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Anderson JG, Clapp CE. Coupling free radical catalysis, climate change, and human health. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10569-10587. [PMID: 29638230 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the chain of mechanisms linking free radical catalytic loss of stratospheric ozone, specifically over the central United States in summer, to increased climate forcing by CO2 and CH4 from fossil fuel use. This case directly engages detailed knowledge, emerging from in situ aircraft observations over the polar regions in winter, defining the temperature and water vapor dependence of the kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical form (ClO). Analysis is placed in the context of irreversible changes to specific subsystems of the climate, most notably coupled feedbacks that link rapid changes in the Arctic with the discovery that convective storms over the central US in summer both suppress temperatures and inject water vapor deep into the stratosphere. This places the lower stratosphere over the US in summer within the same photochemical catalytic domain as the lower stratosphere of the Arctic in winter engaging the risk of amplifying the rate limiting step in the ClO dimer catalytic mechanism by some six orders of magnitude. This transitions the catalytic loss rate of ozone in lower stratosphere over the United States in summer from HOx radical control to ClOx radical control, increasing the overall ozone loss rate by some two orders of magnitude over that of the unperturbed state. Thus we address, through a combination of observations and modeling, the mechanistic foundation defining why stratospheric ozone, vulnerable to increased climate forcing, is one of the most delicate aspects of habitability on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Anderson JG, Weisenstein DK, Bowman KP, Homeyer CR, Smith JB, Wilmouth DM, Sayres DS, Klobas JE, Leroy SS, Dykema JA, Wofsy SC. Stratospheric ozone over the United States in summer linked to observations of convection and temperature via chlorine and bromine catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4905-E4913. [PMID: 28584119 PMCID: PMC5488921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619318114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present observations defining (i) the frequency and depth of convective penetration of water into the stratosphere over the United States in summer using the Next-Generation Radar system; (ii) the altitude-dependent distribution of inorganic chlorine established in the same coordinate system as the radar observations; (iii) the high resolution temperature structure in the stratosphere over the United States in summer that resolves spatial and structural variability, including the impact of gravity waves; and (iv) the resulting amplification in the catalytic loss rates of ozone for the dominant halogen, hydrogen, and nitrogen catalytic cycles. The weather radar observations of ∼2,000 storms, on average, each summer that reach the altitude of rapidly increasing available inorganic chlorine, coupled with observed temperatures, portend a risk of initiating rapid heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine to free radical form on ubiquitous sulfate-water aerosols; this, in turn, engages the element of risk associated with ozone loss in the stratosphere over the central United States in summer based upon the same reaction network that reduces stratospheric ozone over the Arctic. The summertime development of the upper-level anticyclonic flow over the United States, driven by the North American Monsoon, provides a means of retaining convectively injected water, thereby extending the time for catalytic ozone loss over the Great Plains. Trusted decadal forecasts of UV dosage over the United States in summer require understanding the response of this dynamical and photochemical system to increased forcing of the climate by increasing levels of CO2 and CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Debra K Weisenstein
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kenneth P Bowman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - Jessica B Smith
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David M Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David S Sayres
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - J Eric Klobas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Stephen S Leroy
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - John A Dykema
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Unexpected variations in the triple oxygen isotope composition of stratospheric carbon dioxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17680-5. [PMID: 23940331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213082110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report observations of stratospheric CO2 that reveal surprisingly large anomalous enrichments in (17)O that vary systematically with latitude, altitude, and season. The triple isotope slopes reached 1.95 ± 0.05(1σ) in the middle stratosphere and 2.22 ± 0.07 in the Arctic vortex versus 1.71 ± 0.03 from previous observations and a remarkable factor of 4 larger than the mass-dependent value of 0.52. Kinetics modeling of laboratory measurements of photochemical ozone-CO2 isotope exchange demonstrates that non-mass-dependent isotope effects in ozone formation alone quantitatively account for the (17)O anomaly in CO2 in the laboratory, resolving long-standing discrepancies between models and laboratory measurements. Model sensitivities to hypothetical mass-dependent isotope effects in reactions involving O3, O((1)D), or CO2 and to an empirically derived temperature dependence of the anomalous kinetic isotope effects in ozone formation then provide a conceptual framework for understanding the differences in the isotopic composition and the triple isotope slopes between the laboratory and the stratosphere and between different regions of the stratosphere. This understanding in turn provides a firmer foundation for the diverse biogeochemical and paleoclimate applications of (17)O anomalies in tropospheric CO2, O2, mineral sulfates, and fossil bones and teeth, which all derive from stratospheric CO2.
