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Lyu M, Young CJ, Thompson DK, Styler SA. Influence of Fuel Properties on the Light Absorption of Fresh and Laboratory-Aged Atmospheric Brown Carbon Produced from Realistic Combustion of Boreal Peat and Spruce Foliage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5035-5046. [PMID: 38441875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has exacerbated fire activity in the boreal region. Consequently, smoldering boreal peatland fires are an increasingly important source of light-absorbing atmospheric organic carbon ("brown carbon"; BrC). To date, however, BrC from this source remains largely unstudied, which limits our ability to predict its climate impact. Here, we use size-exclusion chromatography coupled with diode array UV-vis detection to examine the molecular-size-dependent light absorption properties of fresh and photoaged aqueous BrC extracts collected during laboratory combustion of boreal peat and live spruce foliage. The atmospheric stability of BrC extracts varies with chromophore molecular size and fuel type: in particular, the high-molecular-weight fractions of both peat- and spruce-BrC are more resistant to photobleaching than their corresponding low-molecular-weight fractions, and total light absorption by peat-BrC persists over longer illumination timescales than that of spruce-BrC. Importantly, the BrC molecular size distribution itself varies with fuel properties (e.g., moisture content) and to an even greater extent with fuel type. Overall, our findings suggest that the accurate estimation of BrC radiative forcing, and the overall climate impact of wildfires, will require atmospheric models to consider the impact of regional diversity in vegetation/fuel types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan K Thompson
- Natural Resources Canada─Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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2
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Optical Characterization of Fresh and Photochemically Aged Aerosols Emitted from Laboratory Siberian Peat Burning. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols emitted from biomass burning influence radiative forcing and climate change. Of particular interest are emissions from high-latitude peat burning because amplified climate change makes the large carbon mass stored in these peatlands more susceptible to wildfires and their emission can affect cryosphere albedo and air quality after undergoing transport. We combusted Siberian peat in a laboratory biomass-burning facility and characterized the optical properties of freshly emitted combustion aerosols and those photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) with a three-wavelength photoacoustic instrument. Total particle count increased with aging by a factor of 6 to 11 while the total particle volume either changed little (<8%) for 19 and 44 days of equivalent aging and increased by 88% for 61 days of equivalent aging. The aerosol single-scattering albedo (SSA) of both fresh and aged aerosol increased with the increasing wavelength. The largest changes in SSA due to OFR aging were observed at the shortest of the three wavelengths (i.e., at 405 nm) where SSA increased by less than ~2.4% for 19 and 44 days of aging. These changes were due to a decrease in the absorption coefficients by ~45%, with the effect on SSA somewhat reduced by a concurrent decrease in the scattering coefficients by 20 to 25%. For 61 days of aging, we observed very little change in SSA, namely an increase of 0.31% that was caused a ~56% increase in the absorption coefficients that was more than balanced by a somewhat larger (~71%) increase in the scattering coefficients. These large increases in the absorption and scattering coefficients for aging at 7 V are at least qualitatively consistent with the large increase in the particle volume (~88%). Overall, aging shifted the absorption toward longer wavelengths and decreased the absorption Ångström exponents, which ranged from ~5 to 9. Complex refractive index retrieval yielded real and imaginary parts that increased and decreased, respectively, with the increasing wavelength. The 405 nm real parts first increased and then decreased and imaginary parts decreased during aging, with little change at other wavelengths.
