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Zhu L, Wang Y, Chavas D, Johncox M, Yung YL. Leading role of Saharan dust on tropical cyclone rainfall in the Atlantic Basin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6106. [PMID: 39047098 PMCID: PMC11268405 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Tropical cyclone rainfall (TCR) extensively affects coastal communities, primarily through inland flooding. The impact of global climate changes on TCR is complex and debatable. This study uses an XGBoost machine learning model with 19-year meteorological data and hourly satellite precipitation observations to predict TCR for individual storms. The model identifies dust optical depth (DOD) as a key predictor that enhances performance evidently. The model also uncovers a nonlinear and boomerang-shape relationship between Saharan dust and TCR, with a TCR peak at 0.06 DOD and a sharp decrease thereafter. This indicates a shift from microphysical enhancement to radiative suppression at high dust concentrations. The model also highlights meaningful correlations between TCR and meteorological factors like sea surface temperature and equivalent potential temperature near storm cores. These findings illustrate the effectiveness of machine learning in predicting TCR and understanding its driving factors and physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyin Zhu
- School of Environment, Geography, and Sustainability, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dan Chavas
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Max Johncox
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yuk L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Wang X, Shen Z, Huang S, Che H, Zhang L, Lei Y, Sun J, Shen G, Xu H, Cao J. Water-soluble iron in PM 2.5 in winter over six Chinese megacities: Distributions, sources, and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120329. [PMID: 36195196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble iron (ws-Fe) in PM2.5 plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric chemical processes. The anthropogenic sources of ws-Fe have attracted considerable attention owing to its high solubility. However, few studies have investigated the content of PM2.5 ws-Fe in the urban environment. In the present study, we characterized the spatial distributions of ws-Fe in six Chinese megacities in the winter of 2019. Furthermore, we investigated the speciation of PM2.5 ws-Fe (ws-Fe(II) and ws-Fe(III)), potential sources of ws-Fe, and association between ws-Fe and particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS). Higher ws-Fe concentrations were observed in northern cities (Harbin, Beijing, and Xi'an) than in southern cities (Chengdu, Wuhan, and Guangzhou). Moreover, atmospheric ws-Fe concentrations in urban China were several folds higher than those in urban areas of the United States and several orders of magnitude higher than those in remote oceans, indicating that China is a key contributor to global atmospheric ws-Fe. The dominant form of ws-Fe was ws-Fe(III) in Beijing, whereas ws-Fe(II) was more abundant in the other five cities. The concentrations of ws-Fe and ws-Fe(II) concentrations increased with increasing PM2.5 levels in all the six cities, however, we did not observe any consistent pattern of ws-Fe(III) concentration. Biomass burning was a dominant source of ws-Fe in all cities except Beijing. A strong positive correlation was observed between particle-bound ROS content and ws-Fe; this finding is consistent with those of previous studies indicating that ws-Fe in PM2.5 notably influences atmospheric chemical processes and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change CanadaScience and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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3
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Gao Y, Marsay CM, Yu S, Fan S, Mukherjee P, Buck CS, Landing WM. Particle-Size Variability of Aerosol Iron and Impact on Iron Solubility and Dry Deposition Fluxes to the Arctic Ocean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16653. [PMID: 31723149 PMCID: PMC6853967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides unique insights into the properties of iron (Fe) in the marine atmosphere over the late summertime Arctic Ocean. Atmospheric deposition of aerosols can deliver Fe, a limiting micronutrient, to the remote ocean. Aerosol particle size influences aerosol Fe fractional solubility and air-to-sea deposition rate. Size-segregated aerosols were collected during the 2015 US GEOTRACES cruise in the Arctic Ocean. Results show that aerosol Fe had a single-mode size distribution, peaking at 4.4 µm in diameter, suggesting regional dust sources of Fe around the Arctic Ocean. Estimated dry deposition rates of aerosol Fe decreased from 6.1 µmol m−2 yr−1 in the areas of ~56°N–80°N to 0.73 µmol m−2 yr−1 in the areas north of 80°N. Aerosol Fe solubility was higher in fine particles (<1 µm) which were observed mainly in the region north of 80°N and coincided with relatively high concentrations of certain organic aerosols, suggesting interactions between aerosol Fe and organic ligands in the high-latitude Arctic atmosphere. The average molar ratio of Fe to titanium (Ti) was 2.4, substantially lower than the typical crustal ratio of 10. We speculate that dust sources around the Arctic Ocean may have been altered because of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Christopher M Marsay
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, 31411, USA
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Songyun Fan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Pami Mukherjee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Clifton S Buck
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, 31411, USA
| | - William M Landing
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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4
