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Schwarz JP, Gao RS, Thornberry TD, Rollins AW, Rosenlof KH, Portmann RW, Bui T, Jensen EJ, Ray EA. Considering intentional stratospheric dehydration for climate benefits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0593. [PMID: 38416836 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a climate intervention strategy focused on decreasing water vapor (WV) concentrations near the tropopause and in the stratosphere to increase outbound longwave radiation. The mechanism is the targeted injection of ice-nucleating particles (INP) in air supersaturated with respect to ice at high altitudes in the tropical entryway to the stratosphere. Ice formation in this region is a critical control of stratospheric WV. Recent airborne in situ data indicate that targeting only a small fraction of air parcels in the region would be sufficient to achieve substantial removal of water. This "intentional stratospheric dehydration" (ISD) strategy would not counteract a large fraction of the forcing from carbon dioxide but may contribute to a portfolio of climate interventions by acting with different time and length scales of impact and risk than other interventions that are already under consideration. We outline the idea, its plausibility, technical hurdles, and side effects to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - ThaoPaul Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Jensen
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric A Ray
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
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Morrison H, van Lier‐Walqui M, Fridlind AM, Grabowski WW, Harrington JY, Hoose C, Korolev A, Kumjian MR, Milbrandt JA, Pawlowska H, Posselt DJ, Prat OP, Reimel KJ, Shima S, van Diedenhoven B, Xue L. Confronting the Challenge of Modeling Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2020; 12:e2019MS001689. [PMID: 32999700 PMCID: PMC7507216 DOI: 10.1029/2019ms001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, microphysics refers to the microscale processes that affect cloud and precipitation particles and is a key linkage among the various components of Earth's atmospheric water and energy cycles. The representation of microphysical processes in models continues to pose a major challenge leading to uncertainty in numerical weather forecasts and climate simulations. In this paper, the problem of treating microphysics in models is divided into two parts: (i) how to represent the population of cloud and precipitation particles, given the impossibility of simulating all particles individually within a cloud, and (ii) uncertainties in the microphysical process rates owing to fundamental gaps in knowledge of cloud physics. The recently developed Lagrangian particle-based method is advocated as a way to address several conceptual and practical challenges of representing particle populations using traditional bulk and bin microphysics parameterization schemes. For addressing critical gaps in cloud physics knowledge, sustained investment for observational advances from laboratory experiments, new probe development, and next-generation instruments in space is needed. Greater emphasis on laboratory work, which has apparently declined over the past several decades relative to other areas of cloud physics research, is argued to be an essential ingredient for improving process-level understanding. More systematic use of natural cloud and precipitation observations to constrain microphysics schemes is also advocated. Because it is generally difficult to quantify individual microphysical process rates from these observations directly, this presents an inverse problem that can be viewed from the standpoint of Bayesian statistics. Following this idea, a probabilistic framework is proposed that combines elements from statistical and physical modeling. Besides providing rigorous constraint of schemes, there is an added benefit of quantifying uncertainty systematically. Finally, a broader hierarchical approach is proposed to accelerate improvements in microphysics schemes, leveraging the advances described in this paper related to process modeling (using Lagrangian particle-based schemes), laboratory experimentation, cloud and precipitation observations, and statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morrison
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Marcus van Lier‐Walqui
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems ResearchColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Jerry Y. Harrington
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Corinna Hoose
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Alexei Korolev
- Observation Based Research SectionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Matthew R. Kumjian
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Jason A. Milbrandt
- Atmospheric Numerical Prediction ResearchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDorvalQuebecCanada
| | - Hanna Pawlowska
- Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Derek J. Posselt
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Olivier P. Prat
- North Carolina Institute for Climate StudiesNorth Carolina State UniversityAshevilleNCUSA
| | - Karly J. Reimel
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Shin‐Ichiro Shima
- University of Hyogo and RIKEN Center for Computational ScienceKobeJapan
| | - Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems ResearchColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lulin Xue
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