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Kang JH, Hwang H, Lee SJ, Choi SD, Kim JS, Hong S, Hur SD, Baek JH. Record of North American boreal forest fires in northwest Greenland snow. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130187. [PMID: 33740646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present boreal forest fire proxies in a northwest Greenland snowpit spanning a period of six years, from spring 2003 to summer 2009. Levoglucosan (C6H10O5) is a specific organic molecular marker of biomass burning caused by boreal forest fires. In this study, levoglucosan was determined via liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, wherein isotope-dilution and multiple reaction monitoring methods are employed. Ammonium (NH4+) and oxalate (C2O42-), traditional biomass burning proxies, were determined using two-channel ion chromatography. In the northwest Greenland snowpit, peaks in levoglucosan, ammonium, and oxalate were observed in snow layers corresponding to the summer-fall seasons of 2004 and 2005. Considered together, these spikes are a marker for large boreal forest fires. The levoglucosan deposited in the Greenland snow was strongly dependent on long-range atmospheric transportation. A 10-day backward air mass trajectory analysis supports that the major contributors were air masses from North America. In addition, satellite-derived carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations suggest that chemicals from North American boreal forest fires during the summer-fall of 2004 and 2005 were transported to Greenland. However, large boreal fires in Siberia in 2003 and 2008 were not recorded in the snowpit. The sub-annual resolution measurements of levoglucosan and ammonium can distinguish between the contributions of past boreal forest fires and soil emissions from anthropogenic activity to Greenland snow and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Kang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heejin Hwang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sangbum Hong
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hyun Baek
- Analysis Service Center, Diatech Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, 05808, Republic of Korea
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Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Head JA, Hodson PV, Parrott JL, Thomas PJ, Berthiaume A, Langlois VS. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: Exposure and effects on wildlife. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114863. [PMID: 32599329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Wildlife (including fish) are chronically exposed to PACs through air, water, sediment, soil, and/or dietary routes. Exposures are highest near industrial or urban sites, such as aluminum smelters and oil sands mines, or near natural sources such as forest fires. This review assesses the exposure and toxicity of PACs to wildlife, with a focus on the Canadian environment. Most published field studies measured PAC concentrations in tissues of invertebrates, fish, and birds, with fewer studies of amphibians and mammals. In general, PAC concentrations measured in Canadian wildlife tissues were under the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) guideline for human consumption. Health effects of PAC exposure include embryotoxicity, deformities, cardiotoxicity, DNA damage, changes to DNA methylation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired reproduction. Much of the toxicity of PACs can be attributed to their bioavailability, and the extent to which certain PACs are transformed into more toxic metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes. As most mechanistic studies are limited to individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly BaP, research on other PACs and PAC-containing complex mixtures is required to understand the environmental significance of PAC exposure and toxicity. Additional work on responses to PACs in amphibians, reptiles, and semi-aquatic mammals, and development of molecular markers for early detection of biological responses to PACs would provide a stronger biological and ecological justification for regulating PAC emissions to protect Canadian wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wallace
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - S R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J A Head
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - P V Hodson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Berthiaume
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - V S Langlois
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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A Global Analysis of Wildfire Smoke Injection Heights Derived from Space-Based Multi-Angle Imaging. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present an analysis of over 23,000 globally distributed wildfire smoke plume injection heights derived from Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) space-based, multi-angle stereo imaging. Both pixel-weighted and aerosol optical depth (AOD)-weighted results are given, stratified by region, biome, and month or season. This offers an observational resource for assessing first-principle plume-rise modelling, and can provide some constraints on smoke dispersion modelling for climate and air quality applications. The main limitation is that the satellite is in a sun-synchronous orbit, crossing the equator at about 10:30 a.m. local time on the day side. Overall, plumes occur preferentially during the northern mid-latitude burning season, and the vast majority inject smoke near-surface. However, the heavily forested regions of North and South America, and Africa produce the most frequent elevated plumes and the highest AOD values; some smoke is injected to altitudes well above 2 km in nearly all regions and biomes. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) versus free troposphere injection is a critical factor affecting smoke dispersion and environmental impact, and is affected by both the smoke injection height and the PBL height; an example assessment is made here, but constraining the PBL height for this application warrants further work.
