. These limits are less than or comparable with those that can be obtained using the DNPH-HPLC method. The method has been field-tested both in ambient air of York and in diluted cigarette smoke. Comparing field tests with the classical DNPH-HPLC method, good agreement was displayed between the two methods for the same carbonyls, but with more carbonyl species detected by the PFPH-GC/MS method. The PFPH-GC/MS method provides better molecular separation for carbonyls with similar structures, is highly sensitivity and gives confirmation of identification by structures when detected using MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Tani A, Tobe S, Shimizu S. Uptake of methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone by tree saplings and implications for forest atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7096-101. [PMID: 20715865 DOI: 10.1021/es1017569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) are oxygenates produced from isoprene which is abundantly emitted by trees. The uptake rate of these compounds by leaves of three different Quercus species, Q. acutissima, Q. myrsinaefolia, and Q. phillyraeoides, at typical concentrations within a forest (several part per billion by volume) were determined. The rates of uptake of croton aldehyde (CA) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were also investigated for comparison. The rates of uptake of the two aldehydes MACR and CA were found to be higher than those of the two ketones. In particular, the rate of MEK uptake for Q. myrsinaefolia was exceptionally low. The ratio of intercellular to fumigated concentrations, Ci/Ca, for MACR and CA was found to be low (0-0.24), while the ratio for the two ketones was 0.22-0.90. To evaluate the contribution of tree uptake as a sink for the two isoprene-oxygenates within the forest canopy, loss rates of the compounds due to uptake by trees and by reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH radicals) and O(3) were calculated. The loss rate by tree uptake was the highest, followed by the reaction with OH radicals, even at a high OH concentration (0.15 pptv) both for MACR and MVK, suggesting that tree uptake provides a significant sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tani
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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18
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Mielke LH, Pratt KA, Shepson PB, McLuckey SA, Wisthaler A, Hansel A. Quantitative Determination of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere Using Proton-Transfer Reaction Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7952-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1014244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levi H. Mielke
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and Institut für Ionenphysik and Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and Institut für Ionenphysik and Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul B. Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and Institut für Ionenphysik and Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and Institut für Ionenphysik and Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and Institut für Ionenphysik and Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and Institut für Ionenphysik and Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ito A, Sillman S, Penner JE. Global chemical transport model study of ozone response to changes in chemical kinetics and biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions due to increasing temperatures: Sensitivities to isoprene nitrate chemistry and grid resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Liu Y, Shao M, Kuster WC, Goldan PD, Li X, Lu S, de Gouw JA. Source identification of reactive hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs in the summertime in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:75-81. [PMID: 19209587 DOI: 10.1021/es801716n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is important to identify the sources of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Beijing for effective ground-level ozone abatement. In this paper, semihourly measurements of hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were taken at an urban site in Beijing in August2005. C2-C5 alkenes, isoprene, and C1-C3 aldehydes were determined as "key reactive species" by their OH loss rates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define the major sources of reactive species and to classify the dominant air mass types at the sampling site. Vehicle exhaust was the largest contributor to reactive alkenes. More aged air masses with enriched OVOCs traveled mainly from the east or southeast of Beijing. The OVOC sources were estimated by a least-squares fit approach and included primary emissions, secondary sources, and background. Approximately half of the C1-C3 aldehydes were attributed to secondary sources, while regional background accounted for 21-23% of the mixing ratios of aldehydes. Primary anthropogenic emissions were comparable to biogenic contributions (10-16%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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21
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Apel EC, Brauers T, Koppmann R, Bandowe B, Boßmeyer J, Holzke C, Tillmann R, Wahner A, Wegener R, Brunner A, Jocher M, Ruuskanen T, Spirig C, Steigner D, Steinbrecher R, Gomez Alvarez E, Müller K, Burrows JP, Schade G, Solomon SJ, Ladstätter-Weißenmayer A, Simmonds P, Young D, Hopkins JR, Lewis AC, Legreid G, Reimann S, Hansel A, Wisthaler A, Blake RS, Ellis AM, Monks PS, Wyche KP. Intercomparison of oxygenated volatile organic compound measurements at the SAPHIR atmosphere simulation chamber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Karl T, Guenther A, Yokelson RJ, Greenberg J, Potosnak M, Blake DR, Artaxo P. The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Roberts JM, Marchewka M, Bertman SB, Goldan P, Kuster W, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Williams E, Lerner B, Murphy P, Apel E, Fehsenfeld FC. Analysis of the isoprene chemistry observed during the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) 2002 intensive experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mathew Marchewka
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan USA
| | - Steven B. Bertman
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan USA
| | - Paul Goldan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - William Kuster
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eric Williams
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Brian Lerner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Paul Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eric Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Fred C. Fehsenfeld
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
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24
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Pressley S. Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Wiedinmyer C. Ozarks Isoprene Experiment (OZIE): Measurements and modeling of the “isoprene volcano”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Giacopelli P. Comparison of the measured and simulated isoprene nitrate distributions above a forest canopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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28
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Grossenbacher JW. A comparison of isoprene nitrate concentrations at two forest-impacted sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Warneke C. Comparison of daytime and nighttime oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs along the New England coast in summer during New England Air Quality Study 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Apel EC. A fast-GC/MS system to measure C2to C4carbonyls and methanol aboard aircraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Chuong B, Stevens PS. Measurements of the kinetics of the OH-initiated oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein. INT J CHEM KINET 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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