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Perron MMG, Strzelec M, Gault-Ringold M, Proemse BC, Boyd PW, Bowie AR. Assessment of leaching protocols to determine the solubility of trace metals in aerosols. Talanta 2019; 208:120377. [PMID: 31816697 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of aerosols to the ocean provides an important pathway for the supply of vital micronutrients, including trace metals. These trace metals are essential for phytoplankton growth, and therefore their delivery to marine ecosystems can strongly influence the ocean carbon cycle. The solubility of trace metals in aerosols is a key parameter to better constrain their potential impact on phytoplankton growth. To date, a wide range of experimental approaches and nomenclature have been used to define aerosol trace metal solubility, making data comparison between studies difficult. Here we investigate and discuss several laboratory leaching protocols to determine the solubility of key trace metals in aerosol samples, namely iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, lead, vanadium, titanium and aluminium. Commonly used techniques and tools are also considered such as enrichment factor calculations and air mass back-trajectory projections and recommendations are given for aerosol field sampling, laboratory processing (including leaching and digestion) and analytical measurements. Finally, a simple 3-step leaching protocol combining commonly used protocols is proposed to operationally define trace metal solubility in aerosols. The need for standard guidelines and protocols to study the biogeochemical impact of atmospheric trace metal deposition to the ocean has been increasingly emphasised by both the atmospheric and oceanographic communities. This lack of standardisation currently limits our understanding and ability to predict ocean and climate interactions under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane M G Perron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Michal Strzelec
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Melanie Gault-Ringold
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Bernadette C Proemse
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bowie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia
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5
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Pattammattel A, Leppert VJ, Forman HJ, O’Day PA. Surface characterization and chemical speciation of adsorbed iron(iii) on oxidized carbon nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:548-563. [PMID: 30702742 PMCID: PMC6426675 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00545a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous nanomaterials represent a significant portion of ultra-fine airborne particulate matter, and iron is the most abundant transition metal in air particles. Owing to their high surface area and atmospheric oxidation, carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are enriched with surface carbonyl functional groups and act as a host for metals and small molecules. Using a synthetic model, concentration-dependent changes in the chemical speciation of iron adsorbed on oxidized carbon surfaces were investigated by a combination of X-ray and electron microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Carbon K-edge absorption spectra demonstrated that the CNP surface was enriched with carboxylic acid groups after chemical oxidation but that microporosity was unchanged. Oxidized CNP showed a high affinity for sorption of Fe(iii) from solution (75-95% uptake) and spectroscopic measurements confirmed a 3+ oxidation state of Fe on CNP irrespective of surface loading. The bonding of adsorbed Fe(iii) at variable loadings was determined by iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. At low loadings (3 and 10 μmol Fe m-2 CNP), mononuclear Fe was octahedrally coordinated to oxygen atoms of carboxylate groups. As Fe surface coverage increased (21 and 31 μmol Fe m-2 CNP), Fe-Fe backscatters were observed at interatomic distances indicating iron (oxy)hydroxide particle formation on CNP. Electron-donating surface carboxylate groups on CNP coordinated and stabilized mononuclear Fe(iii). Saturation of high-affinity sites may have promoted hydroxide particle nucleation at higher loading, demonstrating that the chemical form of reactive metal ions may change with surface concentration and degree of CNP surface oxidation. Model systems such as those discussed here, with controlled surface properties and known chemical speciation of adsorbed metals, are needed to establish structure-activity models for toxicity assessments of environmentally relevant nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Pattammattel
- School of Natural Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Corresponding authors ,
| | - Valerie J. Leppert
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peggy A. O’Day
- School of Natural Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Corresponding authors ,
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6
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Tran A, Williams G, Younus S, Ali NN, Blair SL, Nizkorodov SA, Al-Abadleh HA. Efficient Formation of Light-Absorbing Polymeric Nanoparticles from the Reaction of Soluble Fe(III) with C4 and C6 Dicarboxylic Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9700-9708. [PMID: 28753002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of transition metals in the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from aliphatic and aromatic precursors in heterogeneous/multiphase reactions is not well understood. The reactivity of soluble Fe(III) toward known benzene photooxidation products that include fumaric (trans-butenedioic) and muconic (trans,trans-2,4-hexadienedioic) acids was investigated. Efficient formation of brightly colored nanoparticles was observed that are mostly rod- or irregular-shaped depending on the structure of the organic