1
|
Evan S, Brioude J, Rosenlof KH, Gao RS, Portmann RW, Zhu Y, Volkamer R, Lee CF, Metzger JM, Lamy K, Walter P, Alvarez SL, Flynn JH, Asher E, Todt M, Davis SM, Thornberry T, Vömel H, Wienhold FG, Stauffer RM, Millán L, Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Read WG. Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption. Science 2023; 382:eadg2551. [PMID: 37856589 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 January 2022 offered a good opportunity to explore the early impacts of tropical volcanic eruptions on stratospheric composition. Balloon-borne observations near Réunion Island revealed the unprecedented amount of water vapor injected by the volcano. The enhanced stratospheric humidity, radiative cooling, and expanded aerosol surface area in the volcanic plume created the ideal conditions for swift ozone depletion of 5% in the tropical stratosphere in just 1 week. The decrease in hydrogen chloride by 0.4 parts per million by volume (ppbv) and the increase in chlorine monoxide by 0.4 ppbv provided compelling evidence for chlorine activation within the volcanic plume. This study enhances our understanding of the effect of this unusual volcanic eruption on stratospheric chemistry and provides insights into possible chemistry changes that may occur in a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Evan
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR8105, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jerome Brioude
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR8105, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Yunqian Zhu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher F Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de la Réunion, UAR 3365 (CNRS, Université de la Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis, France
| | - Kevin Lamy
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), UMR8105, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Asher
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Todt
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sean M Davis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank G Wienhold
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan M Stauffer
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Luis Millán
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucien Froidevaux
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - William G Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou S, Guo F, Chao CY, Yoon S, Alvarez SL, Shrestha S, Flynn JH, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ, Griffin RJ. Marine Submicron Aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico: Polluted and Acidic with Rapid Production of Sulfate and Organosulfates. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5149-5159. [PMID: 36939598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We measured submicron aerosols (PM1) at a beachfront site in Texas in Spring 2021 to characterize the "background" aerosol chemical composition advecting into Texas and the factors controlling this composition. Observations show that marine "background" aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were highly processed and acidic; sulfate was the most abundant component (on average 57% of total PM1 mass), followed by organic material (26%). These chemical characteristics are similar to those observed at other marine locations globally. However, Gulf "background" aerosols were much more polluted; the average non-refractory (NR-) PM1 mass concentration was 3-70 times higher than that observed in other clean marine atmospheres. Anthropogenic shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico explain 78.3% of the total measured "background" sulfate in the Gulf air. We frequently observed haze pollution in the air mass from the Gulf, with significantly elevated concentrations of sulfate, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol associated with sulfuric acid. Analysis suggests that aqueous oxidation of shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico by peroxides in the particles might potentially be an important pathway for the rapid production of acidic sulfate and organosulfates during the haze episodes under acidic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chun-Ying Chao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island 02809, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shrestha S, Yoon S, Erickson MH, Guo F, Mehra M, Bui AAT, Schulze BC, Kotsakis A, Daube C, Herndon SC, Yacovitch TI, Alvarez S, Flynn JH, Griffin RJ, Cobb GP, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ. Traffic, transport, and vegetation drive VOC concentrations in a major urban area in Texas. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155861. [PMID: 35568171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The population of Texas has increased rapidly in the past decade. The San Antonio Field Study (SAFS) was designed to investigate ozone (O3) production and precursors in this rapidly changing, sprawling metropolitan area. There are still many questions regarding the sources and chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas like San Antonio which are affected by a complex mixture of industry, traffic, biogenic sources and transported pollutants. The goal of the SAFS campaign in May 2017 was to measure inorganic trace gases, VOCs, methane (CH4), and ethane (C2H6). The SAFS field design included two sites to better assess air quality across the metro area: an urban site (Traveler's World; TW) and a downwind/suburban site (University of Texas at San Antonio; UTSA). The results indicated that acetone (2.52 ± 1.17 and 2.39 ± 1.27 ppbv), acetaldehyde (1.45 ± 1.02 and 0.93 ± 0.45 ppbv) and isoprene (0.64 ± 0.49 and 1.21 ± 0.85 ppbv; TW and UTSA, respectively) were the VOCs with the highest concentrations. Additionally, positive matrix factorization showed three dominant factors of VOC emissions: biogenic, aged urban mixed source, and acetone. Methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK + MACR) exhibited contributions from both secondary photooxidation of isoprene and direct emissions from traffic. The C2H6:CH4 demonstrated potential influence of oil and gas activities in San Antonio. Moreover, the high O3 days during the campaign were in the NOx-limited O3 formation regime and were preceded by evening peaks in select VOCs, NOx and CO. Overall, quantification of the concentration and trends of VOCs and trace gases in a major city in Texas offers vital information for general air quality management and supports strategies for reducing O3 pollution. The SAFS campaign VOC results will also add to the growing body of literature on urban sources and concentrations of VOCs in major urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Pasco, WA, USA
