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Schoeberl MR, Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Ueyama R, Wang T, Selkirk H, Avery M, Thornberry T, Dessler AE. Water Vapor, Clouds, and Saturation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer. J Geophys Res Atmos 2019; 124:3984-4003. [PMID: 33868885 PMCID: PMC8051107 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation is to understand the mechanism behind the observed high relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) in the tropical region between ~14 km (150 hPa) and the tropopause, often referred to as the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). As shown by satellite, aircraft and balloon observations, high (>80%) RHi regions are widespread within the TTL. Regions with the highest RHi are co-located with extensive cirrus. During boreal winter, the TTL RHi is highest over the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) with a weaker maximum over South America and Africa. In the winter, TTL temperatures are coldest and upward motion is the greatest in the TWP. It is this upward motion, driving humid air into the colder upper troposphere that produces the persistent high RHi and cirrus formation. Back trajectory calculations show that comparable adiabatic and diabatic processes contribute to this upward motion. We construct a bulk model of TWP TTL water vapor transport that includes cloud nucleation and ice microphysics that quantifies how upward motion drives the persistent high RHi in the TTL region. We find that atmospheric waves triggering cloud formation regulate the RHi, and that convection dehydrates the TTL. Our forward domain-filling trajectory (FDF) model is used to more precisely simulate the TTL spatial and vertical distribution of RHi. The observed RHi distribution is reproduced by the model and we show that convection increases RHi below the base of the TTL with little impact on the RHi in the TTL region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. J. Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - L. Pfister
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - R. Ueyama
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - T. Wang
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - H. Selkirk
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | - T. Thornberry
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Schoeberl MR, Jensen E, Podglajen A, Coy L, Lodha C, Candido S, Carver R. Gravity Wave Spectra in the Lower Stratosphere Diagnosed from Project Loon Balloon Trajectories. J Geophys Res Atmos 2017; Volume 122:8517-8524. [PMID: 32021739 PMCID: PMC6999652 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Project Loon has been launching super-pressure balloons since January 2013 to provide worldwide Internet coverage. These balloons typically fly between 18-21 km and provide measurements of winds and pressure fluctuations in the lower stratosphere. We divide 1,560 Loon flights into 3,405 two-day segments for gravity wave analysis. We derive the kinetic energy spectrum from the horizontal balloon motion and estimate the temperature perturbation spectrum (proportional to the potential energy spectrum) from the pressure variations. We fit the temperature (and kinetic energy) data to the functional form T , 2 = T O , 2 ( ω / ω O ) α where ω is the wave frequency, ω o is daily frequency, T' o is the base temperature amplitude and α is the slope. Both the kinetic energy and temperature spectra show -1.9±0.2 power-law dependence in the intrinsic frequency window 3 - 50 cycles/day. The temperature spectrum slope is weakly anti-correlated with the base temperature amplitude. We also find that the wave base temperature distribution is highly skewed. The average tropical modal temperature is 0.77 K. The highest amplitude waves occur over the mountainous regions, the tropics, and the high southern latitudes. Temperature amplitudes show little height variation over our 18-21 km domain. Our results are consistent with other limited super-pressure balloon analyses. The modal temperature is higher than the temperature currently used in Lagrangian model gravity wave parameterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Schoeberl
- Science and Technology Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - E Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A Podglajen
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS-UMR8539, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, École Normale Supérieure, École Polytechnique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 2Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - L Coy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- SSAI, Lanham, MD, USA
| | - C Lodha
- Project Loon, X, Mountain View, CA, USA
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Dessler AE, Ye H, Wang T, Schoeberl MR, Oman LD, Douglass AR, Butler AH, Rosenlof KH, Davis SM, Portmann RW. Transport of ice into the stratosphere and the humidification of the stratosphere over the 21 st century. Geophys Res Lett 2016; 43:2323-2329. [PMID: 29551841 PMCID: PMC5854491 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl067991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict that tropical lower-stratospheric humidity will increase as the climate warms. We examine this trend in two state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models. Under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, the stratospheric entry value of water vapor increases by ~1 part per million by volume (ppmv) over this century in both models. We show with trajectory runs driven by model meteorological fields that the warming tropical tropopause layer (TTL) explains 50-80% of this increase. The remainder is a consequence of trends in evaporation of ice convectively lofted into the TTL and lower stratosphere. Our results further show that, within the models we examined, ice lofting is primarily important on long time scales - on interannual time scales, TTL temperature variations explain most of the variations in lower stratospheric humidity. Assessing the ability of models to realistically represent ice-lofting processes should be a high priority in the modeling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Dessler
- Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - H Ye
- Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - T Wang
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Caltech, Pasadena, CA
| | | | - L D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - A H Butler
- NOAA Earth System Research Lab, Boulder, CO
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | - S M Davis
- NOAA Earth System Research Lab, Boulder, CO
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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Abstract
We show here that stratospheric water vapor variations play an important role in the evolution of our climate. This comes from analysis of observations showing that stratospheric water vapor increases with tropospheric temperature, implying the existence of a stratospheric water vapor feedback. We estimate the strength of this feedback in a chemistry-climate model to be +0.3 W/(m(2)⋅K), which would be a significant contributor to the overall climate sensitivity. One-third of this feedback comes from increases in water vapor entering the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer, with the rest coming from increases in water vapor entering through the extratropical tropopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Dessler
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - T. Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - S. M. Davis
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305; and
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - K. H. Rosenlof
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305; and
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Doughty DC, Thompson AM, Schoeberl MR, Stajner I, Wargan K, Hui WCJ. An intercomparison of tropospheric ozone retrievals derived from two Aura instruments and measurements in western North America in 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krotkov NA, Schoeberl MR, Morris GA, Carn S, Yang K. Dispersion and lifetime of the SO2cloud from the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Dramatic springtime depletions of ozone in polar regions require that polar stratospheric air has a high degree of dynamical isolation and extremely cold temperatures necessary for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. Both of these conditions are produced within the stratospheric winter polar vortex. Recent aircraft missions have provided new information about the structure of polar vortices during winter and their relation to polar ozone depletions. The aircraft data show that gradients of potential vorticity and the concentration of conservative trace species are large at the transition from mid-latitude to polar air. The presence of such sharp gradients at the boundary of polar air implies that the inward mixing of heat and constituents is strongly inhibited and that the perturbed polar stratospheric chemistry associated with the ozone hole is isolated from the rest of the stratosphere until the vortex breaks up in late spring. The overall size of the polar vortex thus limits the maximum areal coverage of the annual polar ozone depletions. Because it appears that this limit has not been reached for the Antarctic depletions, the possibility of future increases in the size of the Antarctic ozone hole is left open. In the Northern Hemisphere, the smaller vortex and the more restricted region of cold temperatures suggest that this region has a smaller theoretical maximum for column ozone depletion, about 40 percent of the currently observed change in the Antarctic ozone column in spring.
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Stolarski RS, Pawson S, Strahan SE, Read W. Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Douglass AR, Stolarski RS, Schoeberl MR, Jackman CH, Gupta ML, Newman PA, Nielsen JE, Fleming EL. Relationship of loss, mean age of air and the distribution of CFCs to stratospheric circulation and implications for atmospheric lifetimes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Newman PA, Lait LR, Lary D, Waters J, Livesey N, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Read W, Filipiak MJ, Pumphrey HC. QBO and annual cycle variations in tropical lower stratosphere trace gases from HALOE and Aura MLS observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. R. Douglass
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - P. A. Newman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - L. R. Lait
- University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - D. Lary
- University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - J. Waters
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - N. Livesey
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. Froidevaux
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Lambert
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. Read
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. J. Filipiak
- School of GeoSciences; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - H. C. Pumphrey
- School of GeoSciences; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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Schoeberl MR, Ziemke JR, Bojkov B, Livesey N, Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia PK, Chandra S, Levelt PF, Witte JC, Thompson AM, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick DW, Davies J, Bodeker G, Hansen G, Johnson BJ, Oltmans SJ, Vömel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin-Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude H, Andersen SB, Kyrö E, Parrondos M, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stübi R, Calpini B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin FJ, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, Morris G, Merrill J, Leong CP, Koenig-Langlo G, Joseph E. A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schoeberl MR, Kawa SR, Douglass AR, McGee TJ, Browell EV, Waters J, Livesey N, Read W, Froidevaux L, Santee ML, Pumphrey HC, Lait LR, Twigg L. Chemical observations of a polar vortex intrusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Colarco PR, Schoeberl MR, Doddridge BG, Marufu LT, Torres O, Welton EJ. Transport of smoke from Canadian forest fires to the surface near Washington, D.C.: Injection height, entrainment, and optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Colarco
