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Corkish TR, Haakansson CT, Watson PD, McKinley AJ, Wild DA. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Structures of X - ⋅⋅⋅CH 2 O (X=F, Cl, Br, I) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:69-75. [PMID: 33184977 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical approach has been used to investigate X- ⋅⋅⋅CH2 O (X=F, Cl, Br, I) complexes in the gas phase. Photoelectron spectroscopy, in tandem with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, has been used to determine electron binding energies for the Cl- ⋅⋅⋅CH2 O, Br- ⋅⋅⋅CH2 O, and I- ⋅⋅⋅CH2 O species. Additionally, high-level CCSD(T) calculations found a C2v minimum for these three anion complexes, with predicted electron detachment energies in excellent agreement with the experimental photoelectron spectra. F- ⋅⋅⋅CH2 O was also studied theoretically, with a Cs hydrogen-bonded complex found to be the global minimum. Calculations extended to neutral X⋅⋅⋅CH2 O complexes, with the results of potential interest to atmospheric CH2 O chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Corkish
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian T Haakansson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Peter D Watson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Allan J McKinley
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Duncan A Wild
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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2
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Millet DB, Alwe HD, Chen X, Deventer MJ, Griffis TJ, Holzinger R, Bertman SB, Rickly PS, Stevens PS, Léonardis T, Locoge N, Dusanter S, Tyndall GS, Alvarez SL, Erickson MH, Flynn JH. Bidirectional Ecosystem-Atmosphere Fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds Across the Mass Spectrum: How Many Matter? ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2018; 2:764-777. [PMID: 33615099 PMCID: PMC7894362 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are simultaneously the largest source and a major sink of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the global atmosphere, and these two-way fluxes are an important source of uncertainty in current models. Here, we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry (proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface time-of-flight; PTR-QiTOF) to measure ecosystem-atmosphere VOC fluxes across the entire detected mass range (m/z 0-335) over a mixed temperate forest and use the results to test how well a state-of-science chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) is able to represent the observed reactive carbon exchange. We show that ambient humidity fluctuations can give rise to spurious VOC fluxes with PTR-based techniques and present a method to screen for such effects. After doing so, 377 of the 636 detected ions exhibited detectable gross fluxes during the study, implying a large number of species with active ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. We introduce the reactivity flux as a measure of how Earth-atmosphere fluxes influence ambient OH reactivity and show that the upward total VOC (∑VOC) carbon and reactivity fluxes are carried by a far smaller number of species than the downward fluxes. The model underpredicts the ∑VOC carbon and reactivity fluxes by 40-60% on average. However, the observed net fluxes are dominated (90% on a carbon basis, 95% on a reactivity basis) by known VOCs explicitly included in the CTM. As a result, the largest CTM uncertainties in simulating VOC carbon and reactivity exchange for this environment are associated with known rather than unrepresented species. This conclusion pertains to the set of species detectable by PTR-TOF techniques, which likely represents the majority in terms of carbon mass and OH reactivity, but not necessarily in terms of aerosol formation potential. In the case of oxygenated VOCs, the model severely underpredicts the gross fluxes and the net exchange. Here, unrepresented VOCs play a larger role, accounting for ~30% of the carbon flux and ~50% of the reactivity flux. The resulting CTM biases, however, are still smaller than those that arise from uncertainties for known and represented compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven B. Bertman
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | | | | | - Thierry Léonardis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffrey S. Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | | | - James H. Flynn
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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3
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Zhu L, Jacob DJ, Keutsch FN, Mickley LJ, Scheffe R, Strum M, González Abad G, Chance K, Yang K, Rappenglück B, Millet DB, Baasandorj M, Jaeglé L, Shah V. Formaldehyde (HCHO) As a Hazardous Air Pollutant: Mapping Surface Air Concentrations from Satellite and Inferring Cancer Risks in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5650-5657. [PMID: 28441488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the most important carcinogen in outdoor air among the 187 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), not including ozone and particulate matter. However, surface observations of HCHO are sparse and the EPA monitoring network could be prone to positive interferences. Here we use 2005-2016 summertime HCHO column data from the OMI satellite instrument, validated with high-quality aircraft data and oversampled on a 5 × 5 km2 grid, to map surface air HCHO concentrations across the contiguous U.S. OMI-derived summertime HCHO values are converted to annual averages using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. Results are in good agreement with high-quality summertime observations from urban sites (-2% bias, r = 0.95) but a factor of 1.9 lower than annual means from the EPA network. We thus estimate that up to 6600-12 500 people in the U.S. will develop cancer over their lifetimes by exposure to outdoor HCHO. The main HCHO source in the U.S. is atmospheric oxidation of biogenic isoprene, but the corresponding HCHO yield decreases as the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) decreases. A GEOS-Chem sensitivity simulation indicates that HCHO levels would decrease by 20-30% in the absence of U.S. anthropogenic NOx emissions. Thus, NOx emission controls to improve ozone air quality have a significant cobenefit in reducing HCHO-related cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Loretta J Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Richard Scheffe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Madeleine Strum
