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Verdes M. A systematic ab initio optimization of monohydrates of HCl•HNO 3•H 2SO 4 aggregates. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 86:256-263. [PMID: 30415121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrates of HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 involved in polar stratospheric clouds capture the attention of researchers due to the mixtures composed with them. The molecular aggregates generated with these strong acids show different behaviors, geometries and nucleation reactions at atmospheric temperatures. Here is presented a systematic ab initio optimization study of monohydrates of HCl•HNO3•H2SO4 using the Density Functional Theory, by means of geometry optimizations carried out with B3LYP hybrid method and aug-cc-pVTZ basis set, a high level of theory, within Gaussian 09 program. This systematic optimization procedure consists to situate systematically the H2O molecule around the cluster in study, on the favorable positions to develop higher quantity of hydrogen bonds as possible, in order to obtain major quantity of different electronic structures of these monohydrates. Applying this systematic optimization methodology over previously optimized complexes of HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4, the present theoretical approach provides thirty-two different optimized electronic structures of monohydrates that were yielded from seven initial groups of (HCl•HNO3•H2SO4)-complex, placing the H2O in eight positions around them. Moreover, their Infrared spectra have been predicted for all (HCl•HNO3•H2SO4)-monohydrates achieved. Likewise, It is shown the outcomes of the electronic energies, relative Gibbs free energies, Infrared spectra, the wavenumbers of hydrogen bonds, inter-monomeric parameters, electronic structures of (HCl•HNO3•H2SO4)-monohydrates. These monohydrates could be considered precursors of the atmospheric heterogeneous nucleation reactions. These results can be useful to experimentalists of Catalysis, Astrophysics, Corrosion of metals and ceramics, aromatic compounds reactions, even environmental pollution and industrial smog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Verdes
- Autonomous University of Madrid, Sciences Faculty, Applied Physical Chemistry Department, C-14 Avda. Tomas y Valiente, 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Dai G, Song X, Zhai X, Wu S. Research in Depolarization and Extinction Coefficient of Particles in Tibetan Plateau by Lidar. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611923030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wu S, Song X, Liu B, Dai G, Liu J, Zhang K, Qin S, Hua D, Gao F, Liu L. Mobile multi-wavelength polarization Raman lidar for water vapor, cloud and aerosol measurement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33870-33892. [PMID: 26832047 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the detection of atmospheric water vapor mixing ratio, depolarization ratio, backscatter coefficient, extinction coefficient and cloud information, the Water vapor, Cloud and Aerosol Lidar (WACAL) is developed by the lidar group at Ocean University of China. The lidar consists of transmitter, receiver, data acquisition and auxiliary system. For the measurement of various atmospheric physical properties, three channels including Raman channel, polarization channel and infrared channel are integrated in WACAL. The integration and working principle of these channels are introduced in details. The optical setup, the housekeeping of the system and the data retrieval routines are also presented. After the completion of the construction of the lidar, the WACAL system was installed in Ocean University of China (36.165°N, 120.5°E), Qingdao for the measurement of atmosphere during 2013 and 2014. The measurement principles and some case studies corresponding to various atmospheric physical properties are provided. Finally, the result of one continuous measurement example operated on 13 June 2014 is presented. The WACAL can measure the aerosol and cloud optical properties as well as the water vapor mixing ratio. It is useful for studying the direct and indirect effects of the aerosol on the climate change.
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Reichardt J, Reichardt S, Hostetler CA, Lucker PL, McGee TJ, Twigg LW, Dörnbrack A, Schoeberl MR, Yang P. Mother-of-pearl cloud particle size and composition from aircraft-based photography of coloration and lidar measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:B140-B153. [PMID: 25967820 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.00b140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During a Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas (SAGE)-III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE)-II science flight on 4 February 2003, a mother-of-pearl cloud over Iceland was underflown by the NASA DC-8 and measured with the lidars onboard. In addition, color photos were taken during the approach. Aided by extensive modeling of cloud coloration, the main results of the analysis of this unique data set are: (1) the polar stratospheric cloud was mountain wave-induced and of type II; (2) the spectacular color display was caused by ice particles with sizes around 2 μm.
