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Angelopoulos V, Zhang XJ, Artemyev AV, Mourenas D, Tsai E, Wilkins C, Runov A, Liu J, Turner DL, Li W, Khurana K, Wirz RE, Sergeev VA, Meng X, Wu J, Hartinger MD, Raita T, Shen Y, An X, Shi X, Bashir MF, Shen X, Gan L, Qin M, Capannolo L, Ma Q, Russell CL, Masongsong EV, Caron R, He I, Iglesias L, Jha S, King J, Kumar S, Le K, Mao J, McDermott A, Nguyen K, Norris A, Palla A, Roosnovo A, Tam J, Xie E, Yap RC, Ye S, Young C, Adair LA, Shaffer C, Chung M, Cruce P, Lawson M, Leneman D, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Hesford B, Krieger R, Lian K, McKinney E, Miller JP, Pedersen C, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rubly M, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Thomlinson D, Turner W, Wing G, Wong C, Zarifian A. Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective. Space Sci Rev 2023;219:37. [PMID: 37448777 PMCID: PMC10335998 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]

Abstract

We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or Δ L ∼ 0.56 ) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at L ∼ 5 - 7 at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at L ∼ 8 - 12 at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an L -shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of ∼ 1.45 MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.

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Affiliation(s)

V. Angelopoulos Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X.-J. Zhang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
A. V. Artemyev Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
D. Mourenas CEA, DAM, DIF, Arpajon, France
E. Tsai Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
C. Wilkins Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Runov Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J. Liu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
D. L. Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland USA
W. Li Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
K. Khurana Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. E. Wirz Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
V. A. Sergeev University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
X. Meng Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
J. Wu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. D. Hartinger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
T. Raita Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Y. Shen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X. An Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X. Shi Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. F. Bashir Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X. Shen Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
L. Gan Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
M. Qin Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
L. Capannolo Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
Q. Ma Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
C. L. Russell Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E. V. Masongsong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. Caron Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
I. He Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
L. Iglesias Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA
S. Jha Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
J. King Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. Kumar Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
K. Le Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J. Mao Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Raybeam, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041 USA
A. McDermott Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
K. Nguyen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
A. Norris Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Palla Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Reliable Robotics Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA
A. Roosnovo Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
J. Tam Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E. Xie Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. C. Yap Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
S. Ye Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
C. Young Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
L. A. Adair Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: KSAT, Inc., Denver, CO 80231 USA
C. Shaffer Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
M. Chung Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
P. Cruce Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Apple, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA
M. Lawson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
D. Leneman Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. Allen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Zipline International, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
M. Anderson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Lucid Motors, Newark, CA 94560 USA
M. Arreola-Zamora Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
J. Artinger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: College of Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
J. Asher Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
D. Branchevsky Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. Cliffe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
K. Colton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
C. Costello Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Heliogen, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA
D. Depe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Argo AI, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA
B. W. Domae Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. Eldin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
L. Fitzgibbon Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Terran Orbital, Irvine, CA 92618 USA
A. Flemming Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
D. M. Frederick Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
A. Gilbert Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
B. Hesford Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. Krieger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
K. Lian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
E. McKinney Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA
J. P. Miller Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Juniper Networks Sunnyvale, California, 94089 USA
C. Pedersen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Z. Qu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Niantic Inc., San Francisco, CA 94111 USA
R. Rozario Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
M. Rubly Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Teledyne Scientific and Imaging, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA
R. Seaton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Subramanian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. R. Sundin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Naval Surface Warfare Center Corona Division, Norco, CA 92860 USA
A. Tan Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Epirus Inc., Torrance, CA 90501 USA
D. Thomlinson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
W. Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
G. Wing Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Amazon, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
C. Wong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
A. Zarifian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

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Angelopoulos V, Tsai E, Bingley L, Shaffer C, Turner DL, Runov A, Li W, Liu J, Artemyev AV, Zhang XJ, Strangeway RJ, Wirz RE, Shprits YY, Sergeev VA, Caron RP, Chung M, Cruce P, Greer W, Grimes E, Hector K, Lawson MJ, Leneman D, Masongsong EV, Russell CL, Wilkins C, Hinkley D, Blake JB, Adair N, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Capitelli MR, Castro R, Chao G, Chung N, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Fox I, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Gildemeister A, Gonzalez A, Hesford B, Jha S, Kang N, King J, Krieger R, Lian K, Mao J, McKinney E, Miller JP, Norris A, Nuesca M, Palla A, Park ESY, Pedersen CE, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rye E, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Turner W, Villegas AJ, Wasden M, Wing G, Wong C, Xie E, Yamamoto S, Yap R, Zarifian A, Zhang GY. The ELFIN Mission. Space Sci Rev 2020;216:103. [PMID: 32831412 PMCID: PMC7413588 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]