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Noreen A, Khokhar MF, Zeb N, Yasmin N, Hakeem KR. Spatio-temporal assessment and seasonal variation of tropospheric ozone in Pakistan during the last decade. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8441-8454. [PMID: 29307068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the tropospheric ozone data derived from combined observations of Ozone Monitoring Instrument/Microwave Limb Sounder instruments by using the tropospheric ozone residual method. The main objective was to study the spatial distribution and temporal evolution in the troposphere ozone columns over Pakistan during the time period of 2004 to 2014. Results showed an overall increase of 3.2 ± 1.1 DU in tropospheric ozone columns over Pakistan. Spatial distribution showed enhanced ozone columns in the Punjab and southern Sindh consistent to high population, urbanization, and extensive anthropogenic activities, and exhibited statistically significant temporal increase. Seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone columns are driven by various factors such as seasonality in UV-B fluxes, seasonality in ozone precursor gases such as NOx and volatile organic compounds (caused by temperature dependent biogenic emission) and agricultural fire activities in Pakistan. A strong correlation of 96% (r = 0.96) was found between fire events and tropospheric ozone columns in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Noreen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Naila Zeb
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Naila Yasmin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Kaulfus AS, Nair U, Jaffe D, Christopher SA, Goodrick S. Biomass Burning Smoke Climatology of the United States: Implications for Particulate Matter Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11731-11741. [PMID: 28960063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We utilize the NOAA Hazard Mapping System smoke product for the period of 2005 to 2016 to develop climatology of smoke occurrence over the Continental United States (CONUS) region and to study the impact of wildland fires on particulate matter air quality at the surface. Our results indicate that smoke is most frequently found over the Great Plains and western states during the summer months. Other hotspots of smoke occurrence are found over state and national parks in the southeast during winter and spring, in the Gulf of Mexico southwards of the Texas and Louisiana coastline during spring season and along the Mississippi River Delta during the fall season. A substantial portion (20%) of the 24 h federal standard for particulate pollution exceedance events in the CONUS region occur when smoke is present. If the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations continue to reduce anthropogenic emissions, wildland fire emissions will become the major contributor to particulate pollution and exceedance events. In this context, we show that HMS smoke product is a valuable tool for analysis of exceptional events caused by wildland fires and our results indicate that these tools can be valuable for policy and decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Kaulfus
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United States
| | - Udaysankar Nair
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United States
| | - Daniel Jaffe
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, University of Washington-Bothell , Bothell, Washington 98011-8246, United States
| | - Sundar A Christopher
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United States
| | - Scott Goodrick
- Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Forest Disturbance Science, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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8
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Abstract
Elevated ground-level ozone (O3), which is an important aspect of air quality related to public health, has been causing increasing concern. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level O3 concentrations in China using a dataset from the Chinese national air quality monitoring network during 2013-2015. This research analyzed the diurnal, monthly and yearly variation of O3 concentrations in both sparsely and densely populated regions. In particular, 6 major Chinese cities were selected to allow a discussion of variations in O3 levels in detail, Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, Shanghai, and Urumchi, located on both sides of the Heihe-Tengchong line. Data showed that the nationwide 3-year MDA8 of ground-level O3 was 80.26 μg/m3. Ground-level O3 concentrations exhibited monthly variability peaking in summer and reaching the lowest levels in winter. The diurnal cycle reached a minimum in morning and peaked in the afternoon. Yearly average O3 MDA8 concentrations in Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, and Shanghai in 2015 increased 12%, 25%, 34%, 22%, respectively, when compared with those in 2013. Compared with World Health Organization O3 guidelines, Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai suffered O3 pollution in excess of the 8-hour O3 standard for more than 30% of the days in 2013 to 2015.
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9
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Field RD, Luo M, Fromm M, Voulgarakis A, Mangeon S, Worden J. Simulating the Black Saturday 2009 smoke plume with an interactive composition-climate model: sensitivity to emissions amount, timing and injection height. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:4296-4316. [PMID: 32747872 PMCID: PMC7398419 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd024343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We simulated the high-altitude smoke plume from the early February 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in southeastern Australia using the NASA GISS ModelE2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first single-plume analysis of biomass burning emissions injected directly into the upper-troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using a full-complexity composition-climate model. We compared simulated carbon monoxide (CO) to a new Aura TES/MLS joint CO retrieval, focusing on the plume's initial transport eastward, anticyclonic circulation to the north of New Zealand, westward transport in the lower stratospheric easterlies, and arrival over Africa at the end of February. Our goal was to determine the sensitivity of the simulated plume to prescribed injection height, emissions amount and emissions timing from different sources for a full complexity model when compared to Aura. The most realistic plumes were obtained using injection heights in the UTLS, including one drawn from ground-based radar data. A six-hour emissions pulse or emissions tied to independent estimates of hourly fire behavior produced a more realistic plume in the lower stratosphere compared to the same emissions amount being released evenly over 12 or 24-hours. Simulated CO in the plume was highly sensitive to the differences between emissions amounts estimated from the Global Fire Emissions Database and from detailed, ground-based estimates of fire growth. The emissions amount determined not only the CO concentration of the plume, but the proportion of the plume that entered the stratosphere. We speculate that this is due to either or both non-linear CO loss with a weakened OH sink, or plume self-lofting driven by shortwave absorption of the co-emitted aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Field
