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He H, Kramer RJ, Soden BJ, Jeevanjee N. State dependence of CO 2 forcing and its implications for climate sensitivity. Science 2023; 382:1051-1056. [PMID: 38033059 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
When evaluating the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on Earth's climate, it is widely assumed that instantaneous radiative forcing from a doubling of a given CO2 concentration (IRF2×CO2) is constant and that variances in climate sensitivity arise from differences in radiative feedbacks or dependence of these feedbacks on the climatological base state. Here, we show that the IRF2×CO2 is not constant, but rather depends on the climatological base state, increasing by about 25% for every doubling of CO2, and has increased by about 10% since the preindustrial era primarily due to the cooling within the upper stratosphere, implying a proportionate increase in climate sensitivity. This base-state dependence also explains about half of the intermodel spread in IRF2×CO2, a problem that has persisted among climate models for nearly three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe He
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ryan J Kramer
- Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research II, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Climate and Radiation Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Soden
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Wu X, Yeager SG, Deser C, Rosenbloom N, Meehl GA. Volcanic forcing degrades multiyear-to-decadal prediction skill in the tropical Pacific. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9364. [PMID: 37043583 PMCID: PMC10096591 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic aerosol forcing can affect global climate, but its role in climate prediction remains poorly understood. We isolate the impact of volcanic eruptions on multiyear-to-decadal climate prediction skill by comparing two suites of initialized decadal hindcasts conducted with and without historical volcanic forcing. Unexpectedly, the inclusion of volcanic forcing in the prediction system significantly degrades the forecast skill of detrended multiyear-to-decadal sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the central-eastern tropical Pacific. The ensemble mean hindcasts produce multiyear-to-decadal tropical Pacific SST cooling in response to large tropical volcanic eruptions through thermodynamic and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like dynamic processes. However, in observations, these eruptions coincided with tropical Pacific warming, which is well predicted by the no-volcano hindcasts and, hence, is likely related to internal climate variability. Improved model representation of volcanic response and its interaction with internal climate variability is required to advance prediction of tropical Pacific decadal variability and associated global impacts.
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Mann ME, Steinman BA, Brouillette DJ, Miller SK. Multidecadal climate oscillations during the past millennium driven by volcanic forcing. Science 2021; 371:1014-1019. [PMID: 33674487 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc5810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Past research argues for an internal multidecadal (40- to 60-year) oscillation distinct from climate noise. Recent studies have claimed that this so-termed Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is instead a manifestation of competing time-varying effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. That conclusion is bolstered by the absence of robust multidecadal climate oscillations in control simulations of current-generation models. Paleoclimate data, however, do demonstrate multidecadal oscillatory behavior during the preindustrial era. By comparing control and forced "Last Millennium" simulations, we show that these apparent multidecadal oscillations are an artifact of pulses of volcanic activity during the preindustrial era that project markedly onto the multidecadal (50- to 70-year) frequency band. We conclude that there is no compelling evidence for internal multidecadal oscillations in the climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Mann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 514 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802-5013, USA.