Abstract

The Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio-Temporal Ambiguity-Resolving option (ELFIN-STAR, or heretoforth simply: ELFIN) mission comprises two identical 3-Unit (3U) CubeSats on a polar (∼93^∘ inclination), nearly circular, low-Earth (∼450 km altitude) orbit. Launched on September 15, 2018, ELFIN is expected to have a >2.5 year lifetime. Its primary science objective is to resolve the mechanism of storm-time relativistic electron precipitation, for which electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a prime candidate. From its ionospheric vantage point, ELFIN uses its unique pitch-angle-resolving capability to determine whether measured relativistic electron pitch-angle and energy spectra within the loss cone bear the characteristic signatures of scattering by EMIC waves or whether such scattering may be due to other processes. Pairing identical ELFIN satellites with slowly-variable along-track separation allows disambiguation of spatial and temporal evolution of the precipitation over minutes-to-tens-of-minutes timescales, faster than the orbit period of a single low-altitude satellite (T_orbit ∼ 90 min). Each satellite carries an energetic particle detector for electrons (EPDE) that measures 50 keV to 5 MeV electrons with Δ E/E < 40% and a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) on a ∼72 cm boom that measures magnetic field waves (e.g., EMIC waves) in the range from DC to 5 Hz Nyquist (nominally) with <0.3 nT/sqrt(Hz) noise at 1 Hz. The spinning satellites (T_spin ∼ 3 s) are equipped with magnetorquers (air coils) that permit spin-up or -down and reorientation maneuvers. Using those, the spin axis is placed normal to the orbit plane (nominally), allowing full pitch-angle resolution twice per spin. An energetic particle detector for ions (EPDI) measures 250 keV - 5 MeV ions, addressing secondary science. Funded initially by CalSpace and the University Nanosat Program, ELFIN was selected for flight with joint support from NSF and NASA between 2014 and 2018 and launched by the ELaNa XVIII program on a Delta II rocket (with IceSatII as the primary). Mission operations are currently funded by NASA. Working under experienced UCLA mentors, with advice from The Aerospace Corporation and NASA personnel, more than 250 undergraduates have matured the ELFIN implementation strategy; developed the instruments, satellite, and ground systems and operate the two satellites. ELFIN's already high potential for cutting-edge science return is compounded by concurrent equatorial Heliophysics missions (THEMIS, Arase, Van Allen Probes, MMS) and ground stations. ELFIN's integrated data analysis approach, rapid dissemination strategies via the SPace Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), and data coordination with the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO) optimize science yield, enabling the widest community benefits. Several storm-time events have already been captured and are presented herein to demonstrate ELFIN's data analysis methods and potential. These form the basis of on-going studies to resolve the primary mission science objective. Broad energy precipitation events, precipitation bands, and microbursts, clearly seen both at dawn and dusk, extend from tens of keV to >1 MeV. This broad energy range of precipitation indicates that multiple waves are providing scattering concurrently. Many observed events show significant backscattered fluxes, which in the past were hard to resolve by equatorial spacecraft or non-pitch-angle-resolving ionospheric missions. These observations suggest that the ionosphere plays a significant role in modifying magnetospheric electron fluxes and wave-particle interactions. Routine data captures starting in February 2020 and lasting for at least another year, approximately the remainder of the mission lifetime, are expected to provide a very rich dataset to address questions even beyond the primary mission science objective.

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Affiliation(s)

V Angelopoulos Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E Tsai Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
L Bingley Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Shaffer Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
D L Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
A Runov Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
W Li Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
J Liu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A V Artemyev Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
X-J Zhang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R J Strangeway Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R E Wirz Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Y Y Shprits Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473 Germany
V A Sergeev Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
R P Caron Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Chung Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
P Cruce Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
W Greer Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E Grimes Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
K Hector Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
M J Lawson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
D Leneman Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E V Masongsong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C L Russell Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Wilkins Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
D Hinkley The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
J B Blake The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
N Adair Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Allen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
M Anderson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Aptiv, Agoura Hills, CA 91301 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Arreola-Zamora Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
J Artinger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J Asher Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
D Branchevsky Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M R Capitelli Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R Castro Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
G Chao Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA 90808 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
N Chung Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SF Motors, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Cliffe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
K Colton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Planet Labs, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Costello Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
D Depe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
B W Domae Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
S Eldin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
L Fitzgibbon Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
A Flemming Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
I Fox Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
D M Frederick Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Gilbert Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Gildemeister Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
A Gonzalez Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
B Hesford Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
S Jha Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
N Kang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
J King Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R Krieger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
K Lian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
J Mao Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Verona, WI 53593 USA
E McKinney Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768 USA
J P Miller Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Norris Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M Nuesca Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Palla Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E S Y Park Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Economics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
C E Pedersen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Z Qu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R Rozario Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E Rye Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R Seaton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A Subramanian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
S R Sundin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
A Tan Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Experior Laboratories, Oxnard, CA 93033 USA
W Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A J Villegas Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M Wasden Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
G Wing Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Wong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E Xie Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
S Yamamoto Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R Yap Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A Zarifian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
G Y Zhang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Qualcomm, San Diego, CA 92121 USA

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Artinger J, Read M, Schuster C, Archer R, Atilla A. Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with bupivacaine on sciatic nerve blockade in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]