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George H, Reeves G, Cunningham G, Kalliokoski MMH, Kilpua E, Osmane A, Henderson MG, Morley SK, Hoilijoki S, Palmroth M. Contributions to Loss Across the Magnetopause During an Electron Dropout Event. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022;127:e2022JA030751. [PMID: 36591320 PMCID: PMC9787648 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]

Mourenas D, Agapitov OV, Artemyev AV, Zhang X. A Climatology of Long-Duration High 2-MeV Electron Flux Periods in the Outer Radiation Belt. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022;127:e2022JA030661. [PMID: 36247330 PMCID: PMC9541471 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]

Staples FA, Kellerman A, Murphy KR, Rae IJ, Sandhu JK, Forsyth C. Resolving Magnetopause Shadowing Using Multimission Measurements of Phase Space Density. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022;127:e2021JA029298. [PMID: 35864842 PMCID: PMC9286781 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]

Allison HJ, Shprits YY. Local heating of radiation belt electrons to ultra-relativistic energies. Nat Commun 2020;11:4533. [PMID: 32913216 PMCID: PMC7483540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open

Angelopoulos V, Tsai E, Bingley L, Shaffer C, Turner DL, Runov A, Li W, Liu J, Artemyev AV, Zhang XJ, Strangeway RJ, Wirz RE, Shprits YY, Sergeev VA, Caron RP, Chung M, Cruce P, Greer W, Grimes E, Hector K, Lawson MJ, Leneman D, Masongsong EV, Russell CL, Wilkins C, Hinkley D, Blake JB, Adair N, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Capitelli MR, Castro R, Chao G, Chung N, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Fox I, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Gildemeister A, Gonzalez A, Hesford B, Jha S, Kang N, King J, Krieger R, Lian K, Mao J, McKinney E, Miller JP, Norris A, Nuesca M, Palla A, Park ESY, Pedersen CE, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rye E, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Turner W, Villegas AJ, Wasden M, Wing G, Wong C, Xie E, Yamamoto S, Yap R, Zarifian A, Zhang GY. The ELFIN Mission. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020;216:103. [PMID: 32831412 PMCID: PMC7413588 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]

Abstract

The Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio-Temporal Ambiguity-Resolving option (ELFIN-STAR, or heretoforth simply: ELFIN) mission comprises two identical 3-Unit (3U) CubeSats on a polar (∼93^∘ inclination), nearly circular, low-Earth (∼450 km altitude) orbit. Launched on September 15, 2018, ELFIN is expected to have a >2.5 year lifetime. Its primary science objective is to resolve the mechanism of storm-time relativistic electron precipitation, for which electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a prime candidate. From its ionospheric vantage point, ELFIN uses its unique pitch-angle-resolving capability to determine whether measured relativistic electron pitch-angle and energy spectra within the loss cone bear the characteristic signatures of scattering by EMIC waves or whether such scattering may be due to other processes. Pairing identical ELFIN satellites with slowly-variable along-track separation allows disambiguation of spatial and temporal evolution of the precipitation over minutes-to-tens-of-minutes timescales, faster than the orbit period of a single low-altitude satellite (T_orbit ∼ 90 min). Each satellite carries an energetic particle detector for electrons (EPDE) that measures 50 keV to 5 MeV electrons with Δ E/E < 40% and a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) on a ∼72 cm boom that measures magnetic field waves (e.g., EMIC waves) in the range from DC to 5 Hz Nyquist (nominally) with <0.3 nT/sqrt(Hz) noise at 1 Hz. The spinning satellites (T_spin ∼ 3 s) are equipped with magnetorquers (air coils) that permit spin-up or -down and reorientation maneuvers. Using those, the spin axis is placed normal to the orbit plane (nominally), allowing full pitch-angle resolution twice per spin. An energetic particle detector for ions (EPDI) measures 250 keV - 5 MeV ions, addressing secondary science. Funded initially by CalSpace and the University Nanosat Program, ELFIN was selected for flight with joint support from NSF and NASA between 2014 and 2018 and launched by the ELaNa XVIII program on a Delta II rocket (with IceSatII as the primary). Mission operations are currently funded by NASA. Working under experienced UCLA mentors, with advice from The Aerospace Corporation and NASA personnel, more than 250 undergraduates have matured the ELFIN implementation strategy; developed the instruments, satellite, and ground systems and operate the two satellites. ELFIN's already high potential for cutting-edge science return is compounded by concurrent equatorial Heliophysics missions (THEMIS, Arase, Van Allen Probes, MMS) and ground stations. ELFIN's integrated data analysis approach, rapid dissemination strategies via the SPace Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), and data coordination with the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO) optimize science yield, enabling the widest community benefits. Several storm-time events have already been captured and are presented herein to demonstrate ELFIN's data analysis methods and potential. These form the basis of on-going studies to resolve the primary mission science objective. Broad energy precipitation events, precipitation bands, and microbursts, clearly seen both at dawn and dusk, extend from tens of keV to >1 MeV. This broad energy range of precipitation indicates that multiple waves are providing scattering concurrently. Many observed events show significant backscattered fluxes, which in the past were hard to resolve by equatorial spacecraft or non-pitch-angle-resolving ionospheric missions. These observations suggest that the ionosphere plays a significant role in modifying magnetospheric electron fluxes and wave-particle interactions. Routine data captures starting in February 2020 and lasting for at least another year, approximately the remainder of the mission lifetime, are expected to provide a very rich dataset to address questions even beyond the primary mission science objective.