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Gonzalo González Abad
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kelly Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Bernhard Rappenglück
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Munkhbayar Baasandorj
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Viral Shah
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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Shang J, Xu WW, Ye CX, George C, Zhu T. Synergistic effect of nitrate-doped TiO 2 aerosols on the fast photochemical oxidation of formaldehyde. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1161. [PMID: 28442768 PMCID: PMC5430731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of formaldehyde (HCHO) on mineral dust affects its budget as well as particle properties, yet the process has not yet been fully investigate. Here, TiO2 and nitrate-doped TiO2 aerosols were used as proxies for mineral dust, and the uptake of HCHO was explored in a chamber under both dark and illuminated conditions. The uptake loss of HCHO on UV-illuminated aerosols is 2–9 times faster than its gaseous photolysis in our experimental system. The uptake coefficient in the range of 0.43–1.68 × 10−7 is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than previous reports on model mineral dust particles. The reaction rate exhibits a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type dependence on nitrate content and relative humidity, suggesting the competitive role of nitrate salts, water vapor and HCHO on the TiO2 surface. The reaction produces carbon dioxide as the main product and gaseous formic acid as an important intermediate. The hydroxyl radical produced on illuminated TiO2 primarily drives the fast oxidation of HCHO. The nitrate radical arising from the TiO2-catalyzed photoreaction of nitrate synergistically promotes the oxidation process. This study suggests a novel oxidation route for HCHO in the atmosphere, taking into account high abundance of both mineral dust and anthropogenic TiO2 aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wei Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Xiang Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
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5
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Schroeder JR, Crawford JH, Fried A, Walega J, Weinheimer A, Wisthaler A, Müller M, Mikoviny T, Chen G, Shook M, Blake DR, Diskin G, Estes M, Thompson AM, Lefer BL, Long R, Mattson E. Formaldehyde column density measurements as a suitable pathway to estimate near-surface ozone tendencies from space. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:13088-13112. [PMID: 32812915 PMCID: PMC7430524 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In support of future satellite missions that aim to address the current shortcomings in measuring air quality from space, NASA's Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) field campaign was designed to enable exploration of relationships between column measurements of trace species relevant to air quality at high spatial and temporal resolution. In the DISCOVER-AQ data set, a modest correlation (r 2 = 0.45) between ozone (O3) and formaldehyde (CH2O) column densities was observed. Further analysis revealed regional variability in the O3-CH2O relationship, with Maryland having a strong relationship when data were viewed temporally and Houston having a strong relationship when data were viewed spatially. These differences in regional behavior are attributed to differences in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. In Maryland, biogenic VOCs were responsible for ~28% of CH2O formation within the boundary layer column, causing CH2O to, in general, increase monotonically throughout the day. In Houston, persistent anthropogenic emissions dominated the local hydrocarbon environment, and no discernable diurnal trend in CH2O was observed. Box model simulations suggested that ambient CH2O mixing ratios have a weak diurnal trend (±20% throughout the day) due to photochemical effects, and that larger diurnal trends are associated with changes in hydrocarbon precursors. Finally, mathematical relationships were developed from first principles and were able to replicate the different behaviors seen in Maryland and Houston. While studies would be necessary to validate these results and determine the regional applicability of the O3-CH2O relationship, the results presented here provide compelling insight into the ability of future satellite missions to aid in monitoring near-surface air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Schroeder
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gao Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Shook
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Glenn Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Estes
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Barry L Lefer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Now at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Russell Long
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Mattson
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
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6