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Manisha Mehra
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexander A T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin C Schulze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kotsakis
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yoon S, Ortiz SM, Clark AE, Barrett TE, Usenko S, Duvall RM, Ruiz LH, Bean JK, Faxon CB, Flynn JH, Lefer BL, Leong YJ, Griffin RJ, Sheesley RJ. Apportioned primary and secondary organic aerosol during pollution events of DISCOVER-AQ Houston. Atmos Environ (1994) 2021; 244:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117954. [PMID: 33414674 PMCID: PMC7784641 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers for high ozone (O3) and atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations is a pressing issue in urban air quality, as this understanding informs decisions for control and mitigation of these key pollutants. The Houston, TX metropolitan area is an ideal location for studying the intersection between O3 and atmospheric secondary organic carbon (SOC) production due to the diversity of source types (urban, industrial, and biogenic) and the on- and off-shore cycling of air masses over Galveston Bay, TX. Detailed characterization of filter-based samples collected during Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) Houston field experiment in September 2013 were used to investigate sources and composition of organic carbon (OC) and potential relationships between daily maximum 8 h average O3 and PM. The current study employed a novel combination of chemical mass balance modeling defining primary (i.e. POC) versus secondary (i.e. SOC) organic carbon and radiocarbon (14C) for apportionment of contemporary and fossil carbon. The apportioned sources include contemporary POC (biomass burning [BB], vegetative detritus), fossil POC (motor vehicle exhaust), biogenic SOC and fossil SOC. The filter-based results were then compared with real-time measurements by aerosol mass spectrometry. With these methods, a consistent urban background of contemporary carbon and motor vehicle exhaust was observed in the Houston metropolitan area. Real-time and filter-based characterization both showed that carbonaceous aerosols in Houston was highly impacted by SOC or oxidized OC, with much higher contributions from biogenic than fossil sources. However, fossil SOC concentration and fractional contribution had a stronger correlation with daily maximum 8 h average O3, peaking during high PM and O3 events. The results indicate that point source emissions processed by on- and off-shore wind cycles likely contribute to peak events for both PM and O3 in the greater Houston metropolitan area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adelaide E. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, USA
| | - Tate E. Barrett
- Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Rachelle M. Duvall
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K. Bean
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Cameron B. Faxon
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - James H. Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry L. Lefer
- Earth Sciences Division, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Yu Jun Leong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eaves LA, Nguyen HT, Rager JE, Sexton KG, Howard T, Smeester L, Freedman AN, Aagaard KM, Shope C, Lefer B, Flynn JH, Erickson MH, Fry RC, Vizuete W. Identifying the Transcriptional Response of Cancer and Inflammation-Related Genes in Lung Cells in Relation to Ambient Air Chemical Mixtures in Houston, Texas. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13807-13816. [PMID: 33064461 PMCID: PMC7757424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution represents a complex mixture of air chemicals that continually interact and transform, making it difficult to accurately evaluate associated toxicity responses representative of real-world exposure. This study leveraged data from a previously published article and reevaluated lung cell transcriptional response induced by outdoor atmospheric pollution mixtures using field-based exposure conditions in the industrialized Houston Ship Channel. The tested hypothesis was that individual and co-occurring chemicals in the atmosphere relate to altered expression of critical genes involved in inflammation and cancer-related processes in lung cells. Human lung cells were exposed at an air-liquid interface to ambient air mixtures for 4 h, with experiments replicated across 5 days. Real-time monitoring of primary and secondary gas-phase pollutants, as well as other atmospheric conditions, was simultaneously conducted. Transcriptional analysis of exposed cells identified critical genes showing differential expression associated with both individual and chemical mixtures. The individual pollutant identified with the largest amount of associated transcriptional response was benzene. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRFN1) were identified as key upstream transcription factor regulators of the cellular response to benzene. This study is among the first to measure lung cell transcriptional responses in relation to real-world, gas-phase air mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Eaves
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hang T Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas Howard
- The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Anastasia N Freedman
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Cynthia Shope
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Barry Lefer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