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Terao Y, Sugita T, Sasano Y. Ozone loss rates in the Arctic winter stratosphere during 1994-2000 derived from POAM II/III and ILAS observations: Implications for relationships among ozone loss, PSC occurrence, and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kuttippurath J, Kleinböhl A, Sinnhuber M, Bremer H, Küllmann H, Notholt J, Godin-Beekmann S, Tripathi O, Nikulin G. Arctic ozone depletion in 2002-2003 measured by ASUR and comparison with POAM observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Kleinböhl
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Miriam Sinnhuber
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- IMK, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Holger Bremer
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Harry Küllmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Justus Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | | | - Omprakash Tripathi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Grigory Nikulin
- Rossby Centre; Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; Norrköping Sweden
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Toon OB, Starr DO, Jensen EJ, Newman PA, Platnick S, Schoeberl MR, Wennberg PO, Wofsy SC, Kurylo MJ, Maring H, Jucks KW, Craig MS, Vasques MF, Pfister L, Rosenlof KH, Selkirk HB, Colarco PR, Kawa SR, Mace GG, Minnis P, Pickering KE. Planning, implementation, and first results of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Large and unexpected enrichment in stratospheric 16O13C18O and its meridional variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11496-501. [PMID: 19564595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902930106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stratospheric CO(2) oxygen isotope budget is thought to be governed primarily by the O((1)D)+CO(2) isotope exchange reaction. However, there is increasing evidence that other important physical processes may be occurring that standard isotopic tools have been unable to identify. Measuring the distribution of the exceedingly rare CO(2) isotopologue (16)O(13)C(18)O, in concert with (18)O and (17)O abundances, provides sensitivities to these additional processes and, thus, is a valuable test of current models. We identify a large and unexpected meridional variation in stratospheric (16)O(13)C(18)O, observed as proportions in the polar vortex that are higher than in any naturally derived CO(2) sample to date. We show, through photochemical experiments, that lower (16)O(13)C(18)O proportions observed in the midlatitudes are determined primarily by the O((1)D)+CO(2) isotope exchange reaction, which promotes a stochastic isotopologue distribution. In contrast, higher (16)O(13)C(18)O proportions in the polar vortex show correlations with long-lived stratospheric tracer and bulk isotope abundances opposite to those observed at midlatitudes and, thus, opposite to those easily explained by O((1)D)+CO(2). We believe the most plausible explanation for this meridional variation is either an unrecognized isotopic fractionation associated with the mesospheric photochemistry of CO(2) or temperature-dependent isotopic exchange on polar stratospheric clouds. Unraveling the ultimate source of stratospheric (16)O(13)C(18)O enrichments may impose additional isotopic constraints on biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange, biosphere productivity, and their respective responses to climate change.