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Affiliation(s)

V Angelopoulos Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E Tsai Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
L Bingley Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Shaffer Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
D L Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
A Runov Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
W Li Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
J Liu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A V Artemyev Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
X-J Zhang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R J Strangeway Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R E Wirz Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Y Y Shprits Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473 Germany
V A Sergeev Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
R P Caron Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Chung Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
P Cruce Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
W Greer Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E Grimes Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
K Hector Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
M J Lawson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
D Leneman Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E V Masongsong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C L Russell Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Wilkins Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
D Hinkley The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
J B Blake The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
N Adair Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Allen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
M Anderson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Aptiv, Agoura Hills, CA 91301 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Arreola-Zamora Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
J Artinger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J Asher Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
D Branchevsky Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M R Capitelli Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R Castro Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
G Chao Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA 90808 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
N Chung Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SF Motors, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
M Cliffe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
K Colton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Planet Labs, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Costello Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
D Depe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
B W Domae Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
S Eldin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
L Fitzgibbon Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
A Flemming Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
I Fox Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
D M Frederick Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Gilbert Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Gildemeister Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
A Gonzalez Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
B Hesford Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
S Jha Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
N Kang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
J King Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R Krieger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
K Lian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
J Mao Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Verona, WI 53593 USA
E McKinney Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768 USA
J P Miller Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Norris Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M Nuesca Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
A Palla Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E S Y Park Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Economics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
C E Pedersen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Z Qu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R Rozario Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
E Rye Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
R Seaton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A Subramanian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
S R Sundin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
A Tan Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Experior Laboratories, Oxnard, CA 93033 USA
W Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A J Villegas Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M Wasden Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
G Wing Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
C Wong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E Xie Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
S Yamamoto Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R Yap Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A Zarifian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
G Y Zhang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA Present Address: Qualcomm, San Diego, CA 92121 USA

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Daglis IA, Katsavrias C, Georgiou M. From solar sneezing to killer electrons: outer radiation belt response to solar eruptions. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019;377:20180097. [PMID: 31079586 PMCID: PMC6527955 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]

Wing S, Johnson JR. Applications of Information Theory in Solar and Space Physics. ENTROPY 2019;21:e21020140. [PMID: 33266856 PMCID: PMC7514618 DOI: 10.3390/e21020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]

Abstract

Characterizing and modeling processes at the sun and space plasma in our solar system are difficult because the underlying physics is often complex, nonlinear, and not well understood. The drivers of a system are often nonlinearly correlated with one another, which makes it a challenge to understand the relative effects caused by each driver. However, entropy-based information theory can be a valuable tool that can be used to determine the information flow among various parameters, causalities, untangle the drivers, and provide observational constraints that can help guide the development of the theories and physics-based models. We review two examples of the applications of the information theoretic tools at the Sun and near-Earth space environment. In the first example, the solar wind drivers of radiation belt electrons are investigated using mutual information (MI), conditional mutual information (CMI), and transfer entropy (TE). As previously reported, radiation belt electron flux (J_e) is anticorrelated with solar wind density (n_sw) with a lag of 1 day. However, this lag time and anticorrelation can be attributed mainly to the J_e(t + 2 days) correlation with solar wind velocity (V_sw)(t) and n_sw(t + 1 day) anticorrelation with V_sw(t). Analyses of solar wind driving of the magnetosphere need to consider the large lag times, up to 3 days, in the (V_sw, n_sw) anticorrelation. Using CMI to remove the effects of V_sw, the response of J_e to n_sw is 30% smaller and has a lag time <24 h, suggesting that the loss mechanism due to n_sw or solar wind dynamic pressure has to start operating in <24 h. Nonstationarity in the system dynamics is investigated using windowed TE. The triangle distribution in J_e(t + 2 days) vs. V_sw(t) can be better understood with TE. In the second example, the previously identified causal parameters of the solar cycle in the Babcock-Leighton type model such as the solar polar field, meridional flow, polar faculae (proxy for polar field), and flux emergence are investigated using TE. The transfer of information from the polar field to the sunspot number (SSN) peaks at lag times of 3-4 years. Both the flux emergence and the meridional flow contribute to the polar field, but at different time scales. The polar fields from at least the last 3 cycles contain information about SSN.