| | - Byron A Steinman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2205 East 5th Street, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Daniel J Brouillette
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 514 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802-5013, USA
| | - Sonya K Miller
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 514 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802-5013, USA
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The Role of Samalas Mega Volcanic Eruption in European Summer Hydroclimate Change. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the role of AD 1258 Samalas mega volcanic eruption in the summer hydroclimate change over Europe and the corresponding mechanisms are investigated through multi-member ensemble climate simulation experiments based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The results show that the CESM simulations are consistent with the reconstructed Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the historical records of European climate. Europe experiences significant summer cooling in the first three years after the Samalas mega volcanic eruption, peaking at −3.61 °C, −4.02 °C, and −3.21 °C in year 1 over the whole Europe, Southern Europe, and Northern Europe, respectively. The summer surface air temperature (SAT, °C) changes over the European continent are mainly due to the direct weakening of shortwave solar radiation induced by volcanic aerosol. The summer precipitation over the European continent shows an obvious dipole distribution characteristic of north-south reverse phase. The precipitation increases up to 0.42 mm/d in year 1 over Southern Europe, while it decreases by −0.28 mm/d in year 1 over Northern Europe, respectively. Both simulations and reconstructions show that the centers with the strongest increase in precipitation have always been located in the Balkans and Apennine peninsulas along the Mediterranean coast over Southern Europe, and the centers with the strongest precipitation reduction are mainly located in the British Isles and Scandinavia over northwestern Europe. The negative response of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) with significant positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly in the north and negative SLP anomaly in the south is excited in summer. The low tropospheric wind anomaly caused by the negative phase of NAO in summer affects the water vapor transport to Europe, resulting in the distribution pattern of summer precipitation in Europe, which is drying in the north and wetting in the south. The knowledge gained from this study is crucial to better understand and predict the potential impacts of single mega volcanic eruption on the future summer hydroclimate change in Europe.
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Yousefi R, Wang F, Ge Q, Shaheen A. Long-term aerosol optical depth trend over Iran and identification of dominant aerosol types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137906. [PMID: 32192970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The paper focuses on analysis of long-term changes of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Iran. It describes contributions of dominant aerosol in the aerosol load over Iran covering the period 1980-2018. For this purpose, a long-term AOD dataset from the reanalysis-based Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), the satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (the new version of MODIS/Terra and Aqua) as well as a new AOD product (MERRA-2 MODIS merged) were used. The ground-based AOD measurements of the five Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites used for validation demonstrated better consistency of the MERRA-2 MODIS merged (MMM) product. Analysis of these datasets demonstrated high AOD in the southwest of Iran because of the proximity to the major source areas of natural mineral dust in spring and summer. In contrast, low AOD was mostly observed along the high elevation lands in the northern and western highlands. The trend analysis of AODs revealed differences between the AOD datasets, but agree on the positive trends over southwestern Iran and negative trend in northern Iran. Classification of major aerosol types indicated that the clean marine and mixed aerosols were the dominant aerosol types during the cold and hot seasons, respectively, and the increase of desert dust around 2010 was another obvious result in spring and summer. Our results indicate that the variation in dust aerosol has a key role in determining the AOD long-term changes in Iran which has contributed in regional climate change and environmental evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robabeh Yousefi
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Abdallah Shaheen
- Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract
It is strongly believed that the explosive eruptions produce negative radiative forcing that causes long-term perturbations in the ocean. Moreover, it is anticipated that a sporadic strong cooling should initiate more vigorous vertical mixing of the upper ocean, and therefore cools the ocean more effectively than a uniform radiative forcing. However, the long-term simulations show that on average the ocean heat content responses to periodic and constant forcings are comparable. To better understand this controversy and to better quantify the post-eruption oceanic response, we conducted two sets of parallel simulations, the first with a uniform/constant volcanic forcing and the second one with a periodic volcanic forcing of magnitude 1×, 5×, 10× and 30× of Pinatubo size eruption using Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s coupled model, CM2.1. We systematically compared the effect of periodic volcanic forcing with an equivalent time-average volcanic cooling. Our results reveal that on average, volcanic-induced perturbations in Ocean Heat Content (OHC), and sea-level rise (SLR) following uniform and periodic eruptions are almost identical. It further emphasizes that the strength of ocean heat uptake at different ocean depths is mainly driven by the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). These findings are important for ocean initialization in long-term climate studies, and geoengineering applications. It would help to unfold uncertainties related to ocean relaxation process, heat storage, and redistribution.
