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Daggitt TA, Horne RB, Glauert SA, Del Zanna G, Albert JM. Chorus wave power at the strong diffusion limit overcomes electron losses due to strong diffusion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1800. [PMID: 38413603 PMCID: PMC10899562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Earth's radiation belts consist of high-energy charged particles trapped by Earth's magnetic field. Strong pitch angle diffusion of electrons caused by wave-particle interaction in Earth's radiation belts has primarily been considered as a loss process, as trapped electrons are rapidly diffused into the loss cone and lost to the atmosphere. However, the wave power necessary to produce strong diffusion should also produce rapid energy diffusion, and has not been considered in this context. Here we provide evidence of strong diffusion using satellite data. We use two-dimensional Fokker-Planck simulations of electron diffusion in pitch angle and energy to show that scaling up chorus wave power to the strong diffusion limit produces rapid acceleration of electrons, sufficient to outweigh the losses due to strong diffusion. The rate of losses saturates at the strong diffusion limit, whilst the rate of acceleration does not. This leads to the surprising result of an increase, not a decrease in the trapped electron population during strong diffusion due to chorus waves as expected when treating strong diffusion as a loss process. Our results suggest there is a tipping point in chorus wave power between net loss and net acceleration that global radiation belt models need to capture to better forecast hazardous radiation levels that damage satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Daggitt
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R B Horne
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - G Del Zanna
- Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA
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2
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Angelopoulos V, Zhang XJ, Artemyev AV, Mourenas D, Tsai E, Wilkins C, Runov A, Liu J, Turner DL, Li W, Khurana K, Wirz RE, Sergeev VA, Meng X, Wu J, Hartinger MD, Raita T, Shen Y, An X, Shi X, Bashir MF, Shen X, Gan L, Qin M, Capannolo L, Ma Q, Russell CL, Masongsong EV, Caron R, He I, Iglesias L, Jha S, King J, Kumar S, Le K, Mao J, McDermott A, Nguyen K, Norris A, Palla A, Roosnovo A, Tam J, Xie E, Yap RC, Ye S, Young C, Adair LA, Shaffer C, Chung M, Cruce P, Lawson M, Leneman D, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Hesford B, Krieger R, Lian K, McKinney E, Miller JP, Pedersen C, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rubly M, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Thomlinson D, Turner W, Wing G, Wong C, Zarifian A. Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023; 219:37. [PMID: 37448777 PMCID: PMC10335998 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or Δ L ∼ 0.56 ) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at L ∼ 5 - 7 at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at L ∼ 8 - 12 at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an L -shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of ∼ 1.45 MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Angelopoulos
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X.-J. Zhang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - A. V. Artemyev
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | - E. Tsai
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Wilkins
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Runov
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - J. Liu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - D. L. Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland USA
| | - W. Li
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - K. Khurana
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. E. Wirz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - V. A. Sergeev
- University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - X. Meng
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. Wu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. D. Hartinger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | - T. Raita
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Y. Shen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X. An
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X. Shi
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. F. Bashir
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X. Shen
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Gan
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Qin
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Capannolo
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Q. Ma
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - C. L. Russell
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - E. V. Masongsong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. Caron
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - I. He
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - L. Iglesias
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA
| | - S. Jha
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
| | - J. King
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - S. Kumar
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - K. Le
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - J. Mao
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Raybeam, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041 USA
| | - A. McDermott
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - K. Nguyen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
| | - A. Norris
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Palla
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Reliable Robotics Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA
| | - A. Roosnovo
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - J. Tam
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - E. Xie
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. C. Yap
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - S. Ye
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Young
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
| | - L. A. Adair
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: KSAT, Inc., Denver, CO 80231 USA
| | - C. Shaffer
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - M. Chung
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - P. Cruce
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Apple, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA
| | - M. Lawson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - D. Leneman
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. Allen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Zipline International, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - M. Anderson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Lucid Motors, Newark, CA 94560 USA
| | - M. Arreola-Zamora
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - J. Artinger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: College of Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
| | - J. Asher
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - D. Branchevsky
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. Cliffe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - K. Colton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - C. Costello
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Heliogen, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA
| | - D. Depe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Argo AI, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA
| | - B. W. Domae
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - S. Eldin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - L. Fitzgibbon
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Terran Orbital, Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - A. Flemming