- Tropospheric Composition Program, Earth Science Division, NASA, Washington, District of Columbia 20546, United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Mathew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Slade JH, Ault AP, Bui AT, Ditto JC, Lei Z, Bondy AL, Olson NE, Cook RD, Desrochers SJ, Harvey RM, Erickson MH, Wallace HW, Alvarez SL, Flynn JH, Boor BE, Petrucci GA, Gentner DR, Griffin RJ, Shepson PB. Bouncier Particles at Night: Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Chemistry and Sulfate Drive Diel Variations in the Aerosol Phase in a Mixed Forest. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:4977-4987. [PMID: 31002496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol phase state is critical for quantifying aerosol effects on climate and air quality. However, significant challenges remain in our ability to predict and quantify phase state during its evolution in the atmosphere. Herein, we demonstrate that aerosol phase (liquid, semisolid, solid) exhibits a diel cycle in a mixed forest environment, oscillating between a viscous, semisolid phase state at night and liquid phase state with phase separation during the day. The viscous nighttime particles existed despite higher relative humidity and were independently confirmed by bounce factor measurements and atomic force microscopy. High-resolution mass spectrometry shows the more viscous phase state at night is impacted by the formation of terpene-derived and higher molecular weight secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and smaller inorganic sulfate mass fractions. Larger daytime particulate sulfate mass fractions, as well as a predominance of lower molecular weight isoprene-derived SOA, lead to the liquid state of the daytime particles and phase separation after greater uptake of liquid water, despite the lower daytime relative humidity. The observed diel cycle of aerosol phase should provoke rethinking of the SOA atmospheric lifecycle, as it suggests diurnal variability in gas-particle partitioning and mixing time scales, which influence aerosol multiphase chemistry, lifetime, and climate impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Alexander T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Ryan D Cook
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sarah J Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Rebecca M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Henry W Wallace
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Giuseppe A Petrucci
- Department of Chemistry , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Millet DB, Alwe HD, Chen X, Deventer MJ, Griffis TJ, Holzinger R, Bertman SB, Rickly PS, Stevens PS, Léonardis T, Locoge N, Dusanter S, Tyndall GS, Alvarez SL, Erickson MH, Flynn JH. Bidirectional Ecosystem-Atmosphere Fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds Across the Mass Spectrum: How Many Matter? ACS Earth Space Chem 2018; 2:764-777. [PMID: 33615099 PMCID: PMC7894362 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are simultaneously the largest source and a major sink of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the global atmosphere, and these two-way fluxes are an important source of uncertainty in current models. Here, we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry (proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface time-of-flight; PTR-QiTOF) to measure ecosystem-atmosphere VOC fluxes across the entire detected mass range (m/z 0-335) over a mixed temperate forest and use the results to test how well a state-of-science chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) is able to represent the observed reactive carbon exchange. We show that ambient humidity fluctuations can give rise to spurious VOC fluxes with PTR-based techniques and present a method to screen for such effects. After doing so, 377 of the 636 detected ions exhibited detectable gross fluxes during the study, implying a large number of species with active ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. We introduce the reactivity flux as a measure of how Earth-atmosphere fluxes influence ambient OH reactivity and show that the upward total VOC (∑VOC) carbon and reactivity fluxes are carried by a far smaller number of species than the downward fluxes. The model underpredicts the ∑VOC carbon and reactivity fluxes by 40-60% on average. However, the observed net fluxes are dominated (90% on a carbon basis, 95% on a reactivity basis) by known VOCs explicitly included in the CTM. As a result, the largest CTM uncertainties in simulating VOC carbon and reactivity exchange for this environment are associated with known rather than unrepresented species. This conclusion pertains to the set of species detectable by PTR-TOF techniques, which likely represents the majority in terms of carbon mass and OH reactivity, but not necessarily in terms of aerosol formation potential. In the case of oxygenated VOCs, the model severely underpredicts the gross fluxes and the net exchange. Here, unrepresented VOCs play a larger role, accounting for ~30% of the carbon flux and ~50% of the reactivity flux. The resulting CTM biases, however, are still smaller than those that arise from uncertainties for known and represented compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven B. Bertman
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | | | | | - Thierry Léonardis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffrey S. Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | | | - James H. Flynn
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leong YJ, Sanchez NP, Wallace HW, Karakurt Cevik B, Hernandez CS, Han Y, Flynn JH, Massoli P, Floerchinger C, Fortner EC, Herndon S, Bean JK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jeon W, Choi Y, Lefer B, Griffin RJ. Overview of surface measurements and spatial characterization of submicrometer particulate matter during the DISCOVER-AQ 2013 campaign in Houston, TX. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2017; 67:854-872. [PMID: 28278029 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1296502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sources of submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) remain poorly characterized in the industrialized city of Houston, TX. A mobile sampling approach was used to characterize PM1 composition and concentration across Houston based on high-time-resolution measurements of nonrefractory PM1 and trace gases during the DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013 campaign. Two pollution zones with marked differences in PM1 levels, character, and dynamics were established based on cluster analysis of organic aerosol mass loadings sampled at 16 sites. The highest PM1 mass concentrations (average 11.6 ± 5.7 µg/m3) were observed to the northwest of Houston (zone 1), dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass likely driven by nighttime biogenic organonitrate formation. Zone 2, an industrial/urban area south/east of Houston, exhibited lower concentrations of PM1 (average 4.4 ± 3.3 µg/m3), significant organic aerosol (OA) aging, and evidence of primary sulfate emissions. Diurnal patterns and backward-trajectory analyses enable the classification of airmass clusters characterized by distinct PM sources: biogenic SOA, photochemical aged SOA, and primary sulfate emissions from the Houston Ship Channel. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that secondary biogenic organonitrates primarily related with monoterpenes are predominant in zone 1 (accounting for 34% of the variability in the data set). The relevance of photochemical processes and industrial and traffic emission sources in zone 2 also is highlighted by PCA, which identifies three factors related with these processes/sources (~50% of the aerosol/trace gas concentration variability). PCA reveals a relatively minor contribution of isoprene to SOA formation in zone 1 and the absence of isoprene-derived aerosol in zone 2. The relevance of industrial amine emissions and the likely contribution of chloride-displaced sea salt aerosol to the observed variability in pollution levels in zone 2 also are captured by PCA. IMPLICATIONS This article describes an urban-scale mobile study to characterize spatial variations in submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) in greater Houston. The data set indicates substantial spatial variations in PM1 sources/chemistry and elucidates the importance of photochemistry and nighttime oxidant chemistry in producing secondary PM1. These results emphasize the potential benefits of effective control strategies throughout the region, not only to reduce primary emissions of PM1 from automobiles and industry but also to reduce the emissions of important secondary PM1 precursors, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. Such efforts also could aid in efforts to reduce mixing ratios of ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Leong
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - N P Sanchez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - H W Wallace
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Karakurt Cevik
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - C S Hernandez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Han
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - J H Flynn
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - P Massoli
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | | | - E C Fortner
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - S Herndon
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - J K Bean
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - L Hildebrandt Ruiz
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - W Jeon
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Choi
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Lefer
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - R J Griffin
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vizuete W, Sexton KG, Nguyen H, Smeester L, Aagaard KM, Shope C, Lefer B, Flynn JH, Alvarez S, Erickson MH, Fry RC. From the Field to the Laboratory: Air Pollutant-Induced Genomic Effects in Lung Cells. Environ Health Insights 2015; 9:15-23. [PMID: 26917966 PMCID: PMC4760675 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro studies do not typically assess cellular impacts in relation to real-world atmospheric mixtures of gases. In this study, we set out to examine the feasibility of measuring biological responses at the level of gene expression in human lung cells upon direct exposures to air in the field. This study describes the successful deployment of lung cells in the heavily industrialized Houston Ship Channel. By examining messenger RNA (mRNA) levels from exposed lung cells, we identified changes in genes that play a role as inflammatory responders in the cell. The results show anticipated responses from negative and positive controls, confirming the integrity of the experimental protocol and the successful deployment of the in vitro instrument. Furthermore, exposures to ambient conditions displayed robust changes in gene expression. These results demonstrate a methodology that can produce gas-phase toxicity data in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- CORRESPONDENCE:
| | - Kenneth G. Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hang Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Shope
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry Lefer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H. Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mathew H. Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Liu J, Parker ET, Hayes PL, Jimenez JL, de Gouw JA, Flynn JH, Grossberg N, Lefer BL, Weber RJ. On the gas-particle partitioning of soluble organic aerosol in two urban atmospheres with contrasting emissions: 1. Bulk water-soluble organic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
The Department of Energy's program for disposing of high-level radioactive wastes has been impeded by overwhelming political opposition fueled by public perceptions of risk. Analysis of these perceptions shows them to be deeply rooted in images of fear and dread that have been present since the discovery of radioactivity. The development and use of nuclear weapons linked these images to reality and the mishandling of radioactive wastes from the nation's military weapons facilities has contributed toward creating a profound state of distrust that cannot be erased quickly or easily. Postponing the permanent repository and employing dry-cask storage of wastes on site would provide the time necessary for difficult social and political issues to be resolved.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Joseph JT, Hybl A, Flynn JH. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of some analogs for the lipid component of biological membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 1978; 22:239-43. [PMID: 719820 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(78)90030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The melting behavior of members of newly synthesized series of rac-1,2-diglycerides with substituted phenyl groups or a benzyl group on the 3-position was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solution crystallized samples had single melting temperatures, higher than those of the quenched or annealed specimens. Quenched samples exhibited polymorphic behavior; some melted and recrystallized during slow heating. This behavior is similar to that of lecithins and suggests that X-ray diffraction studies of the substituted diglycerides may be useful for understanding membrane structure and functions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lyall SS, Roth O, Flynn JH, Maniatis WR. Massive spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage. A case report. Conn Med 1974; 38:301-3. [PMID: 4545481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|