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Zambri B, Slawinska J, Robock A, LeGrande AN. Northern Hemisphere Winter Warming and Summer Monsoon Reduction after Volcanic Eruptions over the Last Millennium. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:7971-7989. [PMID: 32944488 PMCID: PMC7493008 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Observations show that all recent large tropical volcanic eruptions (1850-present) were followed by surface winter warming in the first Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter after the eruption. Recent studies show that climate models produce a surface winter warming response in the first winter after the largest eruptions, but require a large ensemble of simulations to see significant changes. It is also generally required that the eruption be very large, and only two such eruptions occurred in the historical period: Krakatau in 1883 and Pinatubo in 1991. Here we examine surface winter warming patterns after the 10 largest volcanic eruptions between 850 and 1850 in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 last millennium simulations and in the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble. These eruptions were all larger than those since 1850. Though the results depend on both the individual models and the forcing data set used, we have found that models produce a surface winter warming signal in the first winter after large volcanic eruptions, with higher temperatures over NH continents and a stronger polar vortex in the lower stratosphere. We also examined NH summer precipitation responses in the first year after the eruptions, and find clear reductions of summer Asian and African monsoon rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zambri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joanna Slawinska
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alan Robock
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Rao MP, Cook BI, Cook ER, D'Arrigo RD, Krusic PJ, Anchukaitis KJ, LeGrande AN, Buckley BM, Davi NK, Leland C, Griffin KL. European and Mediterranean hydroclimate responses to tropical volcanic forcing over the last millennium. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:5104-5112. [PMID: 29950746 PMCID: PMC6016391 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic eruptions have global climate impacts, but their effect on the hydrologic cycle is poorly understood. We use a modified version of superposed epoch analysis, an eruption year list collated from multiple datasets, and seasonal paleoclimate reconstructions (soil moisture, precipitation, geopotential heights, and temperature) to investigate volcanic forcing of spring and summer hydroclimate over Europe and the Mediterranean over the last millennium. In the western Mediterranean, wet conditions occur in the eruption year and the following 3 years. Conversely, northwestern Europe and the British Isles experience dry conditions in response to volcanic eruptions, with the largest moisture deficits in post-eruption years 2 and 3. The precipitation response occurs primarily in late spring and early summer (April-July), a pattern that strongly resembles the negative phase of the East Atlantic Pattern. Modulated by this mode of climate variability, eruptions force significant, widespread, and heterogeneous hydroclimate responses across Europe and the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rao
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B I Cook
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Ocean and Climate Physics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - E R Cook
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - R D D'Arrigo
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - P J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB2 3EN
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm
| | - K J Anchukaitis
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A N LeGrande
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B M Buckley
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - N K Davi
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - C Leland
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - K L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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9
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Impact of Stratospheric Volcanic Aerosols on Age-of-Air and Transport of Long-Lived Species. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Raible CC, Brönnimann S, Auchmann R, Brohan P, Frölicher TL, Graf HF, Jones P, Luterbacher J, Muthers S, Neukom R, Robock A, Self S, Sudrajat A, Timmreck C, Wegmann M. Tambora 1815 as a test case for high impact volcanic eruptions: Earth system effects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. CLIMATE CHANGE 2016; 7:569-589. [PMID: 31423155 PMCID: PMC6686350 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 had substantial effects on global climate and led to the 'Year Without a Summer' of 1816 in Europe and North America. Although a tragic event-tens of thousands of people lost their lives-the eruption also was an 'experiment of nature' from which science has learned until today. The aim of this study is to summarize our current understanding of the Tambora eruption and its effects on climate as expressed in early instrumental observations, climate proxies and geological evidence, climate