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Mar KA, McCarthy MC, Connell P, Boering KA. Modeling the photochemical origins of the extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric H2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Spackman JR, Weinstock EM, Anderson JG, Hurst DF, Jost HJ, Schauffler SM. Aircraft observations of rapid meridional transport from the tropical tropopause layer into the lowermost stratosphere: Implications for midlatitude ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tripathi OP, Godin-Beekmann S, Lefèvre F, Pazmiño A, Hauchecorne A, Chipperfield M, Feng W, Millard G, Rex M, Streibel M, von der Gathen P. Comparison of polar ozone loss rates simulated by one-dimensional and three-dimensional models with Match observations in recent Antarctic and Arctic winters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Konopka P, Engel A, Funke B, Müller R, Grooß JU, Günther G, Wetter T, Stiller G, von Clarmann T, Glatthor N, Oelhaf H, Wetzel G, López-Puertas M, Pirre M, Huret N, Riese M. Ozone loss driven by nitrogen oxides and triggered by stratospheric warmings can outweigh the effect of halogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Gamblin B, Toon OB, Tolbert MA, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Irie H, Koike M, Ballenthin JO, Hunton DE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Anderson BE, Avery M, Sachse GW, Podolske JR, Guenther K, Sorenson C, Mahoney MJ. Nitric acid condensation on ice: 1. Non-HNO3constituent of NOYcondensing cirrus particles on upper tropospheric. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Sparling LC, Wei JC, Avallone LM. Estimating the impact of small-scale variability in satellite measurement validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Rose WI, Millard GA, Mather TA, Hunton DE, Anderson B, Oppenheimer C, Thornton BF, Gerlach TM, Viggiano AA, Kondo Y, Miller TM, Ballenthin JO. Atmospheric chemistry of a 33–34 hour old volcanic cloud from Hekla Volcano (Iceland): Insights from direct sampling and the application of chemical box modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wilmouth DM, Stimpfle RM, Anderson JG, Elkins JW, Hurst DF, Salawitch RJ, Lait LR. Evolution of inorganic chlorine partitioning in the Arctic polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Martinsson BG. Characteristics and origin of lowermost stratospheric aerosol at northern midlatitudes under volcanically quiescent conditions based on CARIBIC observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Tuck AF, Hovde SJ, Richard EC, Gao RS, Bui TP, Swartz WH, Lloyd SA. Molecular velocity distributions and generalized scale invariance in the turbulent atmosphere. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:181-93; discussion 241-64, 519-24. [PMID: 16161784 DOI: 10.1039/b410551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Airborne observations of ozone, temperature and the spectral actinic photon flux for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere April-September 1997 and January-March 2000 allow a connection to be made between the rate of production of translationally hot atoms and molecules via ozone photodissociation and the intermittency of temperature. Seen in the context of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics literature results from molecular dynamics simulations, the observed correlation between the molecular scale production of translationally hot atoms and molecules and the macroscopic fluid mechanical intermittency of temperature may imply a departure from Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions of molecular velocities, with consequences for chemistry, radiative line shapes and turbulence in the atmosphere, arising from overpopulated high velocity tails of the probability distribution functions (PDFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Tuck
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305-3328, USA
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Stimpfle RM, Wilmouth DM, Salawitch RJ, Anderson JG. First measurements of ClOOCl in the stratosphere: The coupling of ClOOCl and ClO in the Arctic polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Stimpfle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. J. Salawitch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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19
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Strahan SE. Evaluating the credibility of transport processes in simulations of ozone recovery using the Global Modeling Initiative three-dimensional model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Douglass AR. Radicals and reservoirs in the GMI chemistry and transport model: Comparison to measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Park S. Measurements of N2O isotopologues in the stratosphere: Influence of transport on the apparent enrichment factors and the isotopologue fluxes to the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Hallar AG. Measurements of ice water content in tropopause region Arctic cirrus during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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McCarthy MC. The hydrogen isotopic composition of water vapor entering the stratosphere inferred from high-precision measurements of δD-CH4and δD-H2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Konopka P. Mixing and ozone loss in the 1999–2000 Arctic vortex: Simulations with the three-dimensional Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Rahn T, Eiler JM, Boering KA, Wennberg PO, McCarthy MC, Tyler S, Schauffler S, Donnelly S, Atlas E. Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H2. Nature 2003; 424:918-21. [PMID: 12931182 DOI: 10.1038/nature01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is the second most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere after methane (CH4). In the troposphere, the D/H ratio of H2 is enriched by 120 per thousand relative to the world's oceans. This cannot be explained by the sources of H2 for which the D/H ratio has been measured to date (for example, fossil fuels and biomass burning). But the isotopic composition of H2 from its single largest source--the photochemical oxidation of methane--has yet to be determined. Here we show that the D/H ratio of stratospheric H2 develops enrichments greater than 440 per thousand, the most extreme D/H enrichment observed in a terrestrial material. We estimate the D/H ratio of H2 produced from CH4 in the stratosphere, where production is isolated from the influences of non-photochemical sources and sinks, showing that the chain of reactions producing H2 from CH4 concentrates D in the product H2. This enrichment, which we estimate is similar on a global average in the troposphere, contributes substantially to the D/H ratio of tropospheric H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom Rahn