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - D. M. Frederick
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - A. Gilbert
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - B. Hesford
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. Krieger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
| | - K. Lian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - E. McKinney
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA
| | - J. P. Miller
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Juniper Networks Sunnyvale, California, 94089 USA
| | - C. Pedersen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Z. Qu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Niantic Inc., San Francisco, CA 94111 USA
| | - R. Rozario
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
| | - M. Rubly
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Teledyne Scientific and Imaging, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA
| | - R. Seaton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Subramanian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - S. R. Sundin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Naval Surface Warfare Center Corona Division, Norco, CA 92860 USA
| | - A. Tan
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Epirus Inc., Torrance, CA 90501 USA
| | - D. Thomlinson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - W. Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - G. Wing
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Amazon, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - C. Wong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - A. Zarifian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
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Ni B, Zhang Y, Gu X. Identification of ring current proton precipitation driven by scattering of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:257-264. [PMID: 38932924 PMCID: PMC11197501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most intense emissions in the Earth's magnetosphere, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are regarded as a critical candidate contributing to the precipitation losses of ring current protons, which however lacks direct multi-point observations to establish the underlying physical connection. Based upon a robust conjunction between the satellite pair of Van Allen Probe B and NOAA-19, we perform a detailed analysis to capture simultaneous enhancements of EMIC waves and ring current proton precipitation. By assuming that the ring current proton precipitation is mainly caused by EMIC wave scattering, we establish a physical model between the wave-driven proton diffusion and the ratio of precipitated-to-trapped proton count rates, which is subsequently applied to infer the intensity of EMIC waves required to cause the observed proton precipitation. Our simulations indicate that the model results of EMIC wave intensity, obtained using either the observed or empirical Gaussian wave frequency spectrum, are consistent with the wave observations, within a factor of 1.5. Our study therefore strongly supports the dominant contribution of EMIC waves to the ring current proton precipitation, and offers a valuable means to construct the global profile of EMIC wave intensity using low-altitude NOAA POES proton measurements, which generally have a broad L-shell coverage and high time resolution in favor of near-real-time conversion of the global EMIC wave distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ni
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xudong Gu
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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4
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A missing dusk-side loss process in the terrestrial electron ring current. Sci Rep 2023; 13:970. [PMID: 36653461 PMCID: PMC9849215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Earth's magnetic field traps charged particles which are transported longitudinally around Earth, generating a near-circular current, known as the ring current. While the ring current has been measured on the ground and space for many decades, the enhancement of the ring current during geomagnetic storms is still not well understood, due to many processes contributing to its dynamics on different time scales. Here, we show that existing ring current models systematically overestimate electron flux observations of 10-50 keV on the nightside during storm onset. By analyzing electron drift trajectories, we show that this systematic overestimation of flux can be explained through a missing loss process which operates in the pre-midnight sector. Quantifying this loss reveals that the theoretical upper limit of loss has to be reached over a broad region of space in order to reproduce the observations. This missing loss may be attributed to inaccuracies in the parameterization of the loss due to chorus wave interactions, combined with the scattering by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves which is currently not included in ring current models.
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5
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Mourenas D, Artemyev AV, Zhang X, Angelopoulos V. Extreme Energy Spectra of Relativistic Electron Flux in the Outer Radiation Belt. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2022JA031038. [PMID: 36591600 PMCID: PMC9788025 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron diffusion by whistler-mode chorus waves is one of the key processes controlling the dynamics of relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth's radiation belts. It is responsible for the acceleration of sub-relativistic electrons injected from the plasma sheet to relativistic energies as well as for their precipitation and loss into the atmosphere. Based on analytical estimates of chorus wave-driven quasi-linear electron energy and pitch-angle diffusion rates, we provide analytical steady-state solutions to the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation for the relativistic electron distribution and flux. The impact on these steady-state solutions of additional electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, and of ultralow frequency waves are examined. Such steady-state solutions correspond to hard energy spectra at 1-4 MeV, dangerous for satellite electronics, and represent attractors for the system dynamics in the presence of sufficiently strong driving by continuous injections of 10-300 keV electrons. Therefore, these analytical steady-state solutions provide a simple means for estimating the most extreme electron energy spectra potentially encountered in the outer radiation belt, despite the great variability of injections and plasma conditions. These analytical steady-state solutions are compared with numerical simulations based on the full Fokker-Planck equation and with relativistic electron flux spectra measured by satellites during one extreme event and three strong events of high time-integrated geomagnetic activity, demonstrating a good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mourenas
- CEADAMDIFArpajonFrance
- Laboratoire Matière en Conditions ExtrêmesCEAParis‐Saclay UniversityBruyères‐le‐ChâtelFrance
| | - A. V. Artemyev
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - X.‐J. Zhang
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTXUSA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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6