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Horne RB, Phillips MW, Glauert SA, Meredith NP, Hands ADP, Ryden KA, Li W. Realistic Worst Case for a Severe Space Weather Event Driven by a Fast Solar Wind Stream. SPACE WEATHER : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS 2018;16:1202-1215. [PMID: 31031572 PMCID: PMC6473668 DOI: 10.1029/2018sw001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]

Murphy KR, Inglis AR, Sibeck DG, Rae IJ, Watt CEJ, Silveira M, Plaschke F, Claudepierre SG, Nakamura R. Determining the Mode, Frequency, and Azimuthal Wave Number of ULF Waves During a HSS and Moderate Geomagnetic Storm. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2018;123:6457-6477. [PMID: 31681521 PMCID: PMC6813628 DOI: 10.1029/2017ja024877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]

Cao X, Shprits YY, Ni B, Zhelavskaya IS. Scattering of Ultra-relativistic Electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belts Accounting for Hot Plasma Effects. Sci Rep 2017;7:17719. [PMID: 29255219 PMCID: PMC5735156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open

Lugaz N, Farrugia CJ, Winslow RM, Al-Haddad N, Kilpua EKJ, Riley P. Factors Affecting the Geo-effectiveness of Shocks and Sheaths at 1 AU. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:10861-10879. [PMID: 29629250 PMCID: PMC5882492 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja023100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]

Wave-induced loss of ultra-relativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. Nat Commun 2016;7:12883. [PMID: 27678050 PMCID: PMC5052794 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open

Jordanova VK, Tu W, Chen Y, Morley SK, Panaitescu A, Reeves GD, Kletzing CA. RAM-SCB simulations of electron transport and plasma wave scattering during the October 2012 "double-dip" storm. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:8712-8727. [PMID: 27867801 PMCID: PMC5101868 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Murphy KR, Mann IR, Rae IJ, Sibeck DG, Watt CEJ. Accurately characterizing the importance of wave-particle interactions in radiation belt dynamics: The pitfalls of statistical wave representations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:7895-7899. [PMID: 27867798 PMCID: PMC5111426 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Baker DN, Jaynes AN, Kanekal SG, Foster JC, Erickson PJ, Fennell JF, Blake JB, Zhao H, Li X, Elkington SR, Henderson MG, Reeves GD, Spence HE, Kletzing CA, Wygant JR. Highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration, transport, and loss: Large solar storm events of March and June 2015. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:6647-6660. [PMID: 27867796 PMCID: PMC5101849 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]

Balikhin MA, Rodriguez JV, Boynton RJ, Walker SN, Aryan H, Sibeck DG, Billings SA. Comparative analysis of NOAA REFM and SNB³GEO tools for the forecast of the fluxes of high-energy electrons at GEO. SPACE WEATHER : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS 2016;14:22-31. [PMID: 27642268 PMCID: PMC4995643 DOI: 10.1002/2015sw001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Claudepierre SG, Toffoletto FR, Wiltberger M. Global MHD modeling of resonant ULF waves: Simulations with and without a plasmasphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:227-244. [PMID: 27668142 PMCID: PMC5020600 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Pakhotin IP, Drozdov AY, Shprits YY, Boynton RJ, Subbotin DA, Balikhin MA. Simulation of high-energy radiation belt electron fluxes using NARMAX-VERB coupled codes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2014;119:8073-8086. [PMID: 26167432 PMCID: PMC4497480 DOI: 10.1002/2014ja020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]

