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Manrique JA, Lopez-Reyes G, Cousin A, Rull F, Maurice S, Wiens RC, Madsen MB, Madariaga JM, Gasnault O, Aramendia J, Arana G, Beck P, Bernard S, Bernardi P, Bernt MH, Berrocal A, Beyssac O, Caïs P, Castro C, Castro K, Clegg SM, Cloutis E, Dromart G, Drouet C, Dubois B, Escribano D, Fabre C, Fernandez A, Forni O, Garcia-Baonza V, Gontijo I, Johnson J, Laserna J, Lasue J, Madsen S, Mateo-Marti E, Medina J, Meslin PY, Montagnac G, Moral A, Moros J, Ollila AM, Ortega C, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Reess JM, Robinson S, Rodriguez J, Saiz J, Sanz-Arranz JA, Sard I, Sautter V, Sobron P, Toplis M, Veneranda M. SuperCam Calibration Targets: Design and Development. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020; 216:138. [PMID: 33281235 PMCID: PMC7691312 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SuperCam is a highly integrated remote-sensing instrumental suite for NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It consists of a co-aligned combination of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy (VISIR), together with sound recording (MIC) and high-magnification imaging techniques (RMI). They provide information on the mineralogy, geochemistry and mineral context around the Perseverance Rover. The calibration of this complex suite is a major challenge. Not only does each technique require its own standards or references, their combination also introduces new requirements to obtain optimal scientific output. Elemental composition, molecular vibrational features, fluorescence, morphology and texture provide a full picture of the sample with spectral information that needs to be co-aligned, correlated, and individually calibrated. The resulting hardware includes different kinds of targets, each one covering different needs of the instrument. Standards for imaging calibration, geological samples for mineral identification and chemometric calculations or spectral references to calibrate and evaluate the health of the instrument, are all included in the SuperCam Calibration Target (SCCT). The system also includes a specifically designed assembly in which the samples are mounted. This hardware allows the targets to survive the harsh environmental conditions of the launch, cruise, landing and operation on Mars during the whole mission. Here we summarize the design, development, integration, verification and functional testing of the SCCT. This work includes some key results obtained to verify the scientific outcome of the SuperCam system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Manrique
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - G. Lopez-Reyes
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - A. Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F. Rull
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - S. Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R. C. Wiens
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - O. Gasnault
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Aramendia
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - G. Arana
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - P. Beck
- CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Universite Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin d’Heres, France
| | - S. Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P. Bernardi
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - M. H. Bernt
- Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Berrocal
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España S.A. (ISDEFE), Madrid, Spain
| | - O. Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P. Caïs
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C. Castro
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Elgóibar, Spain
| | - K. Castro
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - S. M. Clegg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - G. Dromart
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - C. Drouet
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/UT3/INP, Ensiacet, Toulouse, France
| | - B. Dubois
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - D. Escribano
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - C. Fabre
- GeoRessources, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | | | - O. Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - V. Garcia-Baonza
- Instituto de Geociencias CSIC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Gontijo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - J. Johnson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - J. Laserna
- University of Malaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - J. Lasue
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Madsen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - E. Mateo-Marti
- Centro de Astrobiología-CSIC-INTA, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - J. Medina
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - P.-Y. Meslin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - G. Montagnac
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - A. Moral
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - J. Moros
- University of Malaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - A. M. Ollila
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - C. Ortega
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Elgóibar, Spain
| | | | - J. M. Reess
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - S. Robinson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - J. Rodriguez
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España S.A. (ISDEFE), Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Saiz
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - J. A. Sanz-Arranz
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - I. Sard
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Elgóibar, Spain
| | - V. Sautter
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P. Sobron
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA USA
| | - M. Toplis
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Veneranda
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
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Seasonal Deposition and Lifting of Dust on Mars as Observed by the Curiosity Rover. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17576. [PMID: 30514860 PMCID: PMC6279765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ measurements by the Curiosity rover provide a unique opportunity for studying the effects of dust on assets placed at the surface of Mars. Here we use in situ measurements of solar UV radiation to quantify the seasonal and interannual variability of dust accumulation on the sensor on the rover deck. We show that the amount of dust accumulated on the sensor follows a seasonal cycle, with net dust removal during the perihelion season until Ls ~ 300°, and net dust deposition until the end of the aphelion season (Ls ~ 300°-180°). We use independent in situ measurements of atmospheric opacity and pressure perturbations in combination with numerical modeling, showing that daytime convective vortices and nighttime winds are likely responsible for the seasonal dust cleaning, with the role of nighttime wind being more important in Martian Year (MY) 32 than in MY 33 and that of daytime convective vortices being more important in MY 33 than in MY 32. The fact that the UV sensor is cleaner in MY 33 than in MY 32 indicates that natural cleaning events make solar energy an excellent candidate to power extended (multiannual) Mars missions at similar latitudes as the Curiosity rover.