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | | | - B. G. Doddridge
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - L. T. Marufu
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - O. Torres
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology; University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - E. J. Welton
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Hilsenrath E, Bhartia PK, Barnett J, Gille J, Beer R, Gunson M, Waters J, Levelt PF, DeCola P. Earth Observing System missions benefit atmospheric research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004eo180001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herman RL, Drdla K, Spackman JR, Hurst DF, Popp PJ, Webster CR, Romashkin PA, Elkins JW, Weinstock EM, Gandrud BW, Toon GC, Schoeberl MR, Jost H, Atlas EL, Bui TP. Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. R. Spackman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. F. Hurst
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. A. Romashkin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. M. Weinstock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Drdla K, Schoeberl MR, Browell EV. Microphysical modeling of the 1999-2000 Arctic winter: 1. Polar stratospheric clouds, denitrification, and dehydration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Kawa SR, Bevilacqua RM, Margitan JJ, Douglass AR, Schoeberl MR, Hoppel KW, Sen B. Interaction between dynamics and chemistry of ozone in the setup phase of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Kawa
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - J. J. Margitan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. R. Douglass
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - K. W. Hoppel
- Naval Research Laboratory; Washington, D. C. USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Abstract
Optical depth records indicate that volcanic aerosols from major eruptions often produce clouds that have greater surface area than typical Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). A trajectory cloud-chemistry model is used to study how volcanic aerosols could affect springtime Arctic ozone loss processes, such as chlorine activation and denitrification, in a cold winter within the current range of natural variability. Several studies indicate that severe denitrification can increase Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%. We show large PSC particles that cause denitrification in a nonvolcanic stratosphere cannot efficiently form in a volcanic environment. However, volcanic aerosols, when present at low altitudes, where Arctic PSCs cannot form, can extend the vertical range of chemical ozone loss in the lower stratosphere. Chemical processing on volcanic aerosols over a 10-km altitude range could increase the current levels of springtime column ozone loss by up to 70% independent of denitrification. Climate models predict that the lower stratosphere is cooling as a result of greenhouse gas built-up in the troposphere. The magnitude of column ozone loss calculated here for the 1999--2000 Arctic winter, in an assumed volcanic state, is similar to that projected for a colder future nonvolcanic stratosphere in the 2010 decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Earth Science Division, MS: 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Douglass AR, Schoeberl MR, Kawa SR, Browell EV. A composite view of ozone evolution in the 1995-1996 northern winter polar vortex developed from airborne lidar and satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Homogeneous freezing of nitric acid hydrate particles can produce a polar freezing belt in either hemisphere that can cause denitrification. Computed denitrification profiles for one Antarctic and two Arctic cold winters are presented. The vertical range over which denitrification occurs is normally quite deep in the Antarctic but limited in the Arctic. A 4 kelvin decrease in the temperature of the Arctic stratosphere due to anthropogenic and/or natural effects can trigger the occurrence of widespread severe denitrification. Ozone loss is amplified in a denitrified stratosphere, so the effects of falling temperatures in promoting denitrification must be considered in assessment studies of ozone recovery trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Earth Science Division, MS:245-4 Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Weinheimer AJ, Montzka DD, Campos TL, Walega JG, Ridley BA, Donnelly SG, Keim ER, Del Negro LA, Proffitt MH, Margitan JJ, Boering KA, Andrews AE, Daube BC, Wofsy SC, Anderson BE, Collins JE, Sachse GW, Vay SA, Elkins JW, Wamsley PR, Atlas EL, Flocke F, Schauffler S, Webster CR, May RD, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Bui TP, Chan KR, Bowen SW, Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA. Comparison between DC-8 and ER-2 species measurements in the tropical middle troposphere: NO, NOy, O3, CO2, CH4, and N2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Considine DB, Dessler AE, Jackman CH, Rosenfield JE, Meade PE, Schoeberl MR, Roche AE, Waters JW. Interhemispheric asymmetry in the 1 mbar O3trend: An analysis using an interactive zonal mean model and UARS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sparling LC, Kettleborough JA, Haynes PH, McIntyre ME, Rosenfield JE, Schoeberl MR, Newman PA. Diabatic cross-isentropic dispersion in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kawa SR, Newman PA, Lait LR, Schoeberl MR, Stimpfle RM, Kohn DW, Webster CR, May