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An X, Artemyev A, Angelopoulos V, Zhang X, Mourenas D, Bortnik J. Nonresonant Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in Earth's Radiation Belts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:135101. [PMID: 36206419 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.135101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves are expected to pitch-angle scatter and cause atmospheric precipitation of relativistic (>1 MeV) electrons under typical conditions in Earth's radiation belts. However, it has been a long-standing mystery how relativistic electrons in the hundreds of keV range (but <1 MeV), which are not resonant with these waves, precipitate simultaneously with those >1 MeV. We demonstrate that, when the wave packets are short, nonresonant interactions enable such scattering of hundred-keV electrons by introducing a spread in wave number space. We generalize the quasilinear diffusion model to include nonresonant effects. The resultant model exhibits an exponential decay of the scattering rates extending below the minimum resonant energy depending on the shortness of the wave packets. This generalized model naturally explains observed nonresonant electron precipitation in the hundreds of keV concurrent with >1 MeV precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin An
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Anton Artemyev
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Vassilis Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Didier Mourenas
- CEA, DAM, DIF, Arpajon 91297, France
- Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, Paris-Saclay University, CEA, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91190, France
| | - Jacob Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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7
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Sanchez ER, Ma Q, Xu W, Marshall RA, Bortnik J, Reyes P, Varney R, Kaeppler S. A Test of Energetic Particle Precipitation Models Using Simultaneous Incoherent Scatter Radar and Van Allen Probes Observations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2021JA030179. [PMID: 36247327 PMCID: PMC9539972 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of energetic electron precipitation caused by wave-particle interactions is fundamentally important to understand the cycle of particle energization and loss of the radiation belts. One important way to determine how well the wave-particle interaction models predict losses through pitch-angle scattering into the atmospheric loss cone is the direct comparison between the ionization altitude profiles expected in the atmosphere due to the precipitating fluxes and the ionization profiles actually measured with incoherent scatter radars. This paper reports such a comparison using a forward propagation of loss-cone electron fluxes, calculated with the electron pitch angle diffusion model applied to Van Allen Probes measurements, coupled with the Boulder Electron Radiation to Ionization model, which propagates the fluxes into the atmosphere. The density profiles measured with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar operating in modes especially designed to optimize measurements in the D-region, show multiple instances of close quantitative agreement with predicted density profiles from precipitation of electrons caused by wave-particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere, alternated with intervals with large differences between observations and predictions. Several-minute long intervals of close prediction-observation approximation in the 65-93 km altitude range indicate that the whistler wave-electron interactions models are realistic and produce precipitation fluxes of electrons with energies between 10 keV and >100 keV that are consistent with observations. The alternation of close model-data agreement and poor agreement intervals indicates that the regions causing energetic electron precipitation are highly spatially localized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Robert A. Marshall
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jacob Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Center for Geospace StudiesSRI InternationalMenlo ParkCAUSA
| | - Roger Varney
- Center for Geospace StudiesSRI InternationalMenlo ParkCAUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Stephen Kaeppler
- Department of Physics and AstronomyClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
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8
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Bortnik J, Albert JM, Artemyev A, Li W, Jun C, Grach VS, Demekhov AG. Amplitude Dependence of Nonlinear Precipitation Blocking of Relativistic Electrons by Large Amplitude EMIC Waves. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL098365. [PMID: 36246783 PMCID: PMC9541690 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that ElectroMagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves tend to occur in four distinct regions, each having their own characteristics and morphology. Here, we use nonlinear test-particle simulations to examine the range of energetic electron scattering responses to two EMIC wave groups that occur at low L-shells and overlap the outer radiation belt electrons. The first group consists of low-density, H-band region b waves, and the second group consists of high-density, He-band region c waves. Results show that while low-density EMIC waves cannot precipitate electrons below ∼16 MeV, the high density EMIC waves drive a range of linear and nonlinear behaviors including phase bunching and trapping. In particular, a nonlinear force bunching effect can rapidly advect electrons at low pitch-angles near the minimum resonant energy to larger pitch angles, effectively blocking precipitation and loss. This effect contradicts conventional expectations and may have profound implication for observational campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jay M. Albert
- United States Air Force Research LaboratoryAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Anton Artemyev
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Space Research Institute RASMoscowRussia
| | - Wen Li
- Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Chae‐Woo Jun
- Solar‐Terrestrial Environment LaboratoryNagoya‐ShiJapan
| | - Veronika S. Grach
- Institute of Applied PhysicsRussian Academy of SciencesNizhny NovgorodRussia
| | - Andrei G. Demekhov
- Institute of Applied PhysicsRussian Academy of SciencesNizhny NovgorodRussia
- Polar Geophysical InstituteApatityRussia
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9
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Vines SK, Anderson BJ, Allen RC, Denton RE, Engebretson MJ, Johnson JR, Toledo‐Redondo S, Lee JH, Turner DL, Ergun RE, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Wei H, Torbert RB, Fuselier SA, Giles BL, Burch JL. Determining EMIC Wave Vector Properties Through Multi-Point Measurements: The Wave Curl Analysis. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2021; 126:e2020JA028922. [PMID: 33868890 PMCID: PMC8047877 DOI: 10.1029/2020ja028922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves play important roles in particle loss processes in the magnetosphere. Determining the evolution of EMIC waves as they propagate and how this evolution affects wave-particle interactions requires accurate knowledge of the wave vector, k. We present a technique using the curl of the wave magnetic field to determine k observationally, enabled by the unique configuration and instrumentation of the Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) spacecraft. The wave curl analysis is demonstrated for synthetic arbitrary electromagnetic waves with varying properties typical of observed EMIC waves. The method is also applied to an EMIC wave interval observed by MMS on October 28, 2015. The derived wave properties and k from the wave curl analysis for the observed EMIC wave are compared with the Waves in Homogenous, Anisotropic, Multi-component Plasma (WHAMP) wave dispersion solution and with results from other single- and multi-spacecraft techniques. We find good agreement between k from the wave curl analysis, k determined from other observational techniques, and k determined from WHAMP. Additionally, the variation of k due to the time and frequency intervals used in the wave curl analysis is explored. This exploration demonstrates that the method is robust when applied to a wave containing at least 3-4 wave periods and over a rather wide frequency range encompassing the peak wave emission. These results provide confidence that we are able to directly determine the wave vector properties using this multi-spacecraft method implementation, enabling systematic studies of EMIC wave k properties with MMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Vines