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Malin MC, Ravine MA, Caplinger MA, Tony Ghaemi F, Schaffner JA, Maki JN, Bell JF, Cameron JF, Dietrich WE, Edgett KS, Edwards LJ, Garvin JB, Hallet B, Herkenhoff KE, Heydari E, Kah LC, Lemmon MT, Minitti ME, Olson TS, Parker TJ, Rowland SK, Schieber J, Sletten R, Sullivan RJ, Sumner DY, Aileen Yingst R, Duston BM, McNair S, Jensen EH. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mast cameras and Descent imager: Investigation and instrument descriptions. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2017; 4:506-539. [PMID: 29098171 PMCID: PMC5652233 DOI: 10.1002/2016ea000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Mars Science Laboratory Mast camera and Descent Imager investigations were designed, built, and operated by Malin Space Science Systems of San Diego, CA. They share common electronics and focal plane designs but have different optics. There are two Mastcams of dissimilar focal length. The Mastcam-34 has an f/8, 34 mm focal length lens, and the M-100 an f/10, 100 mm focal length lens. The M-34 field of view is about 20° × 15° with an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 218 μrad; the M-100 field of view (FOV) is 6.8° × 5.1° with an IFOV of 74 μrad. The M-34 can focus from 0.5 m to infinity, and the M-100 from ~1.6 m to infinity. All three cameras can acquire color images through a Bayer color filter array, and the Mastcams can also acquire images through seven science filters. Images are ≤1600 pixels wide by 1200 pixels tall. The Mastcams, mounted on the ~2 m tall Remote Sensing Mast, have a 360° azimuth and ~180° elevation field of regard. Mars Descent Imager is fixed-mounted to the bottom left front side of the rover at ~66 cm above the surface. Its fixed focus lens is in focus from ~2 m to infinity, but out of focus at 66 cm. The f/3 lens has a FOV of ~70° by 52° across and along the direction of motion, with an IFOV of 0.76 mrad. All cameras can acquire video at 4 frames/second for full frames or 720p HD at 6 fps. Images can be processed using lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group and predictive lossless compression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - James F. Bell
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | | | - William E. Dietrich
- Department of Earth and Planetary ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Hallet
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, College of the EnvironmentUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Ezat Heydari
- Department of Physics, Atmospheric Sciences, and GeoscienceJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Linda C. Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Tennessee, KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Mark T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | | | - Timothy J. Parker
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Scott K. Rowland
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHIUSA
| | - Juergen Schieber
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesIndiana University, BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Ron Sletten
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, College of the EnvironmentUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Dawn Y. Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Sean McNair
- Malin Space Science Systems, IncSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Goetz W, Pike WT, Hviid SF, Madsen MB, Morris RV, Hecht MH, Staufer U, Leer K, Sykulska H, Hemmig E, Marshall J, Morookian JM, Parrat D, Vijendran S, Bos BJ, El Maarry MR, Keller HU, Kramm R, Markiewicz WJ, Drube L, Blaney D, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Reynolds R, Smith PH, Woida P, Woida R, Tanner R. Microscopy analysis of soils at the Phoenix landing site, Mars: Classification of soil particles and description of their optical and magnetic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Ming DW, Gellert R, Morris RV, Arvidson RE, Brückner J, Clark BC, Cohen BA, d'Uston C, Economou T, Fleischer I, Klingelhöfer G, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt ME, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Tréguier E, Yen AS, Zipfel J. Geochemical properties of rocks and soils in Gusev Crater, Mars: Results of the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer from Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Leer K, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Djernis Olsen L, Drube L, Falkenberg TV, Haspang MP, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Sykulska H, Vijendran S, Pike WT, Staufer U, Parrat D, Lemmon M, Hecht MH, Mogensen CT, Gross MA, Goetz W, Marshall J, Britt D, Smith P, Shinohara C, Woida P, Woida R, Tanner R, Reynolds R, Shaw A. Magnetic properties experiments and the Surface Stereo Imager calibration target onboard the Mars Phoenix 2007 Lander: Design, calibration, and science goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Sullivan R, Arvidson R, Bell JF, Gellert R, Golombek M, Greeley R, Herkenhoff K, Johnson J, Thompson S, Whelley P, Wray J. Wind-driven particle mobility on Mars: Insights from Mars Exploration Rover observations at “El Dorado” and surroundings at Gusev Crater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Goetz W, Leer K, Gunnlaugsson HP, Bartlett P, Basso B, Bell J, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Chu PC, Gorevan S, Hansen MF, Hviid SF, Kinch KM, Klingelhöfer G, Kusack A, Madsen MB, Ming DW, Morris RV, Mumm E, Myrick T, Olsen M, Squyres SW, Wilson J, Yen A. Search for magnetic minerals in Martian rocks: Overview of the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) magnet investigation on Spirit and Opportunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Schröder C, Rodionov DS, McCoy TJ, Jolliff BL, Gellert R, Nittler LR, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Ruff SW, Ashley JW, Mittlefehldt DW, Herkenhoff KE, Fleischer I, Haldemann AFC, Klingelhöfer G, Ming DW, Morris RV, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Weitz C, Yen AS, Zipfel J, Economou T. Meteorites on Mars observed with the Mars Exploration Rovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Kinch KM, Sohl-Dickstein J, Bell JF, Johnson JR, Goetz W, Landis GA. Dust deposition on the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) calibration targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Yen AS, Mittlefehldt DW, McLennan SM, Gellert R, Bell JF, McSween HY, Ming DW, McCoy TJ, Morris RV, Golombek M, Economou T, Madsen MB, Wdowiak T, Clark BC, Jolliff BL, Schröder C, Brückner J, Zipfel J, Squyres SW. Nickel on Mars: Constraints on meteoritic material at the surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D.C. USA