Kim KC, Shprits Y, Subbotin D, Ni B. Relativistic radiation belt electron responses to GEM magnetic storms: Comparison of CRRES observations with 3-D VERB simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Kellerman AC, Shprits YY. On the influence of solar wind conditions on the outer-electron radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Subbotin DA, Shprits YY. Three-dimensional radiation belt simulations in terms of adiabatic invariants using a single numerical grid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Shprits Y, Daae M, Ni B. Statistical analysis of phase space density buildups and dropouts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Subbotin DA, Shprits YY, Ni B. Long-term radiation belt simulation with the VERB 3-D code: Comparison with CRRES observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Kim KC, Shprits Y, Subbotin D, Ni B. Understanding the dynamic evolution of the relativistic electron slot region including radial and pitch angle diffusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Fu HS, Cao JB, Yang B, Lu HY. Electron loss and acceleration during storm time: The contribution of wave-particle interaction, radial diffusion, and transport processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Ganushkina NY, Dandouras I, Shprits YY, Cao J. Locations of boundaries of outer and inner radiation belts as observed by Cluster and Double Star. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Kim KC, Lee DY, Shprits Y, Kim HJ, Lee E. Electron flux changes in the outer radiation belt by radial diffusion during the storm recovery phase in comparison with the fully adiabatic evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Subbotin DA, Shprits YY, Gkioulidou M, Lyons LR, Ni B, Merkin VG, Toffoletto FR, Thorne RM, Horne R, Hudson MK. Simulation of the acceleration of relativistic electrons in the inner magnetosphere using RCM-VERB coupled codes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Matsumura C, Miyoshi Y, Seki K, Saito S, Angelopoulos V, Koller J. Outer radiation belt boundary location relative to the magnetopause: Implications for magnetopause shadowing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Meredith NP, Horne RB, Lam MM, Denton MH, Borovsky JE, Green JC. Energetic electron precipitation during high-speed solar wind stream driven storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Su Z, Xiao F, Zheng H, Wang S. Radiation belt electron dynamics driven by adiabatic transport, radial diffusion, and wave-particle interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Ni B, Shprits Y, Hartinger M, Angelopoulos V, Gu X, Larson D. Analysis of radiation belt energetic electron phase space density using THEMIS SST measurements: Cross-satellite calibration and a case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Su Z, Xiao F, Zheng H, Wang S. STEERB: A three-dimensional code for storm-time evolution of electron radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Saito S, Miyoshi Y, Seki K. A split in the outer radiation belt by magnetopause shadowing: Test particle simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Tu W, Selesnick R, Li X, Looper M. Quantification of the precipitation loss of radiation belt electrons observed by SAMPEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S. Three-dimensional simulation of energetic outer zone electron dynamics due to wave-particle interaction and azimuthal advection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Morley SK, Friedel RHW, Spanswick EL, Reeves GD, Steinberg JT, Koller J, Cayton T, Noveroske E. Dropouts of the outer electron radiation belt in response to solar wind stream interfaces: global positioning system observations. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open

Subbotin D, Shprits Y, Ni B. Three-dimensional VERB radiation belt simulations including mixed diffusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Kim KC, Lee DY, Kim HJ, Lee ES, Choi CR. Numerical estimates of drift loss and Dst effect for outer radiation belt relativistic electrons with arbitrary pitch angle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Li LY, Cao JB, Zhou GC, Li X. Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Ni B, Shprits Y, Thorne R, Friedel R, Nagai T. Reanalysis of relativistic radiation belt electron phase space density using multisatellite observations: Sensitivity to empirical magnetic field models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Shprits YY, Subbotin D, Ni B. Evolution of electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt computed with the VERB code. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Albert JM, Meredith NP, Horne RB. Three-dimensional diffusion simulation of outer radiation belt electrons during the 9 October 1990 magnetic storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Ni B, Shprits Y, Nagai T, Thorne R, Chen Y, Kondrashov D, Kim HJ. Reanalyses of the radiation belt electron phase space density using nearly equatorial CRRES and polar-orbiting Akebono satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Tu W, Li X, Chen Y, Reeves GD, Temerin M. Storm-dependent radiation belt electron dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Ohtani S, Miyoshi Y, Singer HJ, Weygand JM. On the loss of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous altitude: Its dependence on magnetic configurations and external conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Varotsou A, Boscher D, Bourdarie S, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA, Friedel RH. Three-dimensional test simulations of the outer radiation belt electron dynamics including electron-chorus resonant interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Jordanova VK, Albert J, Miyoshi Y. Relativistic electron precipitation by EMIC waves from self-consistent global simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Kim KC, Lee DY, Kim HJ, Lyons LR, Lee ES, Öztürk MK, Choi CR. Numerical calculations of relativistic electron drift loss effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja013011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Shprits Y, Kondrashov D, Chen Y, Thorne R, Ghil M, Friedel R, Reeves G. Reanalysis of relativistic radiation belt electron fluxes using CRRES satellite data, a radial diffusion model, and a Kalman filter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]