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Smith KE, Weis D. Metal and Pb isotope characterization of particulates encountered by foraging honeybees in Metro Vancouver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154181. [PMID: 35231520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees and their products are useful biomonitors of metal distribution in urban centres. This study investigates particulate sources that foraging honeybees encounter in Metro Vancouver. Metal concentrations and lead (Pb) isotope compositions were measured in topsoil (top 2 cm, n = 14) colocated with existing research hives and in particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10, n = 27) collected throughout Metro Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) during honeybee foraging hours over the course of one year (2018-2019). Topsoil served as a proxy for resuspended/coarse PM and, together with PM10, covered the size range of particulates collected by foraging bees both actively (pollen) and passively (dusts). Particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5, n = 7) was collected on Whistler Mountain during two transpacific events (in spring 2014) to estimate the possible effect of transpacific particulate input on the Pb isotope composition of Western Canada aerosols. Metal concentrations and Pb isotopes in topsoil and PM from this study and bees and hive products from previous studies (collected in 2014-2019) reveal similar spatial trends: there were elevated amounts of some metals associated with anthropogenic activity (e.g., Pb, Zn, Sb) and less radiogenic Pb isotope compositions in most samples collected nearer to the city centre in comparison to samples collected in more suburban or rural areas. Bees and hive products have a smoothing effect on the spatiotemporal variability of the data; metal concentrations and Pb isotope compositions vary less in hive products than in PM, presumably because bees interact with multiple environmental domains while foraging. Wildfire smoke and transpacific input are phenomena that cause measurable shifts in Pb isotope compositions of PM, but not in hive matrices. The findings highlight important considerations to make (i.e., the smoothing effect) when linking public health data and decisions with environmental data from hive products in urban centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Smith
- Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020-2207 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Dominique Weis
- Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020-2207 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Aerosol Nutrients and Their Biological Influence on the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) and Its Marginal Seas. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060842. [PMID: 35741363 PMCID: PMC9219953 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary With intensifying human activities in the past decades, East Asia has recorded increasingly severe air pollution and become the second largest aerosol source on earth. The large quantity of aerosol emissions is not only a major health threat to humans, but can also be transported for a long distance and deposited in downwind seas and oceans. The aerosol contains major ions, heavy metals, and organic matters that are important external nutrients in upper oceans and potentially influence marine microbes and biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, the role of atmospheric deposition to oceans has received growing attention in recent years. In this paper, the current state of knowledge on the atmospheric nutrients and the biological effect of East Asian aerosol deposition on the northwest Pacific Ocean are reviewed, which could help us better understand the comprehensive influence of East Asian aerosols on marine ecosystems, and give insights into future research directions, especially under the future scenarios of changing human activities and climate. Abstract Atmospheric deposition is recognized as a significant source of nutrients in the surface ocean. The East Asia region is among the largest sources of aerosol emissions in the world, due to its large industrial, agricultural, and energy production. Thus, East Asian aerosols contain a large proportion of anthropogenic particles that are characterized by small size, complex composition, and high nutrient dissolution, resulting in important influences on marine microbes and biogeochemical cycles in the downwind areas of the northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO). By using remote sensing, modeling, and incubation experimental methods, enhanced primary production due to the East Asian aerosol input has been observed in the NWPO, with subsequent promotion and inhibition impacts on different phytoplankton taxa. Changes of bacterial activity and diversity also occur in response to aerosol input. The impact of East Asian aerosol loadings is closely related to the amount and composition of the aerosol deposition as well as the hydrological condition of the receiving seawater. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the atmospheric nutrients and the effects of the East Asian aerosols on microbes in the NWPO region. Future research perspectives are also proposed.