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Dept. of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming Luo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mike Fromm
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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10
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Determining Fire Dates and Locating Ignition Points With Satellite Data. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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12
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Turner DP, Jacobson AR, Ritts WD, Wang WL, Nemani R. A large proportion of North American net ecosystem production is offset by emissions from harvested products, river/stream evasion, and biomass burning. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:3516-3528. [PMID: 23824790 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic carbon cycle models produce estimates of net ecosystem production (NEP, the balance of net primary production and heterotrophic respiration) by integrating information from (i) satellite-based observations of land surface vegetation characteristics; (ii) distributed meteorological data; and (iii) eddy covariance flux tower observations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (used in model parameterization). However, a full bottom-up accounting of NEE (the vertical carbon flux) that is suitable for integration with atmosphere-based inversion modeling also includes emissions from decomposition/respiration of harvested forest and agricultural products, CO2 evasion from streams and rivers, and biomass burning. Here, we produce a daily time step NEE for North America for the year 2004 that includes NEP as well as the additional emissions. This NEE product was run in the forward mode through the CarbonTracker inversion setup to evaluate its consistency with CO2 concentration observations. The year 2004 was climatologically favorable for NEP over North America and the continental total was estimated at 1730 ± 370 TgC yr(-1) (a carbon sink). Harvested product emissions (316 ± 80 TgC yr(-1) ), river/stream evasion (158 ± 50 TgC yr(-1) ), and fire emissions (142 ± 45 TgC yr(-1) ) counteracted a large proportion (35%) of the NEP sink. Geographic areas with strong carbon sinks included Midwest US croplands, and forested regions of the Northeast, Southeast, and Pacific Northwest. The forward mode run with CarbonTracker produced good agreement between observed and simulated wintertime CO2 concentrations aggregated over eight measurement sites around North America, but overestimates of summertime concentrations that suggested an underestimation of summertime carbon uptake. As terrestrial NEP is the dominant offset to fossil fuel emission over North America, a good understanding of its spatial and temporal variation - as well as the fate of the carbon it sequesters ─ is needed for a comprehensive view of the carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Turner
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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13
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Val Martin M, Kahn RA, Logan JA, Paugam R, Wooster M, Ichoku C. Space-based observational constraints for 1-D fire smoke plume-rise models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Petrenko M, Kahn R, Chin M, Soja A, Kucsera T, Harshvardhan. The use of satellite-measured aerosol optical depth to constrain biomass burning emissions source strength in the global model GOCART. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Friedman CL, Selin NE. Long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a global 3-D model analysis including evaluation of Arctic sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9501-9510. [PMID: 22856669 DOI: 10.1021/es301904d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use the global 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to simulate long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To evaluate the model's ability to simulate PAHs with different volatilities, we conduct analyses for phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). GEOS-Chem captures observed seasonal trends with no statistically significant difference between simulated and measured mean annual concentrations. GEOS-Chem also captures variability in observed concentrations at nonurban sites (r = 0.64, 0.72, and 0.74, for PHE, PYR, and BaP). Sensitivity simulations suggest snow/ice scavenging is important for gas-phase PAHs, and on-particle oxidation and temperature-dependency of gas-particle partitioning have greater effects on transport than irreversible partitioning or increased particle concentrations. GEOS-Chem estimates mean atmospheric lifetimes of <1 day for all three PAHs. Though corresponding half-lives are lower than the 2-day screening criterion for international policy action, we simulate concentrations at the high-Arctic station of Spitsbergen within four times observed concentrations with strong correlation (r = 0.70, 0.68, and 0.70 for PHE, PYR, and BaP). European and Russian emissions combined account for ~80% of episodic high-concentration events at Spitsbergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Friedman
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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16
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The Impact of Uncertainties in African Biomass Burning Emission Estimates on Modeling Global Air Quality, Long Range Transport and Tropospheric Chemical Lifetimes. ATMOSPHERE 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos3010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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An Evaluation of Modeled Plume Injection Height with Satellite-Derived Observed Plume Height. ATMOSPHERE 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos3010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Barrett K, McGuire AD, Hoy EE, Kasischke ES. Potential shifts in dominant forest cover in interior Alaska driven by variations in fire severity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:2380-2396. [PMID: 22073630 DOI: 10.1890/10-0896.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Large fire years in which >1% of the landscape burns are becoming more frequent in the Alaskan (USA) interior, with four large fire years in the past 10 years, and 79 000 km2 (17% of the region) burned since 2000. We modeled fire severity conditions for the entire area burned in large fires during a large fire year (2004) to determine the factors that are most important in estimating severity and to identify areas affected by deep-burning fires. In addition to standard methods of assessing severity using spectral information, we incorporated information regarding topography, spatial pattern of burning, and instantaneous characteristics such as fire weather and fire radiative power. Ensemble techniques using regression trees as a base learner were able to determine fire severity successfully using spectral data in concert with other relevant geospatial data. This method was successful in estimating average conditions, but it underestimated the range of severity. This new approach was used to identify black spruce stands that experienced intermediate- to high-severity fires in 2004 and are therefore susceptible to a shift in regrowth toward deciduous dominance or mixed dominance. Based on the output of the severity model, we estimate that 39% (approximately 4000 km2) of all burned black spruce stands in 2004 had <10 cm of residual organic layer and may be susceptible a postfire shift in plant functional type dominance, as well as permafrost loss. If the fraction of area susceptible to deciduous regeneration is constant for large fire years, the effect of such years in the most recent decade has been to reduce black spruce stands by 4.2% and to increase areas dominated or co-dominated by deciduous forest stands by 20%. Such disturbance-driven modifications have the potential to affect the carbon cycle and climate system at regional to global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barrett