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - B. J. Anderson
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - R. C. Allen
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - R. E. Denton
- Department of Physics and AstronomyDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | | | - J. R. Johnson
- Department of EngineeringAndrews UniversityBerrien SpringsMIUSA
| | - S. Toledo‐Redondo
- Department of Electromagnetism and ElectronicsUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - J. H. Lee
- The Aerospace CorporationEl SegundoCAUSA
| | - D. L. Turner
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado at BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - R. J. Strangeway
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesInstitute for Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - C. T. Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesInstitute for Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - H. Wei
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesInstitute for Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - R. B. Torbert
- Space Science CenterUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. A. Fuselier
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - B. L. Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - J. L. Burch
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
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10
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Angelopoulos V, Tsai E, Bingley L, Shaffer C, Turner DL, Runov A, Li W, Liu J, Artemyev AV, Zhang XJ, Strangeway RJ, Wirz RE, Shprits YY, Sergeev VA, Caron RP, Chung M, Cruce P, Greer W, Grimes E, Hector K, Lawson MJ, Leneman D, Masongsong EV, Russell CL, Wilkins C, Hinkley D, Blake JB, Adair N, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Capitelli MR, Castro R, Chao G, Chung N, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Fox I, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Gildemeister A, Gonzalez A, Hesford B, Jha S, Kang N, King J, Krieger R, Lian K, Mao J, McKinney E, Miller JP, Norris A, Nuesca M, Palla A, Park ESY, Pedersen CE, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rye E, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Turner W, Villegas AJ, Wasden M, Wing G, Wong C, Xie E, Yamamoto S, Yap R, Zarifian A, Zhang GY. The ELFIN Mission. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020; 216:103. [PMID: 32831412 PMCID: PMC7413588 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio-Temporal Ambiguity-Resolving option (ELFIN-STAR, or heretoforth simply: ELFIN) mission comprises two identical 3-Unit (3U) CubeSats on a polar (∼93∘ inclination), nearly circular, low-Earth (∼450 km altitude) orbit. Launched on September 15, 2018, ELFIN is expected to have a >2.5 year lifetime. Its primary science objective is to resolve the mechanism of storm-time relativistic electron precipitation, for which electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a prime candidate. From its ionospheric vantage point, ELFIN uses its unique pitch-angle-resolving capability to determine whether measured relativistic electron pitch-angle and energy spectra within the loss cone bear the characteristic signatures of scattering by EMIC waves or whether such scattering may be due to other processes. Pairing identical ELFIN satellites with slowly-variable along-track separation allows disambiguation of spatial and temporal evolution of the precipitation over minutes-to-tens-of-minutes timescales, faster than the orbit period of a single low-altitude satellite (Torbit ∼ 90 min). Each satellite carries an energetic particle detector for electrons (EPDE) that measures 50 keV to 5 MeV electrons with Δ E/E < 40% and a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) on a ∼72 cm boom that measures magnetic field waves (e.g., EMIC waves) in the range from DC to 5 Hz Nyquist (nominally) with <0.3 nT/sqrt(Hz) noise at 1 Hz. The spinning satellites (Tspin ∼ 3 s) are equipped with magnetorquers (air coils) that permit spin-up or -down and reorientation maneuvers. Using those, the spin axis is placed normal to the orbit plane (nominally), allowing full pitch-angle resolution twice per spin. An energetic particle detector for ions (EPDI) measures 250 keV - 5 MeV ions, addressing secondary science. Funded initially by CalSpace and the University Nanosat Program, ELFIN was selected for flight with joint support from NSF and NASA between 2014 and 2018 and launched by the ELaNa XVIII program on a Delta II rocket (with IceSatII as the primary). Mission operations are currently funded by NASA. Working under experienced UCLA mentors, with advice from The Aerospace Corporation and NASA personnel, more than 250 undergraduates have matured the ELFIN implementation strategy; developed the instruments, satellite, and ground systems and operate the two satellites. ELFIN's already high potential for cutting-edge science return is compounded by concurrent equatorial Heliophysics missions (THEMIS, Arase, Van Allen Probes, MMS) and ground stations. ELFIN's integrated data analysis approach, rapid dissemination strategies via the SPace Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), and data coordination with the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO) optimize science yield, enabling the widest community benefits. Several storm-time events have already been captured and are presented herein to demonstrate ELFIN's data analysis methods and potential. These form the basis of on-going studies to resolve the primary mission science objective. Broad energy precipitation events, precipitation bands, and microbursts, clearly seen both at dawn and dusk, extend from tens of keV to >1 MeV. This broad energy range of precipitation indicates that multiple waves are providing scattering concurrently. Many observed events show significant backscattered fluxes, which in the past were hard to resolve by equatorial spacecraft or non-pitch-angle-resolving ionospheric missions. These observations suggest that the ionosphere plays a significant role in modifying magnetospheric electron fluxes and wave-particle interactions. Routine data captures starting in February 2020 and lasting for at least another year, approximately the remainder of the mission lifetime, are expected to provide a very rich dataset to address questions even beyond the primary mission science objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Angelopoulos
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E Tsai
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - L Bingley
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Shaffer
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - D L Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - A Runov
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - W Li
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - J Liu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A V Artemyev
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - X-J Zhang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R E Wirz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Y Y Shprits
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473 Germany
| | - V A Sergeev
- Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - R P Caron
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Chung
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - P Cruce