precursor. The particles were characterized for their optical properties, growth rate, elemental composition, iron content, and oxidation state. Results indicate that these particles have mass absorption coefficients on the same order as black carbon and larger than that of biomass burning aerosols. The particles are also amorphous in nature and consist of polymeric chains of Fe centers complexed to carboxylate groups. The oxidation state of Fe was found to be in between Fe(III) and Fe(II) in standard compounds. The organic reactant to iron molar ratio and pH were found to affect the particle growth rate. Control experiments using maleic acid (cis-butenedioic acid) and succinic acid (butanedioic acid) produced no particles. The formation of particles reported herein could account for new pathways that lead to SOA and brown carbon formation mediated by transition metals. In addition, the multiple chemically active components in these particles (iron, organics, and acidic groups) may have an effect on their chemical reactivity (enhanced uptake of trace gases, catalysis, and production of reactive oxygen species) and their likely poor cloud/ice nucleation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Shagufta Younus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Nujhat N Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sandra L Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hind A Al-Abadleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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7
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Rushdi AI, El-Mubarak AH, Lijotra L, Al-Otaibi MT, Qurban MA, Al-Mutlaq KF, Simoneit BR. Characteristics of organic compounds in aerosol particulate matter from Dhahran city, Saudi Arabia. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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8
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Characterization of Atmospheric Iron Speciation and Acid Processing at Metropolitan Newark on the US East Coast. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Enami S, Sakamoto Y, Hara K, Osada K, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. "Sizing" Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Conversion of Gaseous Dimethyl Sulfide to Atmospheric Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1834-1843. [PMID: 26761399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions is a global source of cloud condensation nuclei. The amounts of the nucleating H2SO4(g) species produced in such process, however, remain uncertain. Hydrophobic DMS is mostly oxidized in the gas phase into H2SO4(g) + DMSO(g) (dimethyl sulfoxide), whereas water-soluble DMSO is oxidized into H2SO4(g) in the gas phase and into SO4(2-) + MeSO3(-) (methanesulfonate) on water surfaces. R = MeSO3(-)/(non-sea-salt SO4(2-)) ratios would therefore gauge both the strength of DMS sources and the extent of DMSO heterogeneous oxidation if Rhet = MeSO3(-)/SO4(2-) for DMSO(aq) + ·OH(g) were known. Here, we report that Rhet = 2.7, a value obtained from online electrospray mass spectra of DMSO(aq) + ·OH(g) reaction products that quantifies the MeSO3(-) produced in DMSO heterogeneous oxidation on aqueous aerosols for the first time. On this basis, the inverse R dependence on particle radius in size-segregated aerosol collected over Syowa station and Southern oceans is shown to be consistent with the competition between DMSO gas-phase oxidation and its mass accommodation followed by oxidation on aqueous droplets. Geographical R variations are thus associated with variable contributions of the heterogeneous pathway to DMSO atmospheric oxidation, which increase with the specific surface area of local aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0610, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth Science System, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuo Osada
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , California 91125, United States
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10
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Aryasree S, Nair PR, Girach IA, Jacob S. Winter time chemical characteristics of aerosols over the Bay of Bengal: continental influence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14901-14918. [PMID: 25994269 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) conducted under the Geosphere Biosphere Programme of Indian Space Research Organisation, ship-based aerosol sampling was carried out over the marine environment of Bay of Bengal (BoB) during the northern winter months of December 2008 to January 2009. About 101 aerosol samples were collected, covering the region from 3.4° to 21° N latitude and 76° to 98° E longitude-the largest area covered-including the south east (SE) BoB for the first time. These samples were subjected to gravimetric and chemical analysis and the total aerosol loading as well the mass concentration of the ionic species namely F(-), Cl(-), Br(-), NO2 (-), NO3 (-), PO4 (2-), SO4 (2-), NH4 (+), etc. and the metallic species, Na, Mg, Ca, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb were estimated for each sample. Based on the spatial distribution of individual chemical species, the air flow pattern, and airmass back trajectory analysis, the source characteristics of aerosols for different regions of BoB were identified. Significant level of continental pollution was noticed over BoB during winter. While transport of pollution from Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) contributed to aerosols over north BoB, those over SE BoB were influenced by SE Asia. A quantitative study on the wind-induced production of sea salt aerosols and a case study on the species dependent effect of rainfall are also presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aryasree
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 022, India
| | - Prabha R Nair
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 022, India.