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Schoeberl MR, Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Ueyama R, Wang T, Selkirk H, Avery M, Thornberry T, Dessler AE. Water Vapor, Clouds, and Saturation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:3984-4003. [PMID: 33868885 PMCID: PMC8051107 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation is to understand the mechanism behind the observed high relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) in the tropical region between ~14 km (150 hPa) and the tropopause, often referred to as the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). As shown by satellite, aircraft and balloon observations, high (>80%) RHi regions are widespread within the TTL. Regions with the highest RHi are co-located with extensive cirrus. During boreal winter, the TTL RHi is highest over the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) with a weaker maximum over South America and Africa. In the winter, TTL temperatures are coldest and upward motion is the greatest in the TWP. It is this upward motion, driving humid air into the colder upper troposphere that produces the persistent high RHi and cirrus formation. Back trajectory calculations show that comparable adiabatic and diabatic processes contribute to this upward motion. We construct a bulk model of TWP TTL water vapor transport that includes cloud nucleation and ice microphysics that quantifies how upward motion drives the persistent high RHi in the TTL region. We find that atmospheric waves triggering cloud formation regulate the RHi, and that convection dehydrates the TTL. Our forward domain-filling trajectory (FDF) model is used to more precisely simulate the TTL spatial and vertical distribution of RHi. The observed RHi distribution is reproduced by the model and we show that convection increases RHi below the base of the TTL with little impact on the RHi in the TTL region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. J. Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - L. Pfister
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - R. Ueyama
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - T. Wang
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - H. Selkirk
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | - T. Thornberry
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Schoeberl MR, Jensen E, Podglajen A, Coy L, Lodha C, Candido S, Carver R. Gravity Wave Spectra in the Lower Stratosphere Diagnosed from Project Loon Balloon Trajectories. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; Volume 122:8517-8524. [PMID: 32021739 PMCID: PMC6999652 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Project Loon has been launching super-pressure balloons since January 2013 to provide worldwide Internet coverage. These balloons typically fly between 18-21 km and provide measurements of winds and pressure fluctuations in the lower stratosphere. We divide 1,560 Loon flights into 3,405 two-day segments for gravity wave analysis. We derive the kinetic energy spectrum from the horizontal balloon motion and estimate the temperature perturbation spectrum (proportional to the potential energy spectrum) from the pressure variations. We fit the temperature (and kinetic energy) data to the functional form T , 2 = T O , 2 ( ω / ω O ) α where ω is the wave frequency, ω o is daily frequency, T' o is the base temperature amplitude and α is the slope. Both the kinetic energy and temperature spectra show -1.9±0.2 power-law dependence in the intrinsic frequency window 3 - 50 cycles/day. The temperature spectrum slope is weakly anti-correlated with the base temperature amplitude. We also find that the wave base temperature distribution is highly skewed. The average tropical modal temperature is 0.77 K. The highest amplitude waves occur over the mountainous regions, the tropics, and the high southern latitudes. Temperature amplitudes show little height variation over our 18-21 km domain. Our results are consistent with other limited super-pressure balloon analyses. The modal temperature is higher than the temperature currently used in Lagrangian model gravity wave parameterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Schoeberl
- Science and Technology Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - E Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A Podglajen
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS-UMR8539, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, École Normale Supérieure, École Polytechnique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, 2Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - L Coy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- SSAI, Lanham, MD, USA
| | - C Lodha
- Project Loon, X, Mountain View, CA, USA
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Barahona D, Molod A, Kalesse H. Direct estimation of the global distribution of vertical velocity within cirrus clouds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6840. [PMID: 28754986 PMCID: PMC5533806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrus clouds determine the radiative balance of the upper troposphere and the transport of water vapor across the tropopause. The representation of vertical wind velocity, W, in atmospheric models constitutes the largest source of uncertainty in the calculation of the cirrus formation rate. Using global atmospheric simulations with a spatial resolution of 7 km we obtain for the first time a direct estimate of the distribution of W at the scale relevant for cirrus formation, validated against long-term observations at two different ground sites. The standard deviation in W, σw, varies widely over the globe with the highest values resulting from orographic uplift and convection, and the lowest occurring in the Arctic. Globally about 90% of the simulated σw values are below 0.1 m s−1 and about one in 104 cloud formation events occur in environments with σw > 0.8 m s−1. Combining our estimate with reanalysis products and an advanced cloud formation scheme results in lower homogeneous ice nucleation frequency than previously reported, and a decreasing average ice crystal concentration with decreasing temperature. These features are in agreement with observations and suggest that the correct parameterization of σw is critical to simulate realistic cirrus properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donifan Barahona
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Heike Kalesse
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