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Toda K, Yunoki S, Yanaga A, Takeuchi M, Ohira SI, Dasgupta PK. Formaldehyde content of atmospheric aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6636-6643. [PMID: 24857706 DOI: 10.1021/es500590e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a highly soluble polar molecule with a large sticking coefficient and thus likely exists in both gaseous and particulate forms. Few studies, however, address particulate HCHO (HCHO(p)). Some report that HCHO(p) concentrations (obtained only with long duration sampling) are very low. The lack of data partly reflects the difficulty of specifically measuring HCHO(p). Long duration filter sampling may not produce meaningful results for a variety of reasons. In this work, gaseous HCHO (HCHO(g)) and (HCHO(p)) were, respectively, collected with a parallel plate wet denuder (PPWD) followed by a mist chamber/hydrophilic filter particle collector (PC). The PPWD quantitatively removed HCHO(g) and the PC then collected the transmitted aerosol. The collected HCHO from either device was alternately analyzed by Hantzsch reaction-based continuous flow fluorometry. Each gas and particle phase measurement took 5 min each, with a 10 min cycle. The limits of detection were 0.048 and 0.0033 μg m(-3), respectively, for HCHO(g) and HCHO(p). The instrument was deployed in three separate campaigns in a forest station in western Japan in March, May, and July of 2013. Based on 1296 data pairs, HCHO(p), was on the average, 5% of the total HCHO. Strong diurnal patterns were observed, with the HCHO(p) fraction peaking in the morning. The relative humidity dependence of the partition strongly suggests that it is driven by the liquid water content of the aerosol phase. However, HCHO(p) was 100× greater than that expected from Henry's law. We propose that the low water activity in the highly saline droplets lead to HCHO oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Toda
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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7
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Guo S, He X, Chen M, Tan J, Wang Y. Photochemical production of atmospheric carbonyls in a rural area in southern China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:594-605. [PMID: 24615341 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, ambient carbonyls were measured in a rural area in southern China from August 2012 to February 2013 to investigate their distribution characteristics and sources. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the three most abundant carbonyls, which accounted for 83-95 % of total seven carbonyls identified. The O3 formation potential of carbonyls in summer (59.55 μg/m(3)) was approximately ten times greater than that (6.37 μg/m(3)) in winter, and calculated photolysis rates were significantly faster in summer than those in winter, suggesting intensive photochemical activities in summer. Seasonal and diurnal variations of carbonyls showed that (1) the concentration of total carbonyls in summer (12.62 ± 10.83 μg/m(3)) was approximately five times greater than that in winter (2.33 ± 0.90 μg/m(3)), and a similar trend applied to the three abundant carbonyls; (2) the average summer to winter (S/W) ratio of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was 10-13, and the S/W ratio of acetone was ~2.59; and (3) the highest concentrations of the three carbonyls and total carbonyls occurred at 14:00-16:00 with high temperature and intensive sunlight, especially in summer. These variations provided direct evidence for significant photochemical production of ambient carbonyls. Average C1/C2 ratios (3.07 ± 1.62) in summer were much greater than those (1.28 ± 0.25) in winter, and average C2/C3 ratios (35.09 ± 58.67) in summer were significantly greater than those (4.75 ± 2.12) in winter, both cases indirectly implying positive photochemical productions in summer. Especially, strong correlations (R(2) = 0.63-0.98) of temperature and sunlight intensity with the three abundant carbonyls and total carbonyls were observed, indicating a similar causal source such as significant photochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjun Guo
- School of Environment, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,
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8
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Sharkey TD, Gray DW, Pell HK, Breneman SR, Topper L. Isoprene synthase genes form a monophyletic clade of acyclic terpene synthases in the TPS-B terpene synthase family. Evolution 2012; 67:1026-40. [PMID: 23550753 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many plants emit significant amounts of isoprene, which is hypothesized to help leaves tolerate short episodes of high temperature. Isoprene emission is found in all major groups of land plants including mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; however, within these groups isoprene emission is variable. The patchy distribution of isoprene emission implies an evolutionary pattern characterized by many origins or many losses. To better understand the evolution of isoprene emission, we examine the phylogenetic relationships among isoprene synthase and monoterpene synthase genes in the angiosperms. In this study we identify nine new isoprene synthases within the rosid angiosperms. We also document the capacity of a myrcene synthase in Humulus lupulus to produce isoprene. Isoprene synthases and (E)-β-ocimene synthases form a monophyletic group within the Tps-b clade of terpene synthases. No asterid genes fall within this clade. The chemistry of isoprene synthase and ocimene synthase is similar and likely affects the apparent relationships among Tps-b enzymes. The chronology of rosid evolution suggests a Cretaceous origin followed by many losses of isoprene synthase over the course of evolutionary history. The phylogenetic pattern of Tps-b genes indicates that isoprene emission from non-rosid angiosperms likely arose independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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9
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Marais EA, Jacob DJ, Kurosu TP, Chance K, Murphy JG, Reeves C, Mills G, Casadio S, Millet DB, Barkley MP, Paulot F, Mao J. Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:6219-6235. [PMID: 33688332 PMCID: PMC7939075 DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-6219-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We use 2005-2009 satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns from the OMI instrument to infer biogenic isoprene emissions at monthly 1 × 1° resolution over the African continent. Our work includes new approaches to remove biomass burning influences using OMI absorbing aerosol optical depth data (to account for transport of fire plumes) and anthropogenic influences using AATSR satellite data for persistent small-flame fires (gas flaring). The resulting biogenic HCHO columns (ΩHCHO) from OMI follow closely the distribution of vegetation patterns in Africa. We infer isoprene emission (E ISOP) from the local sensitivity S = ΔΩHCHO / ΔE ISOP derived with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model using two alternate isoprene oxidation mechanisms, and verify the validity of this approach using AMMA aircraft observations over West Africa and a longitudinal transect across central Africa. Displacement error (smearing) is diagnosed by anomalously high values of S and the corresponding data are removed. We find significant sensitivity of S to NOx under low-NOx conditions that we fit to a linear function of tropospheric column NO2. We estimate a 40% error in our inferred isoprene emissions under high-NOx conditions and 40-90% under low-NOx conditions. Our results suggest that isoprene emission from the central African rainforest is much lower than estimated by the state-of-the-science MEGAN inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Marais