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Duan X, Guo C, Zhang C, Li H, Zhou Y, Gao H, Xia X, He H, McMinn A, Wang M. Effect of East Asian atmospheric particulate matter deposition on bacterial activity and community structure in the oligotrophic Northwest Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117088. [PMID: 33857882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of anthropogenic East Asian (EA) particulate matters (PM), containing inorganic nutrients and organic matter, are deposited in the oligotrophic Northwest Pacific Ocean. However, the effects of such deposition on marine microbes remain unclear. In this study, the effect of EA PM deposition on marine bacteria was assessed by five on-board microcosm experiments, conducted in oligotrophic basins of the South China Sea. The addition of EA PM to the sampling water induced a clear shift in bacterial community composition from prevailing oligotrophs (i.e., SAR 11 clade, Prochlorococcus, AEGEAN-169 marine group) to less common copiotrophs (i.e., Alteromonas, Ruegeria, Flavobacteriaceae) and thus a slight increase in bacterial diversity. The shift to more active community composition, as well as stimulation of PM nutrients, resulted in a large increase in cell-specific and bulk bacterial production. In contrast, there were only minor changes in bacterial abundance, possibly due to increased top-down mortality. The EA PM also exhibited a stronge toxic effect on pico-cyanobacteria, leading to a significant decrease in their proportion. Moreover, the responses of bacterial metabolism and community composition exhibited significant relationships with the hydrographic condition of the locations. Stronger promotion effects of the EA PM on bacterial production and community shift from oligotrophs to copiotrophs was demonstrated at the more oligotrophic sites with lower chlorophyll a concentrations. These results suggest that PM deposition from polluted areas has the potential to alter the typical oligotrophic microbiomes and change the net metabolic balance of the bacterial community. These will then influence the dynamics of carbon flow in microbial food webs and biogeochemical cycles, especially with the trend of global warming and expansion of low-chlorophyll regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Duan
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Cui Guo
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Hui He
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Andrew McMinn
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Min Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Abstract
Atmospheric deposition brings both nutrients and toxic components to the surface ocean, resulting in important impacts on phytoplankton. Field and lab studies have been done on the iron (Fe) fertilization on marine phytoplankton. However, studies on other trace metals are limited. Both bioassay experiments and field observations have suggested that aerosols with high copper (Cu) concentrations can negatively affect the primary productivity and change phytoplankton community structure. Note that with increasing human activities and global environmental changes (e.g., ocean acidification, warming, deoxygenation, etc.), the input of aerosol Cu could exceed toxicity thresholds at certain times or in some sensitive oceanic regions. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on aerosol Cu and marine phytoplankton studies by summarizing (1) physiological effects and toxicity thresholds of Cu to various phytoplankton taxa, (2) interactions between Cu and other metals and major nutrients, and (3) global distribution of surface seawater Cu and atmospheric Cu. We suggest that studies on aerosols, seawater chemistry, and phytoplankton should be integrated for understanding the impacts of aerosol Cu on marine phytoplankton, and thereafter the air–sea interaction via biogeochemical processes.
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Graney JR, Edgerton ES, Landis MS. Using Pb isotope ratios of particulate matter and epiphytic lichens from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region in Alberta, Canada to quantify local, regional, and global Pb source contributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1293-1304. [PMID: 30841402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matter (PM) was collected at the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association Bertha Ganter Fort McKay monitoring station in the Athabasca Oil Sand Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada from February 2010 to July 2011 as part of an air quality source assessment study. Daily 24-hour duration fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) PM was collected using a sequential dichotomous sampler. 100 pairs of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 were selected for lead (Pb) concentration and isotope analysis. Pb isotope and concentration results from 250 epiphytic lichen samples collected as far as 160 km from surface mining operations in 2008, 2011, and 2014 were analyzed to examine longer term spatial variations in Pb source contributions. A key finding was recognition of thorogenic 208Pb from eastern Asia in the springtime in the PM2.5 in 2010 and 2011. 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb isotope ratios were used in a three-component mixing model to quantify local, regional, and global Pb sources in the PM and lichen data sets. 47 ± 3% of the Pb in the PM2.5 at AMS-1 was attributed to sources from eastern Asia. Combined results from PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 indicate PM2.5 Pb contributions from eastern Asia (34%) exceed local AOSR sources of PM2.5 Pb (20%), western Canada sources of PM2.5 Pb (19%), and PM10-2.5 Pb from fugitive dust including oil sands (14%), tailings (10%), and haul roads (3%). The lichen analysis indicates regional sources contribute 46% of the Pb, local sources 32%, and global sources 22% over the 2008-2014 timeframe. Local sources dominate atmospheric Pb deposition to lichens at near field sites (0-30 km from mining operations) whereas regional Pb sources are prevalent at distal sites (30-160 km). The Pb isotope methodology successfully quantified trans-Pacific transport of Pb to the AOSR superimposed over the aerosol footprint of the world's largest concentration of bitumen mining and upgrading facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Graney
- Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Pierce AM, Gustin MS, Christensen JN, Loría-Salazar SM. Use of multiple tools including lead isotopes to decipher sources of ozone and reactive mercury to urban and rural locations in Nevada, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1411-1427. [PMID: 29751446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matter (<2.5μm in diameter) samples were collected on two different filter types in 2014 and 2015 over 24h periods and analyzed for reactive mercury (gaseous oxidized mercury+particulate bound mercury) concentrations and lead isotopes to determine sources of pollution to three sites in Nevada, USA. Two sites were located on the western edge of Nevada (Reno, urban, 1370m and Peavine Peak, rural, high elevation, 2515m); the third location was ~485km east in rural Great Basin National Park, NV (2061m). Reactive mercury samples were collected on cation exchange membranes simultaneously with lead samples, collected on Teflon membranes. Lead isotopic ratios have previously identified trans-Pacific lead sources based on the 206/207 and 208/207 lead ratios. Influence from trans-Pacific air masses was higher from March to June associated with long-range transport of pollutants. Spring months are well known for increased transport across the Pacific; however, fall months were also influenced by trans-Pacific air masses in this study. Western North American background ozone concentrations have been measured and modeled at 50 to 55ppbv. Median ozone concentrations at both rural sites in Nevada were within this range. Sources leading to enhancements in ozone of 2 to 18ppbv above monthly medians in Nevada included emissions from Eurasia, regional urban centers, and global and regional wildfires, resulting in concentrations close to the USA air quality standard. At the high elevation locations, ozone was derived from pollutants being transported in the free troposphere that originate around the globe; however, Eurasia and Asia were dominant sources to the Western USA. Negative correlations between reactive mercury and percent Asian lead, Northern Eurasia and East Asia trajectories indicated reactive mercury concentrations at the two high elevation sites were produced by oxidants from local, regional, and marine boundary layer sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Pierce
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Mae Sexauer Gustin
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - John N Christensen
- Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - S Marcela Loría-Salazar
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Khuzestani RB, Schauer JJ, Wei Y, Zhang L, Cai T, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Quantification of the sources of long-range transport of PM 2.5 pollution in the Ordos region, Inner Mongolia, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:1019-1031. [PMID: 28778791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ordos region of Inner Mongolia is rapidly developing and suffers from poor air quality and unhealthy levels of fine particulate matter. PM2.5 concentrations in the Ordos region were found to exceed 75 μg/m3 on average, annually, with peak pollution days in excess of 350 μg/m3, but local air pollution emissions from surrounding sources are not sufficient to drive pollution levels to these concentrations. The current study was designed to quantify sources of PM2.5 and assess the local source contributions and effects of regional transport on local pollution. The results show that the Ordos region is primarily impacted by regional long-range transport of pollutants from anthropogenic sources located outside of the Inner Mongolia in Shanxi province areas but is also largely affected by regional dust transported from the deserts located in western Inner Mongolia. The analysis proved that approximately 77% of PM2.5 mass is transported long-range from the sites exterior to the study area and contributes 59.32 μg/m3 on average, annually, while the local sources contribute 17.41 μg/m3 (23%) on annual average to the PM2.5 mass in the study area. High spatial correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.6) were observed for most of the factors pointing to the transport of external emissions into the area. Spatial correlation analysis, bivariate polar plots and hybrid trajectory models for industrial and secondary inorganic factors provide evidence for the impact of long-range transport from Shanxi province areas. In addition, the deserts in western Inner Mongolia were found to be the source regions for dust. Finally, our analysis shows that the source of oil combustion and mobile factors are impacted by local sources in the Ordos region; however, some regional impacts from other regions were also observed for mobile source in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bashiri Khuzestani
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yongjie Wei
- China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Rushdi AI, El-Mubarak AH, Lijotra L, Al-Otaibi MT, Qurban MA, Al-Mutlaq KF, Simoneit BR. Characteristics of organic compounds in aerosol particulate matter from Dhahran city, Saudi Arabia. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Landis MS, Patrick Pancras J, Graney JR, White EM, Edgerton ES, Legge A, Percy KE. Source apportionment of ambient fine and coarse particulate matter at the Fort McKay community site, in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:105-117. [PMID: 28147291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
An ambient air particulate matter sampling study was conducted at the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA) AMS-1 Fort McKay monitoring station in the Athabasca Oil Sand Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada from February 2010 to July 2011. Daily 24h integrated fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) particulate matter was collected using a sequential dichotomous sampler. Over the duration of the study, 392 valid daily dichotomous PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 sample pairs were collected with concentrations of 6.8±12.9μgm-3 (mean±standard deviation) and 6.9±5.9μgm-3, respectively. A subset of 100 filter pairs was selected for element analysis by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Application of the U.S. EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model to the study data matrix resolved five PM2.5 sources explaining 96% of the mass including oil sands upgrading (32%), fugitive dust (26%), biomass combustion (25%), long-range Asian transport lead source (9%), and winter road salt (4%). An analysis of historical PM2.5 data at this site shows that the impact of smoke from wildland fires was particularly high during the summer of 2011. PMF resolved six PM10-2.5 sources explaining 99% of the mass including fugitive haul road dust (40%), fugitive oil sand (27%), a mixed source fugitive dust (16%), biomass combustion (12%), mobile source (3%), and a local copper factor (1%). Results support the conclusion of a previous epiphytic lichen biomonitor study that near-field atmospheric deposition in the AOSR is dominated by coarse fraction fugitive dust from bitumen mining and upgrading operations, and suggest that fugitive dust abatement strategies targeting the three major sources of PM10-2.5 (e.g., oil sand mining, haul roads, bulk material stockpiles) would significantly reduce near-field atmospheric deposition gradients in the AOSR and reduce ambient PM concentrations in the Fort McKay community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph R Graney
- Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Allan Legge
- Biosphere Solutions, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin E Percy
- Air Quality Effects Consulting Ltd., Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Li TC, Yuan CS, Huang HC, Lee CL, Wu SP, Tong C. Inter-comparison of Seasonal Variation, Chemical Characteristics, and Source Identification of Atmospheric Fine Particles on Both Sides of the Taiwan Strait. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22956. [PMID: 26973085 PMCID: PMC4789734 DOI: 10.1038/srep22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution and chemical composition of atmospheric fine particles in areas around the Taiwan Strait were firstly investigated. Fine particles (PM2.5) were simultaneously collected at two sites on the west-side, one site at an offshore island, and three sites on the east-side of the Taiwan Strait in 2013–2014. Field sampling results indicated that the average PM2.5 concentrations at the west-side sampling sites were generally higher than those at the east-side sampling sites. In terms of chemical composition, the most abundant water-soluble ionic species of PM2.5 were SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+, while natural crustal elements dominated the metallic content of PM2.5, and the most abundant anthropogenic metals of PM2.5 were Pb, Ni and Zn. Moreover, high OC/EC ratios of PM2.5 were commonly observed at the west-side sampling sites, which are located at the downwind of major stationary sources. Results from CMB receptor modeling showed that the major sources of PM2.5 were anthropogenic sources and secondary aerosols at the both sides, and natural sources dominated PM2.5 at the offshore site. A consistent decrease of secondary sulfate and nitrate contribution to PM2.5 suggested the transportation of aged particles from the west-side to the east-side of the Taiwan Strait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chang Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, Kaohsiung 804, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, Kaohsiung 804, R.O.C
| | - Hu-Ching Huang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, Kaohsiung 804, R.O.C
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, Kaohsiung 804, R.O.C
| | - Shui-Ping Wu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R.C
| | - Chuan Tong
- School of Geographic Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, P.R.C
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VanCuren RT, Gustin MS. Identification of sources contributing to PM2.5 and ozone at elevated sites in the western U.S. by receptor analysis: Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, and Great Basin National Park, Nevada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:505-518. [PMID: 25864796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proposed revision of the United States (US) air quality standard for ozone will result in violations in sparsely populated remote rural areas in the Western US. Replicating air quality as measured at surface monitoring sites by modeling is particularly difficult in this region due to complex terrain, poorly represented in regional and global models, and uncertainties in emission rates and timing at all scales (locally as well as hundreds to thousands of km upwind). As an alternative method, a fully empirical, receptor-based scheme using in situ aerosol composition and simple meteorological variables to simulate ozone (O3) measurements was tested and found to produce O3 simulation results comparable in uncertainty to regional modeling, and supporting trajectory-based identification of O3 source regions. This approach was tested using two widely-separated (650 km) high altitude (approx. 2 km above sea level) monitoring sites, Lassen Volcanic National Park, in northern California (LAVO) and Great Basin National Park in eastern Nevada (GRBA). Comparing correlations between observed O3 and aerosols, and examining back-trajectories associated with peak concentrations for the two sites permitted distinguishing among local, distant North American, and Asian sources of particulate matter (PM2.5) and O3. This analysis indicates that anthropogenic enhancement of O3 at LAVO is primarily due to transport from Asia. Asia is also the dominant source of anthropogenic O3 at GRBA in spring, but regional North American sources of O3 appear to drive additional ozone peaks in late summer and fall at this more interior site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mae Sexauer Gustin
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Christensen JN, Weiss-Penzias P, Fine R, McDade CE, Trzepla K, Brown ST, Gustin MS. Unraveling the sources of ground level ozone in the Intermountain Western United States using Pb isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:519-525. [PMID: 25934382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone as an atmospheric pollutant is largely produced by anthropogenic precursors and can significantly impact human and ecosystem health, and climate. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently proposed lowering the ozone standard from 75 ppbv (MDA8 = Maximum Daily 8-Hour Average) to between 65 and 70 ppbv. This will result in remote areas of the Intermountain West that includes many U.S. National Parks being out of compliance, despite a lack of significant local sources. We used Pb isotope fingerprinting and back-trajectory analysis to distinguish sources of imported ozone to Great Basin National Park in eastern Nevada. During discrete Chinese Pb events (> 1.1 ng/m(3) & > 80% Asian Pb) trans-Pacific transported ozone was 5 ± 5.5 ppbv above 19 year averages for those dates. In contrast, concentrations during regional transport from the Los Angeles and Las Vegas areas were 15 ± 2 ppbv above the long-term averages, and those characterized by high-altitude transport 3 days prior to sampling were 19 ± 4ppbv above. However, over the study period the contribution of trans-Pacific transported ozone increased at a rate of 0.8 ± 0.3 ppbv/year, suggesting that Asian inputs will exceed regional and high altitude sources by 2015-2020. All of these sources will impact regulatory compliance with a new ozone standard, given increasing global background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles E McDade