| | - I A Girach
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 022, India
| | - Salu Jacob
- Analytical Spectroscopy Division, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 022, India
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11
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Cartledge BT, Marcotte AR, Herckes P, Anbar AD, Majestic BJ. The impact of particle size, relative humidity, and sulfur dioxide on iron solubility in simulated atmospheric marine aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7179-7187. [PMID: 26000788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a limiting nutrient in about half of the world's oceans, and its most significant source is atmospheric deposition. To understand the pathways of iron solubilization during atmospheric transport, we exposed size segregated simulated marine aerosols to 5 ppm sulfur dioxide at arid (23 ± 1% relative humidity, RH) and marine (98 ± 1% RH) conditions. Relative iron solubility increased as the particle size decreased for goethite and hematite, while for magnetite, the relative solubility was similar for all of the fine size fractions (2.5-0.25 μm) investigated but higher than the coarse size fraction (10-2.5 μm). Goethite and hematite showed increased solubility at arid RH, but no difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the two humidity levels for magnetite. There was no correlation between iron solubility and exposure to SO2 in any mineral for any size fraction. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements showed no change in iron speciation [Fe(II) and Fe(III)] in any minerals following SO2 exposure. SEM-EDS measurements of SO2-exposed goethite revealed small amounts of sulfur uptake on the samples; however, the incorporated sulfur did not affect iron solubility. Our results show that although sulfur is incorporated into particles via gas-phase processes, changes in iron solubility also depend on other species in the aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton T Cartledge
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208-9020, United States
| | - Aurelie R Marcotte
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Pierre Herckes
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Ariel D Anbar
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- §School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, United States
| | - Brian J Majestic
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208-9020, United States
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12
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Al-Abadleh HA. Review of the bulk and surface chemistry of iron in atmospherically relevant systems containing humic-like substances. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current state of knowledge and future research directions of the bulk and surface chemistry of iron relevant to atmospheric surfaces are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind A. Al-Abadleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Wilfrid Laurier University
- Waterloo
- Canada
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13
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Tofan-Lazar J, Situm A, Al-Abadleh HA. DRIFTS Studies on the Role of Surface Water in Stabilizing Catechol–Iron(III) Complexes at the Gas/Solid Interface. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10368-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406113r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tofan-Lazar
- Chemistry Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Arthur Situm
- Chemistry Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Hind A. Al-Abadleh
- Chemistry Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5 Canada
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14
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Chen H, Grassian VH. Iron dissolution of dust source materials during simulated acidic processing: the effect of sulfuric, acetic, and oxalic acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10312-10321. [PMID: 23883276 DOI: 10.1021/es401285s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic acids potentially display different capacities in iron (Fe) mobilization from atmospheric dust compared with inorganic acids, but few measurements have been made on this comparison. We report here a laboratory investigation of Fe mobilization of coal fly ash, a representative Fe-containing anthropogenic aerosol, and Arizona test dust, a reference source material for mineral dust, in pH 2 sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid, respectively. The effects of pH and solar radiation on Fe dissolution have also been explored. The relative capacities of these three acids in Fe dissolution are in the order of oxalic acid > sulfuric acid > acetic acid. Oxalate forms mononuclear bidentate ligand with surface Fe and promotes Fe dissolution to the greatest extent. Photolysis of Fe-oxalate complexes further enhances Fe dissolution with the concomitant degradation of oxalate. These results suggest that ligand-promoted dissolution of Fe may play a more significant role in mobilizing Fe from atmospheric dust compared with proton-assisted processing. The role of atmospheric organic acids should be taken into account in global-biogeochemical modeling to better access dissolved atmospheric Fe deposition flux at the ocean surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Chen