RD, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Chan KR, Loewenstein M. Activation of chlorine in sulfate aerosol as inferred from aircraft observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thompson AM, Pickering KE, McNamara DP, Schoeberl MR, Hudson RD, Kim JH, Browell EV, Kirchhoff VWJH, Nganga D. Where did tropospheric ozone over southern Africa and the tropical Atlantic come from in October 1992? Insights from TOMS, GTE TRACE A, and SAFARI 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Newman PA, Lait LR, Schoeberl MR, Seablom M, Coy L, Rood R, Swinbank R, Proffitt M, Loewenstien M, Podolske JR, Elkins JW, Webster CR, May RD, Fahey DW, Dutton GS, Chan KR. Measurements of polar vortex air in the midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Waugh DW, Plumb RA, Atkinson RJ, Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA, Loewenstein M, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Webster CR, May RD. Transport out of the lower stratospheric Arctic vortex by Rossby wave breaking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Plumb RA, Waugh DW, Atkinson RJ, Newman PA, Lait LR, Schoeberl MR, Browell EV, Simmons AJ, Loewenstein M. Intrusions into the lower stratospheric Arctic vortex during the winter of 1991–1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Browell EV, Butler CF, Fenn MA, Grant WB, Ismail S, Schoeberl MR, Toon OB, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. Ozone and Aerosol Changes During the 1991-1992 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. Science 1993; 261:1155-8. [PMID: 17790351 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stratospheric ozone and aerosol distributions were measured across the wintertime Arctic vortex from January to March 1992 with an airborne lidar system as part of the 1992 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE II). Aerosols from the Mount Pinatubo eruption were found outside and inside the vortex with distinctly different distributions that clearly identified the dynamics of the vortex. Changes in aerosols inside the vortex indicated advection of air from outside to inside the vortex below 16 kilometers. No polar stratospheric clouds were observed and no evidence was found for frozen volcanic aerosols inside the vortex. Between January and March, ozone depletion was observed inside the vortex from 14 to 20 kilometers with a maximum average loss of about 23 percent near 18 kilometers.
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Salawitch RJ, Wofsy SC, Gottlieb EW, Lait LR, Newman PA, Schoeberl MR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Strahan SE, Proffitt MH, Webster CR, May RD, Fahey DW, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Kelly KK, Elkins JW, Chan KR, Anderson JG. Chemical Loss of Ozone in the Arctic Polar Vortex in the Winter of 1991-1992. Science 1993; 261:1146-9. [PMID: 17790349 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.
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Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Lait LR, Newman PA, Schoeberl MR, Fahey DW, Woodbridge EL, Anderson JG. The Seasonal Evolution of Reactive Chlorine in the Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere. Science 1993; 261:1134-6. [PMID: 17790345 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide (ClO) at mid- and high northern latitudes are reported for the period October 1991 to February 1992. As early as mid-December and throughout the winter, significant enhancements of this ozone-destroying radical were observed within the polar vortex shortly after temperatures dropped below 195 k. Decreases in ClO observed in February were consistent with the rapid formation of chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) by recombination of ClO with nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) released photochemically from nitric acid (HNO(3)). Outside the vortex, ClO abundances were higher than in previous years as a result of NOx suppression by heterogeneous reactions on sulfate aerosols enhanced by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
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Webster CR, May RD, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Anderson JG, Newman P, Lait L, Schoeberl MR, Elkins JW, Chan KR. Chlorine Chemistry on Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in the Arctic Winter. Science 1993; 261:1130-4. [PMID: 17790344 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --> Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl.
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Lowes LL, Norton RH, Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA. Evidence for subsidence in the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere from airborne infrared composition measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Moore BIII, Dozier J, Abbott MR, Butler DM, Schimel D, Schoeberl MR. The restructured Earth observing system: Instrument recommendations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90eo00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartmann DL, Chan KR, Gary BL, Schoeberl MR, Newman PA, Martin RL, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Strahan SE. Potential vorticity and mixing in the south polar vortex during spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Proffitt MH, Powell JA, Tuck AF, Fahey DW, Kelly KK, Krueger AJ, Schoeberl MR, Gary BL, Margitan JJ, Chan KR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. A chemical definition of the boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sze ND, Ko MKW, Weisenstein DK, Rodriguez JM, Stolarski RS, Schoeberl MR. Antarctic Ozone Hole: Possible implications for ozone trends in the southern hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stolarski RS, Krueger AJ, Schoeberl MR, McPeters RD, Newman PA, Alpert JC. Nimbus 7 satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease. Nature 1986. [DOI: 10.1038/322808a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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