- University of California at Davis, Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Krystyna Trzepla
- University of California at Davis, Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shaun T Brown
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Fine R, Miller MB, Yates EL, Iraci LT, Gustin MS. Investigating the influence of long-range transport on surface O3 in Nevada, USA, using observations from multiple measurement platforms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:493-504. [PMID: 25845306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current United States (US) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O3 (75 ppb) is expected to be revised to between 60 and 70 ppb. As the NAAQS becomes more stringent, characterizing the extent of O3 and precursors transported into the US is increasingly important. Given the high elevation, complex terrain, and location in the Intermountain West, the State of Nevada is ideally situated to intercept air transported into the US. Until recently, measurements of O3 and associated pollutants were limited to areas in and around the cities of Las Vegas and Reno. In 2011, the Nevada Rural Ozone Initiative began and through this project 13 surface monitoring sites were established. Also in 2011, the NASA Ames Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX) began making routine aircraft measurements of O3 and other greenhouse gases in Nevada. The availability of aircraft and surface measurements in a relatively rural, remote setting in the Intermountain West presented a unique opportunity to investigate sources contributing to the O3 observed in Nevada. Our analyses indicate that stratosphere to troposphere transport, long-range transport of Asian pollution, and regional emissions from urban areas and wildfires influence surface observations. The complexity of sources identified here along with the fact that O3 frequently approaches the threshold being considered for a revised NAAQS indicate that interstate and international cooperation will be necessary to achieve compliance with a more stringent regulatory standard. Further, on a seasonal basis we found no significant difference between daily 1-h maximum O3 at surface sites, which ranged in elevation from 888 to 2307 m, and aircraft measurements of O3 <2500 m which suggests that similar processes influence daytime O3 across rural Nevada and indicates that column measurements from Railroad Valley, NV are useful in understanding these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Fine
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Matthieu B Miller
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Emma L Yates
- Atmospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Laura T Iraci
- Atmospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Mae Sexauer Gustin
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
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Timonen H, Wigder N, Jaffe D. Influence of background particulate matter (PM) on urban air quality in the Pacific Northwest. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 129:333-340. [PMID: 23978621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated particulate matter concentrations due to Asian long-range transport (LRT) are frequently observed in the free troposphere (FT) above the Pacific Northwest, U.S. Transport of this aerosol from the FT to the boundary layer (BL) and its effect to local air quality remain poorly constrained. We used data collected at the Mount Bachelor observatory (MBO, 2.8 km a.s.l) and from ground stations in the Pacific Northwest to study transport of fine particulate matter (PM) from the FT to the BL. During Asian LRT episodes PM concentrations were clearly elevated above the corresponding monthly averages at MBO as well as at low elevation sites across Washington and Oregon. Also, a clear correlation between MBO and low elevation sites was observed, indicating that LRT episodes are seen in both the FT and BL. In addition, drum impactor measurements show that the chemical composition of PM at MBO was similar to that measured at the BL sites. Using a simple regression model, we estimate that during springtime, when the transport from Asia is most effective, the contribution of Asian sources to PM2.5 in clean background areas of the Pacific Northwest was on average 1.7 μg m(-3) (representing approximately 50-80% of PM). The influence of LRT PM was also seen in measurement stations situated in the urban and urban background areas. However, the fraction of LRT PM was less pronounced (36-50% of PM) due to larger local emissions in the urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Science and Technology Program, University of Washington-Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA; Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Temporal trends of PCBs in feed and dietary influence in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Chem 2013; 141:2321-7. [PMID: 23870964 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a rainbow trout producer, Italy is accounted as fifth in the world and second in continental Europe. In this study, the levels of the eighteen PCBs in feed and in trout, showed a statistical significant difference (p<0.01) throughout the years, with a declining trend from 2005 to 2010. This trend shows effectively that quality and safety of trout feeds has greatly improved during the last years and, as a consequence, also the PCBs values in muscle trout, showed a decreasing trend. Moreover, feed Σ18PCBs showed a statistical significant difference (p<0.01) among the analysed brands and was positively correlated (p<0.01 and r=0.451) with the rainbow trout muscle Σ18PCBs. These results showed that the presence of PCBs in trout muscle is directly linked to the chemical quality of aquaculture feed. The most commonly detected PCBs congeners were congeners PCB 153 and PCB 138 in all the three compared brands.