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Mohan M, Payra S. Influence of aerosol spectrum and air pollutants on fog formation in urban environment of megacity Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 151:265-277. [PMID: 18379890 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are facing increasing fog frequencies that may result due to increased air pollution emanating from variety of sources. The increased pollution levels may lead to the atmospheric reactions resulting into the formation of secondary pollutants that may also lead to increased aerosol number concentrations (ANC) in the atmosphere. This could cause enhanced water aerosols in the presence of favourable meteorological conditions and high relative humidity. This study deals with the atmospheric pollution and visibility during winter season of megacity Delhi in order to assess the relationship between the two specifically during fog episodes. Thus, this study analyses the levels of air pollutants, aerosol spectrum and meteorological conditions during one week each in the winter season of the years 2004 and 2006 in order to have an improved understanding of their role in fog formation in mega-city Delhi. More than 300 h of measurements which included episodes of dense, thick and moderate fogs of about 25 h, were studied. The measurements cover most of the accumulation mode and greater size spectrum of aerosols. Thus, the analysis is performed for the entire period, specifically, before the fog sets up, during and afterwards. In general, the relatively small variations in number concentration show larger variations in visibility prior and post dense fog formation than during dense fog episodes. Preliminary analysis of monthly averaged RSPM (Respirable Suspended particulate Matter or PM(10)) concentration values for four winter months for a period of 6 years (1996-2001) and visibility did not show a good correlation with total occurrences of fog. However, daily averaged RSPM concentration showed a good correlation with the occurrences of thick fog. Diurnal variation of Sulfur-dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide were found to have inverse relationship with visibility during fog which may be due to formation of secondary pollutants such as sulfate and to a lesser extent nitrates. Amongst, the daily averaged concentrations of all the criteria pollutants, RSPM was found to be best correlated with the fog in comparison to other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Mohan
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Jumelet J, Bekki S, David C, Keckhut P, Baumgarten G. Size distribution time series of a polar stratospheric cloud observed above Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) (69°N) and analyzed from multiwavelength lidar measurements during winter 2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Noel V, Hertzog A, Chepfer H, Winker DM. Polar stratospheric clouds over Antarctica from the CALIPSO spaceborne lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maté B, Ortega IK, Moreno MA, Herrero VJ, Escribano R. Orientation Effects on Nitric Acid Dihydrate Films. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7396-401. [PMID: 16599516 DOI: 10.1021/jp0569483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of orientation effects in films of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) is presented, based on a systematic study of transmission and reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) spectra of samples of varying thickness. The samples are prepared by vapor deposition on Ge (for transmission spectroscopy) and on Al substrates (for RAIR spectroscopy) at 175 K to produce crystalline alpha-NAD films. Transmission spectra were recorded at normal incidence, and RAIR spectra were recorded at a grazing angle of 75 degrees, with polarized radiation. The observed spectra are compared with predictions of a classical Fresnel model, to test the available optical indices of NAD, which are of great importance for the accurate interpretation of data from remote sensing measurements. Whereas the procedure yields satisfactory results for transmission and s-polarized RAIR spectra, it is found that the agreement is not acceptable for p-polarized RAIR spectra. An explanation is suggested in terms of a preferential alignment of the films, with the (10-1) crystallographic plane of the crystal situated parallel to the substrate. The infrared activity of a band at approximately 1170 cm(-1) is explained in terms of a preferential orientation of the crystal domains in the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Maté