- Departments of †Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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15
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Oakes M, Ingall ED, Lai B, Shafer MM, Hays MD, Liu ZG, Russell AG, Weber RJ. Iron solubility related to particle sulfur content in source emission and ambient fine particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6637-44. [PMID: 22621615 DOI: 10.1021/es300701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical factors influencing iron solubility (soluble iron/total iron) were investigated in source emission (e.g., biomass burning, coal fly ash, mineral dust, and mobile exhaust) and ambient (Atlanta, GA) fine particles (PM2.5). Chemical properties (speciation and mixing state) of iron-containing particles were characterized using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence measurements. Bulk iron solubility (soluble iron/total iron) of the samples was quantified by leaching experiments. Major differences were observed in iron solubility in source emission samples, ranging from low solubility (<1%, mineral dust and coal fly ash) up to 75% (mobile exhaust and biomass burning emissions). Differences in iron solubility did not correspond to silicon content or Fe(II) content. However, source emission and ambient samples with high iron solubility corresponded to the sulfur content observed in single particles. A similar correspondence between bulk iron solubility and bulk sulfate content in a series of Atlanta PM2.5 fine particle samples (N = 358) further supported this trend. In addition, results of linear combination fitting experiments show the presence of iron sulfates in several high iron solubility source emission and ambient PM2.5 samples. These results suggest that the sulfate content (related to the presence of iron sulfates and/or acid-processing mechanisms by H(2)SO(4)) of iron-containing particles is an important proxy for iron solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oakes
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
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Chen H, Laskin A, Baltrusaitis J, Gorski CA, Scherer MM, Grassian VH. Coal fly ash as a source of iron in atmospheric dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2112-20. [PMID: 22260270 DOI: 10.1021/es204102f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic coal fly ash (FA) aerosol may represent a significant source of bioavailable iron in the open ocean. Few measurements have been made that compare the solubility of atmospheric iron from anthropogenic aerosols and other sources. We report here an investigation of iron dissolution for three FA samples in acidic aqueous solutions and compare the solubilities with that of Arizona test dust (AZTD), a reference material for mineral dust. The effects of pH, simulated cloud processing, and solar radiation on iron solubility have been explored. Similar to previously reported results on mineral dust, iron in aluminosilicate phases provides the predominant component of dissolved iron. Iron solubility of FA is substantially higher than of the crystalline minerals comprising AZTD. Simulated atmospheric processing elevates iron solubility due to significant changes in the morphology of aluminosilicate glass, a dominant material in FA particles. Iron is continuously released into the aqueous solution as FA particles break up into smaller fragments. These results suggest that the assessment of dissolved atmospheric iron deposition fluxes and their effect on the biogeochemistry at the ocean surface should be constrained by the source, environmental pH, iron speciation, and solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Zhang M, Chen JM, Wang T, Cheng TT, Lin L, Bhatia RS, Hanvey M. Chemical characterization of aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean during two cruises in 2007 and 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hsu SC, Liu SC, Arimoto R, Shiah FK, Gong GC, Huang YT, Kao SJ, Chen JP, Lin FJ, Lin CY, Huang JC, Tsai F, Lung SCC. Effects of acidic processing, transport history, and dust and sea salt loadings on the dissolution of iron from Asian dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oakes M, Rastogi N, Majestic BJ, Shafer M, Schauer JJ, Edgerton ES, Weber RJ. Characterization of soluble iron in urban aerosols using near-real time data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Ooki A, Nishioka J, Ono T, Noriki S. Size dependence of iron solubility of Asian mineral dust particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Alexander B, Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Gong S. Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric sulfur: Global implications for the sulfur budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mahowald NM, Engelstaedter S, Luo C, Sealy A, Artaxo P, Benitez-Nelson C, Bonnet S, Chen Y, Chuang PY, Cohen DD, Dulac F, Herut B, Johansen AM, Kubilay N, Losno R, Maenhaut W, Paytan A, Prospero JM, Shank LM, Siefert RL. Atmospheric iron deposition: global distribution, variability, and human perturbations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2009; 1:245-78. [PMID: 21141037 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric inputs of iron to the open ocean are hypothesized to modulate ocean biogeochemistry. This review presents an integration of available observations of atmospheric iron and iron deposition, and also covers bioavailable iron distributions. Methods for estimating temporal variability in ocean deposition over the recent past are reviewed. Desert dust iron is estimated to represent 95% of the global atmospheric iron cycle, and combustion sources of iron are responsible for the remaining 5%. Humans may be significantly perturbing desert dust (up to 50%). The sources of bioavailable iron are less well understood than those of iron, partly because we do not know what speciation of the iron is bioavailable. Bioavailable iron can derive from atmospheric processing of relatively insoluble desert dust iron or from direct emissions of soluble iron from combustion sources. These results imply that humans could be substantially impacting iron and bioavailable iron deposition to ocean regions, but there are large uncertainties in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Takahama S, Gilardoni S, Russell LM. Single-particle oxidation state and morphology of atmospheric iron aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cwiertny DM, Baltrusaitis J, Hunter GJ, Laskin A, Scherer MM, Grassian VH. Characterization and acid-mobilization study of iron-containing mineral dust source materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Chemistry; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland Washington USA
| | - Michelle M. Scherer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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Key JM, Paulk N, Johansen AM. Photochemistry of iron in simulated crustal aerosols with dimethyl sulfide oxidation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:133-139. [PMID: 18350887 DOI: 10.1021/es071469y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron contained in dust-derived aerosol particles deposited into remote oceans is essential for phytoplankton productivity, which controls photosynthesis rate and the uptake and release of climate forcing gases. Understanding chemical mechanisms that control iron bioavailability, that is, its speciation, is therefore crucial for global climate predictions. In the present study, the photoredox chemistry of iron in marine atmospheric aerosol particles was investigated by using ferrihydrite as a surrogate iron phase in the presence of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) derived oxidation products: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMS02), methane sulfinic acid (MSIA), and methane sulfonic acid (MSA). Reactants and products were analyzed with UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and a hydrogen peroxide sensitive electrode. Results show that MSIA enhances the photoreductive dissolution of iron in a ligand-to-metal charge transfer reaction producing Fe(II), MSA, and H2O2. The rate law for Fe(II) is close to first order (0.79) with regard to adsorbed MSIA and has an empirical rate constant of 1.4 x 10(-4) s(-1). This mechanism may represent a significant pathway through which iron becomes more bioavailable, and it contributes to models of iron and sulfur chemistries in the marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Key
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, 400 East University Way, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, USA
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Hsu SC, Liu SC, Kao SJ, Jeng WL, Huang YT, Tseng CM, Tsai F, Tu JY, Yang Y. Water-soluble species in the marine aerosol from the northern South China Sea: High chloride depletion related to air pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Williams J, Gros V, Atlas E, Maciejczyk K, Batsaikhan A, Schöler HF, Forster C, Quack B, Yassaa N, Sander R, Van Dingenen R. Possible evidence for a connection between methyl iodide emissions and Saharan dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Luo C, Mahowald NM, Meskhidze N, Chen Y, Siefert RL, Baker AR, Johansen AM. Estimation of iron solubility from observations and a global aerosol model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Chen Y. Seasonal and spatial distributions and dry deposition fluxes of atmospheric total and labile iron over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Johansen AM. Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Anions and cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Hand JL. Estimates of atmospheric-processed soluble iron from observations and a global mineral aerosol model: Biogeochemical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen Y, Siefert RL. Determination of various types of labile atmospheric iron over remote oceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; Solomons Maryland USA
| | - R. L. Siefert
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; Solomons Maryland USA
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Levy RC. Evaluation of the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals of dust aerosol over the ocean during PRIDE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Johansen AM. Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Labile-Fe(II) and other trace metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Jacobson MZ. Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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