- USGS Alaska Science Center, 4230 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
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19
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Bourgeois Q, Bey I. Pollution transport efficiency toward the Arctic: Sensitivity to aerosol scavenging and source regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Fortems-Cheiney A, Chevallier F, Pison I, Bousquet P, Szopa S, Deeter MN, Clerbaux C. Ten years of CO emissions as seen from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Paulot F, Wunch D, Crounse JD, Toon GC, Millet DB, DeCarlo PF, Vigouroux C, Deutscher NM, González Abad G, Notholt J, Warneke T, Hannigan JW, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Dunlea EJ, De Mazière M, Griffith DWT, Bernath P, Jimenez JL, Wennberg PO. Importance of secondary sources in the atmospheric budgets of formic and acetic acids. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2011; 11:1989-2013. [PMID: 33758586 PMCID: PMC7983864 DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-1989-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed budget of formic and acetic acids, two of the most abundant trace gases in the atmosphere. Our bottom-up estimate of the global source of formic and acetic acids are ∼1200 and ∼1400Gmolyr-1, dominated by photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, in particular isoprene. Their sinks are dominated by wet and dry deposition. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to evaluate this budget against an extensive suite of measurements from ground, ship and satellite-based Fourier transform spectrometers, as well as from several aircraft campaigns over North America. The model captures the seasonality of formic and acetic acids well but generally underestimates their concentration, particularly in the Northern midlatitudes. We infer that the source of both carboxylic acids may be up to 50% greater than our estimate and report evidence for a long-lived missing secondary source of carboxylic acids that may be associated with the aging of organic aerosols. Vertical profiles of formic acid in the upper troposphere support a negative temperature dependence of the reaction between formic acid and the hydroxyl radical as suggested by several theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Paulot
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D. Wunch
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J. D. Crounse
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - P. F. DeCarlo
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Vigouroux
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N. M. Deutscher
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - J. Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany
| | - T. Warneke
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany
| | - J. W. Hannigan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E. J. Dunlea
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - M. De Mazière
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. W. T. Griffith
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P. Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - J. L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Collatz GJ, Mu M, Kasibhatla PS, Morton DC, DeFries RS, Jin Y, van Leeuwen TT. Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009). ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2010. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. New burned area datasets and top-down constraints from atmospheric concentration measurements of pyrogenic gases have decreased the large uncertainty in fire emissions estimates. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural waste, and peat fires to total global fire emissions. Here we used a revised version of the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model and improved satellite-derived estimates of area burned, fire activity, and plant productivity to calculate fire emissions for the 1997–2009 period on a 0.5° spatial resolution with a monthly time step. For November 2000 onwards, estimates were based on burned area, active fire detections, and plant productivity from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. For the partitioning we focused on the MODIS era. We used maps of burned area derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) active fire data prior to MODIS (1997–2000) and estimates of plant productivity derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations during the same period. Average global fire carbon emissions according to this version 3 of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) were 2.0 Pg C year−1 with significant interannual variability during 1997–2001 (2.8 Pg C year−1 in 1998 and 1.6 Pg C year−1 in 2001). Globally, emissions during 2002–2007 were relatively constant (around 2.1 Pg C year−1) before declining in 2008 (1.7 Pg C year−1) and 2009 (1.5 Pg C year−1) partly due to lower deforestation fire emissions in South America and tropical Asia. On a regional basis, emissions were highly variable during 2002–2007 (e.g., boreal Asia, South America, and Indonesia), but these regional differences canceled out at a global level. During the MODIS era (2001–2009), most carbon emissions were from fires in grasslands and savannas (44%) with smaller contributions from tropical deforestation and degradation fires (20%), woodland fires (mostly confined to the tropics, 16%), forest fires (mostly in the extratropics, 15%), agricultural waste burning (3%), and tropical peat fires (3%). The contribution from agricultural waste fires was likely a lower bound because our approach for measuring burned area could not detect all of these relatively small fires. Total carbon emissions were on average 13% lower than in our previous (GFED2) work. For reduced trace gases such as CO and CH4, deforestation, degradation, and peat fires were more important contributors because of higher emissions of reduced trace gases per unit carbon combusted compared to savanna fires. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation, degradation, and peatland fires were on average 0.5 Pg C year−1. The carbon emissions from these fires may not be balanced by regrowth following fire. Our results provide the first global assessment of the contribution of different sources to total global fire emissions for the past decade, and supply the community with an improved 13-year fire emissions time series.