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - W Greer
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E Grimes
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - K Hector
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - M J Lawson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - D Leneman
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E V Masongsong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C L Russell
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Wilkins
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - D Hinkley
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - J B Blake
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - N Adair
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Allen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - M Anderson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Aptiv, Agoura Hills, CA 91301 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Arreola-Zamora
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - J Artinger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - J Asher
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - D Branchevsky
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M R Capitelli
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R Castro
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - G Chao
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA 90808 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - N Chung
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SF Motors, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Cliffe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - K Colton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Planet Labs, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Costello
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - D Depe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - B W Domae
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S Eldin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - L Fitzgibbon
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - A Flemming
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - I Fox
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - D M Frederick
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Gilbert
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Gildemeister
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - A Gonzalez
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - B Hesford
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S Jha
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - N Kang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - J King
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R Krieger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
| | - K Lian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - J Mao
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Verona, WI 53593 USA
| | - E McKinney
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768 USA
| | - J P Miller
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Norris
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M Nuesca
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Palla
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E S Y Park
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Economics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C E Pedersen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Z Qu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R Rozario
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E Rye
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R Seaton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A Subramanian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - S R Sundin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - A Tan
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Experior Laboratories, Oxnard, CA 93033 USA
| | - W Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A J Villegas
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M Wasden
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - G Wing
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Wong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - E Xie
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S Yamamoto
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R Yap
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A Zarifian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - G Y Zhang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Qualcomm, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
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12
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Horne RB, Phillips MW, Glauert SA, Meredith NP, Hands ADP, Ryden KA, Li W. Realistic Worst Case for a Severe Space Weather Event Driven by a Fast Solar Wind Stream. SPACE WEATHER : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS 2018; 16:1202-1215. [PMID: 31031572 PMCID: PMC6473668 DOI: 10.1029/2018sw001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Satellite charging is one of the most important risks for satellites on orbit. Satellite charging can lead to an electrostatic discharge resulting in component damage, phantom commands, and loss of service and in exceptional cases total satellite loss. Here we construct a realistic worst case for a fast solar wind stream event lasting 5 days or more and use a physical model to calculate the maximum electron flux greater than 2 MeV for geostationary orbit. We find that the flux tends toward a value of 106 cm-2·s-1·sr-1 after 5 days and remains high for another 5 days. The resulting flux is comparable to a 1 in 150-year event found from an independent statistical analysis of electron data. Approximately 2.5 mm of Al shielding would be required to reduce the internal charging current to below the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-recommended guidelines, much more than is currently used. Thus, we would expect many satellites to report electrostatic discharge anomalies during such an event with a strong likelihood of service outage and total satellite loss. We conclude that satellites at geostationary orbit are more likely to be at risk from fast solar wind stream event than a Carrington-type storm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Li
- Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
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13
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Explaining the apparent impenetrable barrier to ultra-relativistic electrons in the outer Van Allen belt. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1844. [PMID: 29748536 PMCID: PMC5945634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations have shown the existence of an apparent impenetrable barrier at the inner edge of the ultra-relativistic outer electron radiation belt. This apparent impenetrable barrier has not been explained. However, recent studies have suggested that fast loss, such as associated with scattering into the atmosphere from man-made very-low frequency transmissions, is required to limit the Earthward extent of the belt. Here we show that the steep flux gradient at the implied barrier location is instead explained as a natural consequence of ultra-low frequency wave radial diffusion. Contrary to earlier claims, sharp boundaries in fast loss processes at the barrier are not needed. Moreover, we show that penetration to the barrier can occur on the timescale of days rather than years as previously reported, with the Earthward extent of the belt being limited by the finite duration of strong solar wind driving, which can encompass only a single geomagnetic storm. The origin of the apparent impenetrable barrier in the outer Van Allen belt is still uncertain. Here, the authors report that penetration to the barrier can occur by means of ultra-low frequency wave transport, enabling ultra-relativistic electrons to reach the location of the barrier.