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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26
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Crawford J. Cloud impacts on UV spectral actinic flux observed during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Schauffler SM. Chlorine budget and partitioning during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Rice AL. Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of stratospheric methane: 1. High-precision observations from the NASA ER-2 aircraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Manney GL. Variability of ozone loss during Arctic winter (1991–2000) estimated from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Manney GL. Lower stratospheric temperature differences between meteorological analyses in two cold Arctic winters and their impact on polar processing studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Jost H, Loewenstein M, Greenblatt JB, Podolske JR, Bui TP, Hurst DF, Elkins JW, Herman RL, Webster CR, Schauffler SM, Atlas EL, Newman PA, Lait LR, Wofsy SC. Mixing events revealed by anomalous tracer relationships in the Arctic vortex during winter 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Jürg Jost
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute Sonoma California USA
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
| | | | - Jeffery B. Greenblatt
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
- Now at Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - T. Paul Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
| | - Dale F. Hurst
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - James W. Elkins
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Robert L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | - Elliot L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
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32
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Herman RL, Drdla K, Spackman JR, Hurst DF, Popp PJ, Webster CR, Romashkin PA, Elkins JW, Weinstock EM, Gandrud BW, Toon GC, Schoeberl MR, Jost H, Atlas EL, Bui TP. Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. R. Spackman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. F. Hurst
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. A. Romashkin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. M. Weinstock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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33
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Pfister L, Selkirk HB, Jensen EJ, Podolske J, Sachse G, Avery M, Schoeberl MR, Mahoney MJ, Richard E. Processes controlling water vapor in the winter Arctic tropopause region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry B. Selkirk
- Space Physics Research Institute Center; Sunnyvale California USA
| | | | | | - Glen Sachse
- NASA/Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - Melody Avery
- NASA/Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | | | - Michael J. Mahoney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Kawa SR, Bevilacqua RM, Margitan JJ, Douglass AR, Schoeberl MR, Hoppel KW, Sen B. Interaction between dynamics and chemistry of ozone in the setup phase of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Kawa
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - J. J. Margitan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. R. Douglass
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - K. W. Hoppel
- Naval Research Laboratory; Washington, D. C. USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Müller R, Tilmes S, Grooß JU, McKenna DS, Müller M, Schmidt U, Toon GC, Stachnik RA, Margitan JJ, Elkins JW, Arvelius J, Russell JM. Chlorine activation and chemical ozone loss deduced from HALOE and balloon measurements in the Arctic during the winter of 1999-2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Grooß
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Daniel S. McKenna
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ulrich Schmidt
- Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Geoffrey C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Robert A. Stachnik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - James J. Margitan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - James W. Elkins
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - James M. Russell
- Center for Atmospheric Sciences; Hampton University; Hampton Virginia USA
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Greenblatt JB. Tracer-based determination of vortex descent in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koike M. Redistribution of reactive nitrogen in the Arctic lower stratosphere in the 1999/2000 winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Salawitch RJ. Chemical loss of ozone during the Arctic winter of 1999/2000: An analysis based on balloon-borne observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swartz WH. Photochemical ozone loss in the Arctic as determined by MSX/UVISI stellar occultation observations during the 1999/2000 winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hurst DF. Construction of a unified, high-resolution nitrous oxide data set for ER-2 flights during SOLVE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jensen EJ. Impact of polar stratospheric cloud particle composition, number density, and lifetime on denitrification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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