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Jensen EJ, Thornberry T, Rollins A, Ueyama R, Pfister L, Bui TV, Diskin GS, DiGangi JP, Hintsa E, Gao RS, Woods S, Lawson RP, Pittman J. Physical Processes Controlling the Vertical and Longitudinal Distributions of Relative Humidity in the Tropical Tropopause Layer Over the Pacific. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:6094-6107. [PMID: 31534878 PMCID: PMC6749611 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHI) in the Boreal wintertime Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL, ≃14-18 km) over the Pacific is examined with the extensive dataset of measurements from the NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX). Multiple deployments of the Global Hawk during ATTREX provided hundreds of vertical profiles spanning the longitudinal extent of the Pacific with accurate measurements of temperature, pressure, water vapor concentration, ozone concentration, and cloud properties. We also compare the measured RHI distributions with results from a transport and microphysical model driven by meteorological analysis fields. Notable features in the distribution of RHI versus temperature and longitude include (1) the common occurrence of RHI values near ice saturation over the western Pacific in the lower-middle TTL (temperatures greater than 195 K); (2) low RHI values in the lower TTL over the central and eastern Pacific; (3) common occurrence of RHI values following a constant mixing ratio in the middle-to-upper TTL (temperatures between about 190 and 200 K), particularly for samples with ozone greater than about 50-100 ppbv indicating mixtures of tropospheric and stratospheric air; (4) RHI values typically near ice saturation in the coldest airmasses sampled (temperatures less than about 190 K); and (5) common occurrence of RHI values near 100% across the TTL temperature range in air parcels with low ozone mixing ratio (O3 < 50 ppbv) indicative of recent uplift by deep convection. We suggest that the typically saturated air in the lower TTL over the western Pacific is likely driven by a combination of the frequent occurrence of deep convection and the predominance of radiative heating (rising motion) in this region. The low relative humidities in the central/eastern Pacific lower TTL result from the lack of convective influence, the predominance of subsidence, and the relatively warm temperatures in the region. The nearly-constant water vapor mixing ratios in the middle-to-upper TTL likely result from the combination of slow ascent (resulting in long residence times) and wave driven temperature variability on a range of time scales (resulting in most air parcels having experienced low temperature and dehydration). The numerical simulations generally reproduce the observed RHI distribution features and sensitivity tests further emphasize the strong sensitivities of TTL relative humidity to convective input and vertical motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rei Ueyama
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | - Theopaul V Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric Hintsa
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Sihvonen SK, Schill GP, Lyktey NA, Veghte DP, Tolbert MA, Freedman MA. Chemical and physical transformations of aluminosilicate clay minerals due to acid treatment and consequences for heterogeneous ice nucleation. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8787-96. [PMID: 25211030 DOI: 10.1021/jp504846g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mineral dust aerosol is one of the largest contributors to global ice nuclei, but physical and chemical processing of dust during atmospheric transport can alter its ice nucleation activity. In particular, several recent studies have noted that sulfuric and nitric acids inhibit heterogeneous ice nucleation in the regime below liquid water saturation in aluminosilicate clay minerals. We have exposed kaolinite, KGa-1b and KGa-2, and montmorillonite, STx-1b and SWy-2, to aqueous sulfuric and nitric acid to determine the physical and chemical changes that are responsible for the observed deactivation. To characterize the changes to the samples upon acid treatment, we use X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. We find that the reaction of kaolinite and montmorillonite with aqueous sulfuric acid results in the formation of hydrated aluminum sulfate. In addition, sulfuric and nitric acids induce large structural changes in montmorillonite. We additionally report the supersaturation with respect to ice required for the onset of ice nucleation for these acid-treated species. On the basis of lattice spacing arguments, we explain how the chemical and physical changes observed upon acid treatment could lead to the observed reduction in ice nucleation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Sihvonen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Bergman JW, Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Yang Q. Seasonal differences of vertical-transport efficiency in the tropical tropopause layer: On the interplay between tropical deep convection, large-scale vertical ascent, and horizontal circulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Toon OB. Impact of radiative heating, wind shear, temperature variability, and microphysical processes on the structure and evolution of thin cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Knopf DA, Forrester SM. Freezing of water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by organic monolayers as a function of surfactant properties and water activity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5579-91. [PMID: 21568271 DOI: 10.1021/jp2014644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents heterogeneous ice nucleation from water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol and 1-nonadecanoic acid monolayers as a function of water activity (a(w)) from 0.8 to 1 accompanied by measurements of the corresponding pressure-area isotherms and equilibrium spreading pressures. For water and aqueous NaCl solutions of ~0-20 wt % in concentration, 1-nonadecanol exhibits a condensed phase, whereas the phase of 1-nonadecanoic acid changes from an expanded to a condensed state with increasing NaCl content of the aqueous subphase. 