| | | | - M. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - T. Economou
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation; Littleton Colorado USA
| | - B. L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Brückner
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Zipfel
- Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg; Frankfurt Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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12
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Morris RV, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, Rodionov DS, Yen A, Ming DW, de Souza PA, Fleischer I, Wdowiak T, Gellert R, Bernhardt B, Evlanov EN, Zubkov B, Foh J, Bonnes U, Kankeleit E, Gütlich P, Renz F, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE. Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - D. S. Rodionov
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- CVRD Group; Vitoria Brazil
| | - I. Fleischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - B. Bernhardt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - J. Foh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - P. Gütlich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - F. Renz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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13
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Meslin PY, Sabroux JC, Berger L, Pineau JF, Chassefière E. Evidence of210Po on Martian dust at Meridiani Planum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Yen AS, Gellert R, Schröder C, Morris RV, Bell JF, Knudson AT, Clark BC, Ming DW, Crisp JA, Arvidson RE, Blaney D, Brückner J, Christensen PR, DesMarais DJ, de Souza PA, Economou TE, Ghosh A, Hahn BC, Herkenhoff KE, Haskin LA, Hurowitz JA, Joliff BL, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Madsen MB, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Richter L, Rieder R, Rodionov D, Soderblom L, Squyres SW, Tosca NJ, Wang A, Wyatt M, Zipfel J. An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils. Nature 2005; 436:49-54. [PMID: 16001059 DOI: 10.1038/nature03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mineralogical and elemental compositions of the martian soil are indicators of chemical and physical weathering processes. Using data from the Mars Exploration Rovers, we show that bright dust deposits on opposite sides of the planet are part of a global unit and not dominated by the composition of local rocks. Dark soil deposits at both sites have similar basaltic mineralogies, and could reflect either a global component or the general similarity in the compositions of the rocks from which they were derived. Increased levels of bromine are consistent with mobilization of soluble salts by thin films of liquid water, but the presence of olivine in analysed soil samples indicates that the extent of aqueous alteration of soils has been limited. Nickel abundances are enhanced at the immediate surface and indicate that the upper few millimetres of soil could contain up to one per cent meteoritic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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15
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Goetz W, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Kinch KM, Madsen DE, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Gellert R, Klingelhöfer G, Ming DW, Morris RV, Rieder R, Rodionov DS, de Souza PA, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Wdowiak T, Yen A. Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust. Nature 2005; 436:62-5. [PMID: 16001062 DOI: 10.1038/nature03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous atmospheric dust on Mars is well mixed by periodic global dust storms, and such dust carries information about the environment in which it once formed and hence about the history of water on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers have permanent magnets to collect atmospheric dust for investigation by instruments on the rovers. Here we report results from Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence of dust particles captured from the martian atmosphere by the magnets. The dust on the magnets contains magnetite and olivine; this indicates a basaltic origin of the dust and shows that magnetite, not maghemite, is the mineral mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the dust. Furthermore, the dust on the magnets contains some ferric oxides, probably including nanocrystalline phases, so some alteration or oxidation of the basaltic dust seems to have occurred. The presence of olivine indicates that liquid water did not play a dominant role in the processes that formed the atmospheric dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Goetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, D-37191, Germany
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16