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Sensitivity of the NOybudget over the United States to anthropogenic and lightning NOxin summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Drury E, Jacob DJ, Spurr RJD, Wang J, Shinozuka Y, Anderson BE, Clarke AD, Dibb J, McNaughton C, Weber R. Synthesis of satellite (MODIS), aircraft (ICARTT), and surface (IMPROVE, EPA-AQS, AERONET) aerosol observations over eastern North America to improve MODIS aerosol retrievals and constrain surface aerosol concentrations and sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Gonzi S, Palmer PI. Vertical transport of surface fire emissions observed from space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Eck TF, Holben BN, Reid JS, Sinyuk A, Hyer EJ, O'Neill NT, Shaw GE, Vande Castle JR, Chapin FS, Dubovik O, Smirnov A, Vermote E, Schafer JS, Giles D, Slutsker I, Sorokine M, Newcomb WW. Optical properties of boreal region biomass burning aerosols in central Alaska and seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth at an Arctic coastal site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Tangborn A, Stajner I, Buchwitz M, Khlystova I, Pawson S, Burrows J, Hudman R, Nedelec P. Assimilation of SCIAMACHY total column CO observations: Global and regional analysis of data impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Hudman RC, Murray LT, Jacob DJ, Turquety S, Wu S, Millet DB, Avery M, Goldstein AH, Holloway J. North American influence on tropospheric ozone and the effects of recent emission reductions: Constraints from ICARTT observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Biomass burning in Amazonia: Emissions, long-range transport of smoke and its regional and remote impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Tansey K, Beston J, Hoscilo A, Page SE, Paredes Hernández CU. Relationship between MODIS fire hot spot count and burned area in a degraded tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Xiao Y, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Hudman RC, Yantosca R, Blake DR. Global budget of ethane and regional constraints on U.S. sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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McMillan WW, Warner JX, Comer MM, Maddy E, Chu A, Sparling L, Eloranta E, Hoff R, Sachse G, Barnet C, Razenkov I, Wolf W. AIRS views transport from 12 to 22 July 2004 Alaskan/Canadian fires: Correlation of AIRS CO and MODIS AOD with forward trajectories and comparison of AIRS CO retrievals with DC-8 in situ measurements during INTEX-A/ICARTT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Drury E, Jacob DJ, Wang J, Spurr RJD, Chance K. Improved algorithm for MODIS satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depths over western North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Lapina K, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Val Martín M, Hyer EJ, Fialho P. Late summer changes in burning conditions in the boreal regions and their implications for NOxand CO emissions from boreal fires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Choi Y, Vay SA, Vadrevu KP, Soja AJ, Woo JH, Nolf SR, Sachse GW, Diskin GS, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Singh HB, Avery MA, Fried A, Pfister L, Fuelberg HE. Characteristics of the atmospheric CO2signal as observed over the conterminous United States during INTEX-NA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Pfister GG, Hess PG, Emmons LK, Rasch PJ, Vitt FM. Impact of the summer 2004 Alaska fires on top of the atmosphere clear-sky radiation fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Generoso S, Bey I, Attié JL, Bréon FM. A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Xiao Y, Jacob DJ, Turquety S. Atmospheric acetylene and its relationship with CO as an indicator of air mass age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Leung FYT, Logan JA, Park R, Hyer E, Kasischke E, Streets D, Yurganov L. Impacts of enhanced biomass burning in the boreal forests in 1998 on tropospheric chemistry and the sensitivity of model results to the injection height of emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fok-Yan T. Leung
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer A. Logan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Rokjin Park
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Edward Hyer
- Naval Research Laboratory; Monterey California USA
| | - Eric Kasischke
- Department of Geography; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | | | - Leonid Yurganov
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology; University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
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41
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Bousserez N, Attié JL, Peuch VH, Michou M, Pfister G, Edwards D, Emmons L, Mari C, Barret B, Arnold SR, Heckel A, Richter A, Schlager H, Lewis A, Avery M, Sachse G, Browell EV, Hair JW. Evaluation of the MOCAGE chemistry transport model during the ICARTT/ITOP experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bousserez
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - J. L. Attié
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - V. H. Peuch
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques/Météo France; Toulouse France
| | - M. Michou
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques/Météo France; Toulouse France
| | - G. Pfister
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. Edwards