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T. P. Kurosu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K. Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. G. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Reeves
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - G. Mills
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - S. Casadio
- Instrument Data quality Evaluation and Analysis (IDEAS), Serco Spa Via Sciadonna 24, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - M. P. Barkley
- Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - F. Paulot
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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10
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Lin YC, Schwab JJ, Demerjian KL, Bae MS, Chen WN, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Hung HM, Perry J. Summertime formaldehyde observations in New York City: Ambient levels, sources and its contribution to HOx radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Toda K, Tokunaga W, Gushiken Y, Hirota K, Nose T, Suda D, Nagai J, Ohira SI. Mobile monitoring along a street canyon and stationary forest air monitoring of formaldehyde by means of a micro-gas analysis system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1462-72. [PMID: 22508343 DOI: 10.1039/c2em10935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A micro-gas analysis system (μGAS) was developed for mobile monitoring and continuous measurements of atmospheric HCHO. HCHO gas was trapped into an absorbing/reaction solution continuously using a microchannel scrubber in which the microchannels were patterned in a honeycomb structure to form a wide absorbing area with a thin absorbing solution layer. Fluorescence was monitored after reaction of the collected HCHO with 2,4-pentanedione (PD) in the presence of acetic acid/ammonium acetate. The system was portable, battery-driven, highly sensitive (limit of detection = 0.01 ppbv) and had good time resolution (response time 50 s). The results revealed that the PD chemistry was subject to interference from O(3). The mechanism of this interference was investigated and the problem was addressed by incorporating a wet denuder. Mobile monitoring was performed along traffic roads, and elevated HCHO levels in a street canyon were evident upon mapping of the obtained data. The system was also applied to stationary monitoring in a forest in which HCHO formed naturally via reaction of biogenic compounds with oxidants. Concentrations of a few ppbv-HCHO and several-tens of ppbv of O(3) were then simultaneously monitored with the μGAS in forest air monitoring campaigns. The obtained 1 h average data were compared with those obtained by 1 h impinger collection and offsite GC-MS analysis after derivatization with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBOA). From the obtained data in the forest, daily variations of chemical HCHO production and loss are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Toda
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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12
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Zhou X, Huang G, Civerolo K, Schwab J. Measurement of atmospheric hydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, and formaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2753-2759. [PMID: 19475945 DOI: 10.1021/es803025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A method has been modified and optimized for the measurements of hydroxyacetone as well as formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, based on aqueous scrubbing using a coil sampler followed by DNPH derivatization and HPLC analysis. Derivatization equilibrium and kinetics were studied to optimize the hydroxyacetone-DNPH derivative yield. It was found that the low sensitivity of hydroxyacetone by this method is due to a relatively small equilibrium constant for the hydroxyacetone-DNPH derivatization reaction, and thus it can be improved by increasing DNPH reagent concentration. In a medium containing 500 microM DNPH and 50 mM HCl, the derivatization reaches equilibrium within 30 min. An online reagent purification procedure using a DNPH-saturated Sep-Pak C-18 cartridge effectively removed hydrazone impurities in the DNPH reagent solution, and a sample preconcentration procedure using a C-18 guard column greatly enhanced the sensitivity and lowered the detection limits. The lower detection limits of the system under optimized conditions are 30, 9, and 36 pptv for hydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, and formaldehyde, respectively, with a sampling/analysis cycle time of 30 min. The method has been successfully deployed at a rural site in Pinnacle State Park in Addison, NY, for a 5 week period during the summer of 1998. The ambient concentration means (medians) were 372 (332), 301 (323), and 2040 (2030) pptv for hydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, and formaldehyde, respectively. A late-afternoon maximum and an early morning minimum were observed in the diurnal concentration distributions of all three carbonyl compounds. Good correlations among the three carbonyl compounds suggest that they originated from a common source, i.e., photochemical oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons. Formaldehyde photolysis accounted for about 23% of the total radical photoproduction, whereas contributionsfrom hydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde photolysis were insignificant because of the much slower photolysis and lower concentrations of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, New York, USA.