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Cao X, Shprits YY, Ni B, Zhelavskaya IS. Scattering of Ultra-relativistic Electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belts Accounting for Hot Plasma Effects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17719. [PMID: 29255219 PMCID: PMC5735156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron flux in the Earth's outer radiation belt is highly variable due to a delicate balance between competing acceleration and loss processes. It has been long recognized that Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves may play a crucial role in the loss of radiation belt electrons. Previous theoretical studies proposed that EMIC waves may account for the loss of the relativistic electron population. However, recent observations showed that while EMIC waves are responsible for the significant loss of ultra-relativistic electrons, the relativistic electron population is almost unaffected. In this study, we provide a theoretical explanation for this discrepancy between previous theoretical studies and recent observations. We demonstrate that EMIC waves mainly contribute to the loss of ultra-relativistic electrons. This study significantly improves the current understanding of the electron dynamics in the Earth's radiation belt and also can help us understand the radiation environments of the exoplanets and outer planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cao
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Yuri Y Shprits
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Irina S Zhelavskaya
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Li Z, Millan RM, Hudson MK. Simulation of the energy distribution of relativistic electron precipitation caused by quasi-linear interactions with EMIC waves. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2013; 118:7576-7583. [PMID: 26167427 PMCID: PMC4497461 DOI: 10.1002/2013ja019163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
[1]Previous studies on electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves as a possible cause of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) mainly focus on the time evolution of the trapped electron flux. However, directly measured by balloons and many satellites is the precipitating flux as well as its dependence on both time and energy. Therefore, to better understand whether pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves is an important radiation belt electron loss mechanism and whether quasi-linear theory is a sufficient theoretical treatment, we simulate the quasi-linear wave-particle interactions for a range of parameters and generate energy spectra, laying the foundation for modeling specific events that can be compared with balloon and spacecraft observations. We show that the REP energy spectrum has a peaked structure, with a lower cutoff at the minimum resonant energy. The peak moves with time toward higher energies and the spectrum flattens. The precipitating flux, on the other hand, first rapidly increases and then gradually decreases. We also show that increasing wave frequency can lead to the occurrence of a second peak. In both single- and double-peak cases, increasing wave frequency, cold plasma density or decreasing background magnetic field strength lowers the energies of the peak(s) and causes the precipitation to increase at low energies and decrease at high energies at the start of the precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robyn M Millan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mary K Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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16
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Shprits Y, Daae M, Ni B. Statistical analysis of phase space density buildups and dropouts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Fu HS, Cao JB, Yang B, Lu HY. Electron loss and acceleration during storm time: The contribution of wave-particle interaction, radial diffusion, and transport processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Fu
- School of Astronautics, Space Science Institute; Beihang University; Beijing China
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Uppsala Sweden
| | - J. B. Cao
- School of Astronautics, Space Science Institute; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - B. Yang
- Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - H. Y. Lu
- School of Astronautics, Space Science Institute; Beihang University; Beijing China
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18
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Kim KC, Lee DY, Shprits Y, Kim HJ, Lee E. Electron flux changes in the outer radiation belt by radial diffusion during the storm recovery phase in comparison with the fully adiabatic evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chan Kim
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Dae-Young Lee
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju South Korea
| | - Yuri Shprits
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Hee-Jeong Kim
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Ensang Lee
- School of Space Research; Kyung-Hee University; Yongin South Korea
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19
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Kurita S, Miyoshi Y, Tsuchiya F, Nishimura Y, Hori T, Miyashita Y, Takada T, Morioka A, Angelopoulos V, McFadden JP, Auster HU, Albert JM, Jordanova V, Misawa H. Transport and loss of the inner plasma sheet electrons: THEMIS observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kurita