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Gorevan SP, Myrick T, Davis K, Chau JJ, Bartlett P, Mukherjee S, Anderson R, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Madsen MB, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Binau CS, Richter L. Rock Abrasion Tool: Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Myrick
- Honeybee Robotics; New York New York USA
| | - K. Davis
- Honeybee Robotics; New York New York USA
| | - J. J. Chau
- Honeybee Robotics; New York New York USA
| | | | | | - R. Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Astronomy Department; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - W. Goetz
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. S. Binau
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. Richter
- Institute of Space Simulation; German Aerospace Center (DLR), Liner Hoehe; Cologne Germany
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17
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Baumgartner ET, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Gorevan S, Herkenhoff KE, Klingelhöfer G, Madsen MB, Morris RV, Rieder R, Romero RA. Athena Mars rover science investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | | | | | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
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18
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Klingelhöfer G, Morris RV, Bernhardt B, Rodionov D, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Foh J, Kankeleit E, Bonnes U, Gellert R, Schröder C, Linkin S, Evlanov E, Zubkov B, Prilutski O. Athena MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Klingelhöfer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Bernhardt
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - D. Rodionov
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Pelletizing Department; Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; Vitoria Brazil
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. Foh
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - S. Linkin
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - E. Evlanov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
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19
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Herkenhoff KE, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Brown D, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliot ST, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch K, Lemmon MT, Morris RV, Scherr L, Schwochert M, Shepard MK, Smith GH, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Sullivan WT, Wadsworth M. Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - D. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliot
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. Joseph
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - K. Kinch
- Neils Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | | | - L. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - W. T. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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20
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Wdowiak TJ, Klingelhöfer G, Wade ML, Nuñez JI. Extracting science from Mössbauer spectroscopy on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Wdowiak
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Manson L. Wade
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
- Russell Mathematics and Science Center; Alabama School of Fine Arts; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Jorge I. Nuñez
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
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21
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Herkenhoff KE, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Bertelsen P, Brown DI, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliott ST, Goetz W, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Kirk RL, McLennan S, Morris RV, Scherr LM, Schwochert MA, Shiraishi LR, Smith GH, Soderblom LA, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Wadsworth MV. Athena Microscopic Imager investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Herkenhoff
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - D. I. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. Goetz
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. L. Kirk
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - S. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - L. M. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. A. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. R. Shiraishi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - L. A. Soderblom
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - M. V. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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22
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Crisp JA, Adler M, Matijevic JR, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Kass DM. Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Mark Adler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Jacob R. Matijevic
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - David M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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23
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Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Haldemann AFC, Landis GA, Li R, Lindemann RA, Matijevic JR, Morris RV, Richter L, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Snider NO. Physical properties and localization investigations associated with the 2003 Mars Exploration rovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Arvidson
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | | | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | | | | | - L. Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Köln Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - N. O. Snider
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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