1-Nonadecanol-coated aqueous droplets exhibit the highest median freezing temperatures that can be described by a shift in a(w) of the ice melting curve by 0.098 according to the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach. This freezing curve represents a heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient (J(het)) of 0.85 ± 0.30 cm(-2) s(-1). The median freezing temperatures of 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets decrease less with increasing NaCl content compared to the homogeneous freezing temperatures. This trend in freezing temperature is best described by a linear function in a(w) and not by the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach most likely due to an increased ice nucleation efficiency of 1-nonadecanoic acid governed by the monolayer state. This freezing curve represents J(het) = 0.46 ± 0.16 cm(-2) s(-1). Contact angles (α) for 1-nonadecanol- and 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets increase as temperature decreases for each droplet composition, but absolute values depend on employed water diffusivity and the interfacial energies of the ice embryo. A parametrization of log[J(het)(Δa(w))] is presented which allows prediction of freezing temperatures and heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients for water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol without knowledge of the droplet's composition and α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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Barahona D, Rodriguez J, Nenes A. Sensitivity of the global distribution of cirrus ice crystal concentration to heterogeneous freezing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Selkirk HB, Vömel H, Valverde Canossa JM, Pfister L, Diaz JA, Fernández W, Amador J, Stolz W, Peng GS. Detailed structure of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as revealed by balloon sonde observations of water vapor, ozone, temperature, and winds during the NASA TCSP and TC4 campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Riihimaki LD, McFarlane SA. Frequency and morphology of tropical tropopause layer cirrus from CALIPSO observations: Are isolated cirrus different from those connected to deep convection? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pfister L, Selkirk HB, Starr DO, Rosenlof K, Newman PA. A meteorological overview of the TC4 mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toon OB, Starr DO, Jensen EJ, Newman PA, Platnick S, Schoeberl MR, Wennberg PO, Wofsy SC, Kurylo MJ, Maring H, Jucks KW, Craig MS, Vasques MF, Pfister L, Rosenlof KH, Selkirk HB, Colarco PR, Kawa SR, Mace GG, Minnis P, Pickering KE. Planning, implementation, and first results of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Massie ST, Gille J, Craig C, Khosravi R, Barnett J, Read W, Winker D. HIRDLS and CALIPSO observations of tropical cirrus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dessler AE. Clouds and water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere summertime stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu C, Zipser EJ. Implications of the day versus night differences of water vapor, carbon monoxide, and thin cloud observations near the tropical tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu X, Penner JE, Wang M. Influence of anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon on upper tropospheric clouds in the NCAR CAM3 model coupled to the IMPACT global aerosol model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Knopf DA, Lopez MD. Homogeneous ice freezing temperatures and ice nucleation rates of aqueous ammonium sulfate and aqueous levoglucosan particles for relevant atmospheric conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8056-68. [DOI: 10.1039/b903750k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Weinstock EM, Pittman JV, Sayres DS, Smith JB, Anderson JG, Wofsy SC, Xueref I, Gerbig C, Daube BC, Pfister L, Richard EC, Ridley BA, Weinheimer AJ, Jost HJ, Lopez JP, Loewenstein M, Thompson TL. Quantifying the impact of the North American monsoon and deep midlatitude convection on the subtropical lowermost stratosphere using in situ measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jensen EJ, Ackerman AS, Smith JA. Can overshooting convection dehydrate the tropical tropopause layer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu C. Geographical and seasonal distribution of tropical tropopause thin clouds and their relation to deep convection and water vapor viewed from satellite measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kärcher B, Hendricks J, Lohmann U. Physically based parameterization of cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dessler AE, Palm SP, Hart WD, Spinhirne JD. Tropopause-level thin cirrus coverage revealed by ICESat/Geoscience Laser Altimeter System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dessler AE, Palm SP, Spinhirne JD. Tropical cloud-top height distributions revealed by the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)/Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Randel WJ. Kelvin wave variability near the equatorial tropopause observed in GPS radio occultation measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu C, Zipser EJ. Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kahn BH. Nighttime cirrus detection using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder window channels and total column water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fueglistaler S. Stratospheric water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air entering the stratosphere in the tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jensen E. Formation of a tropopause cirrus layer observed over Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fueglistaler S, Wernli H, Peter T. Tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Fueglistaler
- Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule; Zürich Switzerland
| | - H. Wernli
- Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule; Zürich Switzerland
| | - T. Peter
- Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule; Zürich Switzerland
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Ray EA. Evidence of the effect of summertime midlatitude convection on the subtropical lower stratosphere from CRYSTAL-FACE tracer measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haag W. The impact of aerosols and gravity waves on cirrus clouds at midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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