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - F. Tsuchiya
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - T. Hori
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - T. Takada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science; Kochi National College of Technology; Nankoku Japan
| | - A. Morioka
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - H. U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - J. M. Albert
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - V. Jordanova
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - H. Misawa
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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20
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Clilverd MA, Rodger CJ, Moffat-Griffin T, Spanswick E, Breen P, Menk FW, Grew RS, Hayashi K, Mann IR. Energetic outer radiation belt electron precipitation during recurrent solar activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Clilverd
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Craig J. Rodger
- Department of Physics; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | - Emma Spanswick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
| | - Paul Breen
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Frederick W. Menk
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
| | - Russell S. Grew
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
| | - Kanji Hayashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Physics; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ian R. Mann
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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21
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Omura Y, Pickett J, Grison B, Santolik O, Dandouras I, Engebretson M, Décréau PME, Masson A. Theory and observation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron triggered emissions in the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Omura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Jolene Pickett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Benjamin Grison
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Santolik
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Iannis Dandouras
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- UMR 5187, CNRS; Toulouse France
| | - Mark Engebretson
- Department of Physics; Augsburg College; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Pierrette M. E. Décréau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, UMR 6115; Université d'Orléans, CNRS; Orleans France
| | - Arnaud Masson
- Science Operations Department; European Space Agency; Noordwijk Netherlands
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22
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Tu W, Selesnick R, Li X, Looper M. Quantification of the precipitation loss of radiation belt electrons observed by SAMPEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Tu
- LASP and Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Laboratory for Space Weather; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | | | - Xinlin Li
- LASP and Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Laboratory for Space Weather; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Mark Looper
- Space Sciences Department; The Aerospace Corporation; Los Angeles California USA
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23
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Li W, Thorne RM, Nishimura Y, Bortnik J, Angelopoulos V, McFadden JP, Larson DE, Bonnell JW, Le Contel O, Roux A, Auster U. THEMIS analysis of observed equatorial electron distributions responsible for the chorus excitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - J. Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. E. Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. W. Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, CNRS; Vélizy France
| | - A. Roux
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, CNRS; Vélizy France
| | - U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik; Technischen Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
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24
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Xiao F, Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S. Three-dimensional simulations of outer radiation belt electron dynamics including cross-diffusion terms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences; Changsha University of Science and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Zhenpeng Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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25
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Morley SK, Friedel RHW, Spanswick EL, Reeves GD, Steinberg JT, Koller J, Cayton T, Noveroske E. Dropouts of the outer electron radiation belt in response to solar wind stream interfaces: global positioning system observations. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a statistical study of relativistic electron counts in the electron radiation belt across a range of drift shells (L*>4) combining data from nine combined X-ray dosimeters (CXD) on the global positioning system (GPS) constellation. The response of the electron counts as functions of time, energy and drift shell are examined statistically for 67 solar wind stream interfaces (SIs); two-dimensional superposed epoch analysis is performed with the CXD data. For these epochs we study the radiation belt dropouts and concurrent variations in key geophysical parameters.