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Kim Y, Choi W, Lee KM, Park JH, Massie ST, Sasano Y, Nakajima H, Yokota T. Polar stratospheric clouds observed by the ILAS-II in the Antarctic region: Dual compositions and variation of compositions during June to August of 2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loerting T, Voegele AF, Tautermann CS, Liedl KR, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Modeling the heterogeneous reaction probability for chlorine nitrate hydrolysis on ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wagner R, Möhler O, Saathoff H, Stetzer O, Schurath U. Infrared Spectrum of Nitric Acid Dihydrate: Influence of Particle Shape. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:2572-81. [PMID: 16833561 DOI: 10.1021/jp044997u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) extinction spectra of airborne alpha-NAD microparticles generated by two different methods were recorded in the large coolable aerosol chamber AIDA of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. The extinction spectrum of alpha-NAD crystals obtained by shock freezing of a HNO3/H2O gas mixture could be accurately reproduced using Mie theory with published refractive indices of alpha-NAD as input. In contrast, Mie theory proved to be inadequate to properly reproduce the infrared extinction spectrum of alpha-NAD crystals which were formed via homogeneous nucleation of supercooled HNO3/H2O solution droplets, evaporating slowly on a time scale of several hours at about 195 K. Much better agreement between measured and calculated extinction spectra was obtained by T-matrix calculations assuming oblate particles with aspect ratios greater than five. This indicates that strongly aspherical alpha-NAD crystals are obtained when supercooled nitric acid solution droplets freeze and grow slowly, a process which has been discussed as a potential pathway to the formation of crystalline polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wagner
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-AAF), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Mann GW. Large nitric acid trihydrate particles and denitrification caused by mountain waves in the Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brooks SD. Polar stratospheric clouds during SOLVE/THESEO: Comparison of lidar observations with in situ measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Drdla K, Gandrud BW, Baumgardner D, Wilson JC, Bui TP, Hurst D, Schauffler SM, Jost H, Greenblatt JB, Webster CR. Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid-phase particles during the 1999-2000 Arctic winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. Baumgardner
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - D. Hurst
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - J. B. Greenblatt
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
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Drdla K, Schoeberl MR, Browell EV. Microphysical modeling of the 1999-2000 Arctic winter: 1. Polar stratospheric clouds, denitrification, and dehydration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Fromm MD, Bevilacqua RM, Waters JW, Jensen EJ. A Lagrangian approach to studying Arctic polar stratospheric clouds using UARS MLS HNO3and POAM II aerosol extinction measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - G. L. Manney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
- Department of Natural Resources Management; New Mexico Highlands University; Las Vegas New Mexico USA
| | - M. D. Fromm
- Computational Physics, Inc.; Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | - J. W. Waters
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. J. Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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di Sarra A. Lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds over northern Greenland in the period 1990–1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Larsen N. Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric cloud formation constrained by in situ measurements of chemical and optical cloud properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hanisco TF. Quantifying the rate of heterogeneous processing in the Arctic polar vortex with in situ observations of OH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hu RM. Microphysical properties of wave polar stratospheric clouds retrieved from lidar measurements during SOLVE/THESEO 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biele J, Tsias A, Luo BP, Carslaw KS, Neuber R, Beyerle G, Peter T. Nonequilibrium coexistence of solid and liquid particles in Arctic stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tabazadeh A, Jensen EJ, Toon OB, Drdla K, Schoeberl MR. Role of the stratospheric polar freezing belt in denitrification. Science 2001; 291:2591-4. [PMID: 11283368 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous freezing of nitric acid hydrate particles can produce a polar freezing belt in either hemisphere that can cause denitrification. Computed denitrification profiles for one Antarctic and two Arctic cold winters are presented. The vertical range over which denitrification occurs is normally quite deep in the Antarctic but limited in the Arctic. A 4 kelvin decrease in the temperature of the Arctic stratosphere due to anthropogenic and/or natural effects can trigger the occurrence of widespread severe denitrification. Ozone loss is amplified in a denitrified stratosphere, so the effects of falling temperatures in promoting denitrification must be considered in assessment studies of ozone recovery trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Earth Science Division, MS:245-4 Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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