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Sun H, Pan Z, Liu X. Numerical simulation of spatial-temporal distribution of dust aerosol and its direct radiative effects on East Asian climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Hand JL, Schichtel BA, Pitchford M, Malm WC, Frank NH. Seasonal composition of remote and urban fine particulate matter in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Park MS, Park SU, Chun Y. Improved parameterization of dust emission (PM10) fluxes by the gradient method using the Naiman tower data at the Horqin desert in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 412-413:265-277. [PMID: 22030250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dust emission/deposition flux has been estimated using the gradient method with the two-level (3 and 15m high) measured PM(10) concentrations and the sonic anemometer measured momentum and kinematic heat fluxes at 8m high from a 20-m monitoring tower located at Naiman (Horqin desert) in the Asian dust source region in China for the winter of November 2007 to March 2008. The time series of measured PM(10) concentration at 3m high is used to identify the dust event and the non-dust event periods. It is found that the dust emission/deposition flux (F(C)) shows a significant diurnal variation with the maximum emission flux of 5.8 kg km(-2)h(-1) at noon and the minimum of -1.6 kg km(-2)h(-1) in the afternoon for the non-dust event cases. Whereas for the dust event cases, the dust emission flux is found to occur when the prevailing winds are westerlies to northerlies with the maximum flux of 1275 kg km(-2)d(-1), while the maximum dust deposition flux of 148 kg km(-2)d(-1) occurs with the prevailing winds of southerlies to easterlies without any diurnal variation. The optimal regression equation between F(C) and the friction velocity (u(*)) for the dust emission cases is found to be F(C)=9.55 u(*)(3.13) with the R(2) value of 0.73. However, this regression equation can be improved by taking into account the convective velocity (w(*)). The resulting optimal regression equation is found to be F(C)=9.3(u(*)-0.1w(*))(3.19) for the stable stratification (w(*)<0) with the R(2) value of 0.77 and F(C)=10.5(u(*)+0.34w(*))(4.11) for the unstable stratification (w(*)>0) with the R(2) value of 0.78, suggesting the importance of the convective velocity on the dust emission flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Soo Park
- Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling, Seoul National University Research Park RM. 515, San 4-2, Bongcheon-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.
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Fischer EV, Perry KD, Jaffe DA. Optical and chemical properties of aerosols transported to Mount Bachelor during spring 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Vicars WC, Sickman JO. Mineral dust transport to the Sierra Nevada, California: Loading rates and potential source areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Ewing SA, Christensen JN, Brown ST, Vancuren RA, Cliff SS, Depaolo DJ. Pb isotopes as an indicator of the Asian contribution to particulate air pollution in urban California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8911-8916. [PMID: 21033735 DOI: 10.1021/es101450t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, expanding industrial activity in east Asia has led to increased production of airborne pollutants that can be transported to North America. Previous efforts to detect this trans-Pacific pollution have relied upon remote sensing and remote sample locations. We tested whether Pb isotope ratios in airborne particles can be used to directly evaluate the Asian contribution to airborne particles of anthropogenic origin in western North America, using a time series of samples from a pair of sites upwind and downwind of the San Francisco Bay Area. Our results for airborne Pb at these sites indicate a median value of 29% Asian origin, based on mixing relations between distinct regional sample groups. This trans-Pacific Pb is present in small quantities but serves as a tracer for airborne particles within the growing Asian industrial plume. We then applied this analysis to archived samples from urban sites in central California. Taken together, our results suggest that the analysis of Pb isotopes can reveal the distribution of airborne particles affected by Asian industrial pollution at urban sites in northern California. Under suitable circumstances, this analysis can improve understanding of the global transport of pollution, independent of transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ewing
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Fischer EV, Jaffe DA, Marley NA, Gaffney JS, Marchany-Rivera A. Optical properties of aged Asian aerosols observed over the U.S. Pacific Northwest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Park SU, Choe A, Park MS. Estimates of Asian dust deposition over the Asian region by using ADAM2 in 2007. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2347-2356. [PMID: 20227107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Asian Dust Aerosol Model 2 (ADAM2) with the MM5 meteorological model has been employed to estimate the dust concentration, and wet and dry depositions of dust in the Asian region for the year of 2007. It is found that the model simulates quite reasonably the dust (PM(10)) concentrations both in the dust source region (100-110 degrees E and 37-43 degrees N) and the downstream region of Korea. The starting and ending times of most of dust events and their peak concentration occurring times are well simulated. The annual average dust (PM(10)) concentration near the surface is found to be 171microgm(-3) over the dust source area, 39microgm(-3) over the Yellow Sea, 25microgm(-3) over the Korean peninsula and 17microgm(-3) over the East Sea. It is also found that the annual total deposition of dust is about 118.1tkm(-2) (dry deposition, 101.4tkm(-2); wet deposition, 16.7tkm(-2)) in the dust source region, 19.0tkm(-2) (dry deposition, 7.8tkm(-2); wet deposition, 11.2tkm(-2)) in the Yellow Sea, 12.6tkm(-2) (dry deposition, 6.5tkm(-2); wet deposition, 6.1tkm(-2)) in the Korean peninsula and 10.7tkm(-2) (dry deposition, 2.1tkm(-2); wet deposition, 8.6tkm(-2)) in the East Sea. Their ratios of wet deposition to total deposition of dust in the respective regions are 14%, 59%, 48% and 80%. This clearly indicates that the main dust removal mechanism from the atmosphere is dry deposition over the source region whereas wet deposition predominates in the downstream region of the sea. The estimated dust deposition could adversely impact the eco-environmental system in the downstream regions of the dust source region significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ung Park
- Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling, Seoul National University Research Park, RM. 515, San 4-2, Bongcheon-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-919, South Korea.