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Millet DB, Jacob DJ, Boersma KF, Fu TM, Kurosu TP, Chance K, Heald CL, Guenther A. Spatial distribution of isoprene emissions from North America derived from formaldehyde column measurements by the OMI satellite sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mugnai M, Cardini G, Schettino V, Nielsen C. Ab initiomolecular dynamics study of aqueous formaldehyde and methanediol. Mol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701513864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Feilberg KL, Johnson MS, Bacak A, Röckmann T, Nielsen CJ. Relative Tropospheric Photolysis Rates of HCHO and HCDO Measured at the European Photoreactor Facility. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9034-46. [PMID: 17718452 DOI: 10.1021/jp070185x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relative photolysis rates of HCHO and HCDO have been studied in May 2004 at the European Photoreactor Facility (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The photolytic loss of HCDO was measured relative to HCHO by long path FT-IR and DOAS detection during the course of the experiment. The isotopic composition of the reaction product H(2) was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) on air samples taken during the photolysis experiments. The relative photolysis rate obtained by FTIR is j(HCHO)/j(HCDO) = 1.58 +/- 0.03. The ratios of the photolysis rates for the molecular and the radical channels obtained from the IRMS data, in combination with the quantum yield of the molecular channel in the photolysis of HCHO, Phi(HCHO-->H(2)+CO) (JPL Publication 06-2), are j(HCHO-->H(2)+CO/jHCDO-->HD+CO) = 1.82 +/- 0.07 and j(HCHO-->H+HCO/(jHCDO-->H+DCO + jHCDO-->D+HCO)) = 1.10 +/- 0.06. The atmospheric implications of the large isotope effect in the relative rate of photolysis and quantum yield of the formaldehyde isotopologues are discussed in relation to the global hydrogen budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Feilberg
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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Salisbury G, Williams J, Gros V, Bartenbach S, Xu X, Fischer H, Kormann R, de Reus M, Zöllner M. Assessing the effect of a Saharan dust storm on oxygenated organic compounds at Izaña, Tenerife (July–August 2002). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Palmer PI, Abbot DS, Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Chance K, Kurosu TP, Guenther A, Wiedinmyer C, Stanton JC, Pilling MJ, Pressley SN, Lamb B, Sumner AL. Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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González MC, San Román E. Environmental Photochemistry in Heterogeneous Media. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b138179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Feilberg KL, D'Anna B, Johnson MS, Nielsen CJ. Relative Tropospheric Photolysis Rates of HCHO, H13CHO, HCH18O, and DCDO Measured at the European Photoreactor Facility. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:8314-9. [PMID: 16834221 DOI: 10.1021/jp0513723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The relative photolysis rates of HCHO, H13CHO, HCH18O, and DCDO were studied in pseudo-natural tropospheric conditions in July 2003 at the European Photoreactor Facility (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The photolytic decay of HCHO, H13CHO, and HCH18O is measured relative to DCDO by long path FT-IR detection during the course of about 3 h of sunlight. The relative photolysis rates obtained are as follows: JH13CHO/JHCHO = 0.894 +/- 0.006, JHCH18O/JHCHO = 0.911 +/- 0.011, and JDCDO/JHCHO = 0.597 +/- 0.001. The errors represent 1sigma and do not include possible systematic errors. The atmospheric implications of the large isotope effects in the photolysis of formaldehyde are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Feilberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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Wen S, Feng Y, Yu Y, Bi X, Wang X, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P. Development of a compound-specific isotope analysis method for atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:6202-7. [PMID: 16173582 DOI: 10.1021/es049553q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel method determining compound-specific carbon isotopic compositions for atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in ppb or sub-ppb levels by gas chromatography/ combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/ IRMS) is presented. Atmospheric carbonyls are collected using the conventional 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization method, and their delta13C values are calculated based on stoichiometric mass balance after measuring the carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonyl-DNPH derivatives and DNPH, respectively. Using formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and DNPH standards with their delta13C values