reconstructions, and model simulations. Progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the eruption process and estimated amount of SO2 injected into the atmosphere, although large uncertainties still exist with respect to altitude and hemispheric distribution of Tambora aerosols. With respect to climate effects, the global and Northern Hemispheric cooling are well constrained by proxies whereas there is no strong signal in Southern Hemisphere proxies. Newly recovered early instrumental information for Western Europe and parts of North America, regions with particularly strong climate effects, allow Tambora's effect on the weather systems to be addressed. Climate models respond to prescribed Tambora-like forcing with a strengthening of the wintertime stratospheric polar vortex, global cooling and a slowdown of the water cycle, weakening of the summer monsoon circulations, a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and a decrease of atmospheric CO2. Combining observations, climate proxies, and model simulations for the case of Tambora, a better understanding of climate processes has emerged. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:569-589. doi: 10.1002/wcc.407 This article is categorized under: 1Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph C Raible
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Climate and Environmental Physics University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Stefan Brönnimann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Renate Auchmann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Environmental Physics Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hans-F Graf
- Geography Department Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Phil Jones
- Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglia Norwich UK
- Department of Meteorology Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology Climate Dynamics and Climate Change Justus Liebig University of Giessen Giessen Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Stefan Muthers
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Climate and Environmental Physics University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Raphael Neukom
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Alan Robock
- Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Stephen Self
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Adjat Sudrajat
- Department of Geology Padjadjaran University Bandung Indonesia
| | | | - Martin Wegmann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Stratospheric Aerosols from Major Volcanic Eruptions: A Composition-Climate Model Study of the Aerosol Cloud Dispersal and e-folding Time. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7060075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Ortega P, Lehner F, Swingedouw D, Masson-Delmotte V, Raible CC, Casado M, Yiou P. A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millennium. Nature 2015; 523:71-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Holopainen J, Helama S, Lappalainen H, Gregow H. Plant phenological records in northern Finland since the 18th century as retrieved from databases, archives and diaries for biometeorological research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2013; 57:423-435. [PMID: 22744803 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenological data from northern Finland, compiled from several sources, were examined as potential biometeorological indicators of climate change since the 18th century. A common feature of individual series was their sporadic nature. In addition to waning enthusiasm, wartime hardships and crop failures had caused gaps in recording observations during the 18th and 19th centuries. The present study's challenge was to combine separate records, as retrieved from several historical archives and personal diaries, into a single continuous series. To avoid possible biases due to the variability of data availability each year, each phenomenon-specific mean series was transformed into normalized site-specific index series. These series were compared to each other and to a regional instrumental temperature series (years 1802-2011). The inter-phenomena correlations were high. Moreover, a strong biometeorological response of the phenological series, most especially to monthly mean temperature in May, and seasonally to the April through June temperatures, was identified. This response focused on slightly later spring months compared to the responses in an earlier study conducted for southern Finland. The findings encouraged us to compute a total phenological index series as an average of all available phenomenon-specific index series for northern Finland. The earliest phenological springs were found as a cluster in the recent end of the record, whereas the anomalously-late phenological spring could be found through the centuries. This finding could indicate that potential future warming could result in an earlier onset of phenological springs (i.e. as experienced by the plants), with a remaining possibility of late phenological springs. To conclude, it was shown that the indices are reliable biometeorological indicators of the April through June temperature variations and thus of the climate variability in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Holopainen
- Climate Research and Applications, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland.