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Arima K, Jiang P, Lin DS, Verdaguer A, Salmeron M. Ion Segregation and Deliquescence of Alkali Halide Nanocrystals on SiO2. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9715-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904151m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arima
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Centre d’Investigació en Nanociència i
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Centre d’Investigació en Nanociència i
| | - Deng-Sung Lin
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Centre d’Investigació en Nanociència i
| | - Albert Verdaguer
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Centre d’Investigació en Nanociència i
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Centre d’Investigació en Nanociència i
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Su L, Toon OB. Numerical simulations of Asian dust storms using a coupled climate-aerosol microphysical model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hidy GM. Surface-level fine particle mass concentrations: from hemispheric distributions to megacity sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:770-789. [PMID: 19645262 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, basic knowledge of the "chemical climate" of fine particles, has greatly improved from Junge's compilation from the 1960s. A worldwide baseline distribution of fine particle concentrations on a synoptic scale of approximately 1000 km can be estimated at least qualitatively from measurements. A geographical distribution of fine particle characteristics is deduced from a synthesis of a variety of disparate data collected at ground level on all continents, especially in the northern hemisphere. On the average, the regional mass concentrations range from 1 to 80 microg/m3, with the highest concentrations in regions of high population density and industrialization. Fine particles by mass on a continental and hemispheric spatial scale are generally dominated by non-sea salt sulfate (0.2 to approximately 20 microg/m3, or approximately 25%) and organic carbon (0.2-> 10 microg/m3, or approximately 25%), with lesser contributions of ammonium, nitrate, elemental carbon, and elements found in sea salt or soil dust. The crustal and trace metal elements contribute a varied amount to fine particle mass depending on location, with a larger contribution in marine conditions or during certain events such as dust storms or volcanic disturbances. The average distribution of mass concentration and major components depends on the proximity to areal aggregations of sources, most of which are continental in origin, with contributions from sea salt emissions in the marine environment. The highest concentrations generally are within or near very large population and industrial centers, especially in Asia, including parts of China and India, as well as North America and Europe. Natural sources of blowing dust, sea salt, and wildfires contribute to large, intermittent spatial-scale particle loadings beyond these ranges. A sampling of 10 megacities illustrates a range of characteristic particle composition, dependent on local and regional sources. Long-range transport of pollution from spatially aggregated sources over hundreds of kilometers creates persistent regional- and continental-scale gradients of mass concentration, sulfate, and carbon species especially in the northern hemisphere. Data are sparse in the southern hemisphere, especially beyond 45 degrees S, but are generally very low in mass concentrations.
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Kalyoncu L, Agca I, Aktumsek A. Some organochlorine pesticide residues in fish species in Konya, Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:885-889. [PMID: 19103455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The levels of organochlorine pesticides were measured in 18 fish species from Konya markets, Turkey. These species were selected on the basis of their importance to local human fish consumption. The extracted residues were analyzed on a micro capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Total 14 different organochlorine pesticides were determined. These residues were detected in all fish species, except in trout, horse mackerel and bonito. DDT and its metabolites and HCH were the predominant contaminants in fish muscles. The mean concentrations of summation operator DDT were in the range between 0.0008 and 0.0828 microg g(-1). DDT was the predominant residue in Sparus aurata. Detectable levels of HCH, aldrin, and heptachlor were found in most samples. However, dieldrin, endrin, beta endosulfan, p-p' DDT, and p-p' DDD were not found in Salmo trutta. The mean of endrin ranged from 0.0040 microg g(-1) (Triglia lineate) to 0.0326 microg g(-1) (Trachurus trachurus). These results give no indication of important health risks associated with the consumption of these fishes in Konya markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Kalyoncu
- Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
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Kavouras IG, Etyemezian V, DuBois DW, Xu J, Pitchford M. Source reconciliation of atmospheric dust causing visibility impairment in Class I areas of the western United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Patris N, Cliff SS, Quinn PK, Kasem M, Thiemens MH. Isotopic analysis of aerosol sulfate and nitrate during ITCT-2k2: Determination of different formation pathways as a function of particle size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Shen ZX, Cao JJ, Arimoto R, Zhang RJ, Jie DM, Liu SX, Zhu CS. Chemical composition and source characterization of spring aerosol over Horqin sand land in northeastern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Kavouras IG, Etyemezian V, Xu J, DuBois DW, Green M, Pitchford M. Assessment of the local windblown component of dust in the western United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Maule AG, Gannam AL, Davis JW. Chemical contaminants in fish feeds used in federal salmonid hatcheries in the USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1308-15. [PMID: 17222889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that fish feeds contain significant concentrations of contaminants, many of which can bioaccumulate and bioconcentrate in fish. Organochlorine (OC) contaminants are present in the fish oils and fish meals used in feed manufacture, and some researchers speculate that all fish feeds contain measurable levels of some contaminants. To determine the concentration of contaminants in feeds used in US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Fish Hatcheries, we systematically collected samples of feed from 11 cold-water fish hatcheries. All samples (collected from October 2001 to October 2003) contained at least one polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener, or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolite. Of the 55 samples in which they were analyzed 39 contained PCDDs, 24 contained PCDFs and 24 contained DDT or its metabolites. There were 10- to 150-fold differences in concentrations of total PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs and DDT. Although PCBs were the most commonly detected contaminant in our study, concentrations (range: 0.07-10.46 ng g(-1) wet weight) were low compared to those reported previously. In general, we also found lower levels of OCs than reported previously in fish feed. Perhaps most notable was the near absence of OC pesticides - except for DDT or its metabolites, and two samples containing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). While contaminant concentrations were generally low, the ecological impacts can not be determined without a measure of the bioaccumulation of these compounds in the fish and the fate of these compounds after the fish are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec G Maule
- USGS-BRD, WFRC, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501A Cook-Underwood Road, Cook, WA 98605, USA.