At higher L* we observe a tendency for a gradual drop in the electron counts over the day preceding the SI, consistent with outward diffusion and magnetopause shadowing. At all L*, dropouts occur with a median time scale of ≃7 h and median counts fall by 0.4–1.8 orders of magnitude. The central tendencies of radiation belt dropout and recovery depend on both L* and energy. For ≃70 per cent of epochs Sym-H more than −30 nT, yet only three of 67 SIs did not have an associated dropout in the electron data. Statistical maps of electron precipitation suggest that chorus-driven relativistic electron microbursts might be major contributors to radiation belt losses under high-speed stream driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Morley
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Reiner H. W. Friedel
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Emma L. Spanswick
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Geoffrey D. Reeves
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - John T. Steinberg
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Josef Koller
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Cayton
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Evan Noveroske
- Space Data Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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26
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Jordanova VK, Thorne RM, Li W, Miyoshi Y. Excitation of whistler mode chorus from global ring current simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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27
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Lam MM, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA, Moffat-Griffin T, Green JC. Origin of energetic electron precipitation >30 keV into the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mai Lam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Richard B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah A. Glauert
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | | | - Janet C. Green
- Space Weather Prediction Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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28
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Liu K, Lemons DS, Winske D, Gary SP. Relativistic electron scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron fluctuations: Test particle simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Liu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Don S. Lemons
- Department of Physics; Bethel College; North Newton Kansas USA
| | - Dan Winske
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - S. Peter Gary
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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29
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Chu F, Hudson MK, Haines P, Shprits Y. Dynamic modeling of radiation belt electrons by radial diffusion simulation for a 2 month interval following the 24 March 1991 storm injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Chu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Mary K. Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Paul Haines
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Yuri Shprits
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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30
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Kim KC, Lee DY, Kim HJ, Lee ES, Choi CR. Numerical estimates of drift loss and Dst effect for outer radiation belt relativistic electrons with arbitrary pitch angle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Kim
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
| | - D.-Y. Lee
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
| | - H.-J. Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - E. S. Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley USA
| | - C. R. Choi
- Department of Physics; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon South Korea
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31
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Li LY, Cao JB, Zhou GC, Li X. Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J. B. Cao
- School of Astronautics; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing China
| | - G. C. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - X. Li
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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32
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Blum LW, MacDonald EA, Gary SP, Thomsen MF, Spence HE. Ion observations from geosynchronous orbit as a proxy for ion cyclotron wave growth during storm times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W. Blum
- Astronomy Department; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | | | - S. Peter Gary
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | | | - Harlan E. Spence
- Astronomy Department; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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33
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Shprits YY, Chen L, Thorne RM. Simulations of pitch angle scattering of relativistic electrons with MLT-dependent diffusion coefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Lunjin Chen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Richard M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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34
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Xiao F, Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S. Modeling of outer radiation belt electrons by multidimensional diffusion process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences; Changsha University of Science and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Zhenpeng Su
- Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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35
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Tu W, Li X, Chen Y, Reeves GD, Temerin M. Storm-dependent radiation belt electron dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Tu
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Xinlin Li
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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36
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Tao X, Albert JM, Chan AA. Numerical modeling of multidimensional diffusion in the radiation belts using layer methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - Jay M. Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory; Space Vehicles Directorate; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - Anthony A. Chan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
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37
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Varotsou A, Boscher D, Bourdarie S, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA, Friedel RH. Three-dimensional test simulations of the outer radiation belt electron dynamics including electron-chorus resonant interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Varotsou
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Daniel Boscher
- Office National d’Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales; Toulouse France
| | | | - Richard B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah A. Glauert
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Reiner H. Friedel
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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38
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Jordanova VK, Albert J, Miyoshi Y. Relativistic electron precipitation by EMIC waves from self-consistent global simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom AFB Massachusetts USA
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory; Space Vehicles Directorate; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
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40
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Chen Y, Friedel RHW, Reeves GD, Cayton TE, Christensen R. Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: An integrated investigation during geomagnetic storm times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | | | - G. D. Reeves
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - T. E. Cayton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. Christensen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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41
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Kondrashov D, Shprits Y, Ghil M, Thorne R. A Kalman filter technique to estimate relativistic electron lifetimes in the outer radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kondrashov
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - M. Ghil
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Département Terre-Atmosphère-Océan and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL), Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | - R. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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42
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Li W, Shprits YY, Thorne RM. Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave-particle interactions during storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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43
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Xiao F, Chen L, Zheng H, Wang S. A parametric ray tracing study of superluminous auroral kilometric radiation wave modes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences; Changsha University of Science and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Lunjin Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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44
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Ganguli G, Rudakov L, Mithaiwala M, Papadopoulos K. Generation and evolution of intense ion cyclotron turbulence by artificial plasma cloud in the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurudas Ganguli
- Plasma Physics Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington District of Columbia USA
| | | | - Manish Mithaiwala
- National Research Council, Naval Research Laboratory; Washington District of Columbia USA
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45
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Thorne RM, Shprits YY, Meredith NP, Horne RB, Li W, Lyons LR. Refilling of the slot region between the inner and outer electron radiation belts during geomagnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - N. P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - R. B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - L. R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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46
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Summers D, Ni B, Meredith NP. Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 2. Evaluation for VLF chorus, ELF hiss, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Summers
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
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47
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Bortnik J, Thorne RM, O'Brien TP, Green JC, Strangeway RJ, Shprits YY, Baker DN. Observation of two distinct, rapid loss mechanisms during the 20 November 2003 radiation belt dropout event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Shprits YY, Thorne RM, Friedel R, Reeves GD, Fennell J, Baker DN, Kanekal SG. Outward radial diffusion driven by losses at magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Borovsky JE, Denton MH. Differences between CME-driven storms and CIR-driven storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Miyoshi YS, Jordanova VK, Morioka A, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD, Evans DS, Green JC. Observations and modeling of energetic electron dynamics during the October 2001 storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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