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Driscoll S, Bozzo A, Gray LJ, Robock A, Stenchikov G. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) simulations of climate following volcanic eruptions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Ammann CM, Washington WM, Meehl GA, Buja L, Teng H. Climate engineering through artificial enhancement of natural forcings: Magnitudes and implied consequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Goosse H, Crespin E, de Montety A, Mann ME, Renssen H, Timmermann A. Reconstructing surface temperature changes over the past 600 years using climate model simulations with data assimilation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Stenchikov G, Delworth TL, Ramaswamy V, Stouffer RJ, Wittenberg A, Zeng F. Volcanic signals in oceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Schneider DP, Ammann CM, Otto-Bliesner BL, Kaufman DS. Climate response to large, high-latitude and low-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Community Climate System Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Robock A, Ammann CM, Oman L, Shindell D, Levis S, Stenchikov G. Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ∼74 ka B.P. produce widespread glaciation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Field CV, Schmidt GA, Shindell DT. Interpreting10Be changes during the Maunder Minimum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Shindell D. Estimating the potential for twenty-first century sudden climate change. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2007; 365:2675-94. [PMID: 17666384 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2007.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
I investigate the potential for sudden climate change during the current century. This investigation takes into account evidence from the Earth's history, from climate models and our understanding of the physical processes governing climate shifts. Sudden alterations to climate forcing seem to be improbable, with sudden changes instead most likely to arise from climate feedbacks. Based on projections from models validated against historical events, dramatic changes in ocean circulation appear unlikely. Ecosystem-climate feedbacks clearly have the potential to induce sudden change, but are relatively poorly understood at present. More probable sudden changes are large increases in the frequency of summer heatwaves and changes resulting from feedbacks involving hydrology. These include ice sheet decay, which may be set in motion this century. The most devastating consequences are likely to occur further in the future, however. Reductions in subtropical precipitation are likely to be the most severe hydrologic effects this century, with rapid changes due to the feedbacks of relatively well-understood large-scale circulation patterns. Water stress may become particularly acute in the Southwest US and Mexico, and in the Mediterranean and Middle East, where rainfall decreases of 10-25% (regionally) and up to 40% (locally) are projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Shindell
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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22
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Mann ME, Rutherford S, Wahl E, Ammann C. Robustness of proxy-based climate field reconstruction methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Yalcin K, Wake CP, Kreutz KJ, Germani MS, Whitlow SI. Ice core paleovolcanic records from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hegerl GC, Crowley TJ, Hyde WT, Frame DJ. Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature 2006; 440:1029-32. [PMID: 16625192 DOI: 10.1038/nature04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and impact of future global warming depends on the sensitivity of the climate system to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. The commonly accepted range for the equilibrium global mean temperature change in response to a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, termed climate sensitivity, is 1.5-4.5 K (ref. 2). A number of observational studies, however, find a substantial probability of significantly higher sensitivities, yielding upper limits on climate sensitivity of 7.7 K to above 9 K (refs 3-8). Here we demonstrate that such observational estimates of climate sensitivity can be tightened if reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperature over the past several centuries are considered. We use large-ensemble energy balance modelling and simulate the temperature response to past solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas forcing to determine which climate sensitivities yield simulations that are in agreement with proxy reconstructions. After accounting for the uncertainty in reconstructions and estimates of past external forcing, we find an independent estimate of climate sensitivity that is very similar to those from instrumental data. If the latter are combined with the result from all proxy reconstructions, then the 5-95 per cent range shrinks to 1.5-6.2 K, thus substantially reducing the probability of very high climate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele C Hegerl
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Stenchikov G, Hamilton K, Stouffer RJ, Robock A, Ramaswamy V, Santer B, Graf HF. Arctic Oscillation response to volcanic eruptions in the IPCC AR4 climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Luterbacher J, Xoplaki E, Casty C, Wanner H, Pauling A, Küttel M, Rutishauser T, Brönnimann S, Fischer E, Fleitmann D, Gonzalez-Rouco FJ, García-Herrera R, Barriendos M, Rodrigo F, Gonzalez-Hidalgo JC, Saz MA, Gimeno L, Ribera P, Brunet M, Paeth H, Rimbu N, Felis T, Jacobeit J, Dünkeloh A, Zorita E, Guiot J, Türkes M, Alcoforado MJ, Trigo R, Wheeler D, Tett S, Mann ME, Touchan R, Shindell DT, Silenzi S, Montagna P, Camuffo D, Mariotti A, Nanni T, Brunetti M, Maugeri M, Zerefos C, Zolt SD, Lionello P, Nunes MF, Rath V, Beltrami H, Garnier E, Ladurie ELR. Chapter 1 Mediterranean climate variability over the last centuries: A review. MEDITERRANEAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1571-9197(06)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Miller RL, Schmidt GA, Shindell DT. Forced annular variations in the 20th century Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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