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Singh HB, Brune WH, Crawford JH, Jacob DJ, Russell PB. Overview of the summer 2004 Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America (INTEX-A). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Iziomon MG, Lohmann U, Quinn PK. Summertime pollution events in the Arctic and potential implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Heald CL, Jacob DJ, Park RJ, Alexander B, Fairlie TD, Yantosca RM, Chu DA. Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmid B, Ferrare R, Flynn C, Elleman R, Covert D, Strawa A, Welton E, Turner D, Jonsson H, Redemann J, Eilers J, Ricci K, Hallar AG, Clayton M, Michalsky J, Smirnov A, Holben B, Barnard J. How well do state-of-the-art techniques measuring the vertical profile of tropospheric aerosol extinction compare? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Newberg JT, Matthew BM, Anastasio C. Chloride and bromide depletions in sea-salt particles over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Newberg
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Brendan M. Matthew
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
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VanCuren RA. Asian continental aerosol persistence above the marine boundary layer over the eastern North Pacific: Continuous aerosol measurements from Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cao JJ. Characterization of airborne carbonate over a site near Asian dust source regions during spring 2002 and its climatic and environmental significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koch D. Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: A Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bertschi IT. Long-range transport of ozone, carbon monoxide, and aerosols to the NE Pacific troposphere during the summer of 2003: Observations of smoke plumes from Asian boreal fires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Perry KD, Cliff SS, Jimenez-Cruz MP. Evidence for hygroscopic mineral dust particles from the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Perry
- Department of Meteorology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Steven S. Cliff
- Department of Applied Sciences; University of California; Davis California USA
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Parrish DD, Kondo Y, Cooper OR, Brock CA, Jaffe DA, Trainer M, Ogawa T, Hübler G, Fehsenfeld FC. Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) and Pacific Exploration of Asian Continental Emission (PEACE) experiments: An overview of the 2002 winter and spring intensives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Parrish
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - O. R. Cooper
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. A. Brock
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. A. Jaffe
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington-Bothell; Washington USA
| | - M. Trainer
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. Ogawa
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - G. Hübler
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. C. Fehsenfeld
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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Brock CA, Hudson PK, Lovejoy ER, Sullivan A, Nowak JB, Huey LG, Cooper OR, Cziczo DJ, de Gouw J, Fehsenfeld FC, Holloway JS, Hübler G, Lafleur BG, Murphy DM, Neuman JA, Nicks DK, Orsini DA, Parrish DD, Ryerson TB, Tanner DJ, Warneke C, Weber RJ, Wilson JC. Particle characteristics following cloud-modified transport from Asia to North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Brock
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Paula K. Hudson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Amy Sullivan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - John B. Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Owen R. Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Fred C. Fehsenfeld
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John S. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Gerhard Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Dennis K. Nicks
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Douglas A. Orsini
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | | | | | - David J. Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - James C. Wilson
- Department of Engineering; University of Denver; Denver Colorado USA
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Goldstein AH, Millet DB, McKay M, Jaeglé L, Horowitz L, Cooper O, Hudman R, Jacob DJ, Oltmans S, Clarke A. Impact of Asian emissions on observations at Trinidad Head, California, during ITCT 2K2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Megan McKay
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Science; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Larry Horowitz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Owen Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rynda Hudman
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Sam Oltmans
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Andrew Clarke
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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Hand JL. Estimates of atmospheric-processed soluble iron from observations and a global mineral aerosol model: Biogeochemical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Massie ST. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations of increases in Asian aerosol in winter from 1979 to 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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