predetermined, the delta13C fractionation is evaluated for derivatization processes both in solutions and in simulation experiment of atmospheric sampling. In these two derivatization systems, through reduplicate delta13C analysis, good reproducibility of the derivertization process is found with an average error of less than 0.5 per thousand, and the differences between the predicted and the measured delta13C values range from -0.18 to 0.49 per thousand, indicating that the derivatization process introduces no isotopic fractionation for both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Thus, the delta13C values of the original underivatized carbonyls can be accurately calculated through mass balance equation. Using the method developed, preliminary tests of atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at two urban sites were conducted and revealed significant differences of their isotopic compositions, implying possible application of the method in helping us understand the primary emission, secondary formation, or removal processes of carbonyls in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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21
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Espada C, Shepson PB. The production of organic nitrates from atmospheric oxidation of ethers and glycol ethers. INT J CHEM KINET 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Feilberg KL, Johnson MS, Nielsen CJ. Relative Reaction Rates of HCHO, HCDO, DCDO, H13CHO, and HCH18O with OH, Cl, Br, and NO3 Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Feilberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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Grossenbacher JW. A comparison of isoprene nitrate concentrations at two forest-impacted sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mihele CM. Radical chemistry at a forested continental site: Results from the PROPHET 1997 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sillman S, Carroll MA, Thornberry T, Lamb BK, Westberg H, Brune WH, Faloona I, Tan D, Shepson PB, Sumner AL, Hastie DR, Mihele CM, Apel EC, Riemer DD, Zika RG. Loss of isoprene and sources of nighttime OH radicals at a rural site in the United States: Results from photochemical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanford Sillman
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Mary Anne Carroll
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Troy Thornberry
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Brian K. Lamb
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman Washington USA
| | - Hal Westberg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman Washington USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - David Tan
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Paul B. Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Ann Louise Sumner
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Donald R. Hastie
- Department of Chemistry; York University; North York, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Eric C. Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. D. Riemer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rod G. Zika
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Apel EC. Measurement and interpretation of isoprene fluxes and isoprene, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone mixing ratios at the PROPHET site during the 1998 Intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carroll MA, Bertman SB, Shepson PB. Overview of the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) summer 1998 measurements intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thornberry T, Carroll MA, Keeler GJ, Sillman S, Bertman SB, Pippin MR, Ostling K, Grossenbacher JW, Shepson PB, Cooper OR, Moody JL, Stockwell WR. Observations of reactive oxidized nitrogen and speciation of NOyduring the PROPHET summer 1998 intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Faloona I, Tan D, Brune W, Hurst J, Barket D, Couch TL, Shepson P, Apel E, Riemer D, Thornberry T, Carroll MA, Sillman S, Keeler GJ, Sagady J, Hooper D, Paterson K. Nighttime observations of anomalously high levels of hydroxyl radicals above a deciduous forest canopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooper OR, Moody JL, Thornberry TD, Town MS, Carroll MA. PROPHET 1998 meteorological overview and air-mass classification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hurst JM, Barket DJ, Herrera-Gomez O, Couch TL, Shepson PB, Faloona I, Tan D, Brune W, Westberg H, Lamb B, Biesenthal T, Young V, Goldstein A, Munger JW, Thornberry T, Carroll MA. Investigation of the nighttime decay of isoprene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tan D, Faloona I, Simpas JB, Brune W, Shepson PB, Couch TL, Sumner AL, Carroll MA, Thornberry T, Apel E, Riemer D, Stockwell W. HOxbudgets in a deciduous forest: Results from the PROPHET summer 1998 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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