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. Emmons
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Mari
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - B. Barret
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - S. R. Arnold
- Institute for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - A. Heckel
- Institute of Environmental Physics; Bremen Germany
| | - A. Richter
- Institute of Environmental Physics; Bremen Germany
| | - H. Schlager
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Operpfaffenhofen, Wessling Germany
| | - A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - M. Avery
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - G. Sachse
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | | | - J. W. Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
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42
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Duck TJ, Firanski BJ, Millet DB, Goldstein AH, Allan J, Holzinger R, Worsnop DR, White AB, Stohl A, Dickinson CS, van Donkelaar A. Transport of forest fire emissions from Alaska and the Yukon Territory to Nova Scotia during summer 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Duck
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Bernard J. Firanski
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - James Allan
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Rupert Holzinger
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Allen B. White
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - Cameron S. Dickinson
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
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43
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Liang Q, Jaeglé L, Hudman RC, Turquety S, Jacob DJ, Avery MA, Browell EV, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Brune W, Ren X, Cohen RC, Dibb JE, Fried A, Fuelberg H, Porter M, Heikes BG, Huey G, Singh HB, Wennberg PO. Summertime influence of Asian pollution in the free troposphere over North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Real E, Law KS, Weinzierl B, Fiebig M, Petzold A, Wild O, Methven J, Arnold S, Stohl A, Huntrieser H, Roiger A, Schlager H, Stewart D, Avery M, Sachse G, Browell E, Ferrare R, Blake D. Processes influencing ozone levels in Alaskan forest fire plumes during long-range transport over the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Real
- Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - K. S. Law
- Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - B. Weinzierl
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Wessling Germany
| | - M. Fiebig
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Wessling Germany
| | - A. Petzold
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Wessling Germany
| | - O. Wild
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - J. Methven
- Department of Meteorology; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - S. Arnold
- School of Earth and Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - A. Stohl
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - H. Huntrieser
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Wessling Germany
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Wessling Germany
| | - H. Schlager
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Wessling Germany
| | - D. Stewart
- School of Environmental Science; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - M. Avery
- Atmospheric Science Division; NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - G. Sachse
- Atmospheric Science Division; NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - E. Browell
- Atmospheric Science Division; NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - R. Ferrare
- Atmospheric Science Division; NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - D. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
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45
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Horowitz LW, Fiore AM, Milly GP, Cohen RC, Perring A, Wooldridge PJ, Hess PG, Emmons LK, Lamarque JF. Observational constraints on the chemistry of isoprene nitrates over the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Fuelberg HE, Porter MJ, Kiley CM, Halland JJ, Morse D. Meteorological conditions and anomalies during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Thongboonchoo N, Chai T, Horowitz LW, Pierce RB, Al-Saadi JA, Pfister G, Vukovich JM, Avery MA, Sachse GW, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Atlas EL, Flocke FM, Weber RJ, Huey LG, Dibb JE, Streets DG, Brune WH. Influence of lateral and top boundary conditions on regional air quality prediction: A multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Tang
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Gregory R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Narisara Thongboonchoo
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Tianfeng Chai
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; NOAA; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey M. Vukovich
- Carolina Environmental Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John S. Holloway
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Jack E. Dibb
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | | | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
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48
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Cook PA, Savage NH, Turquety S, Carver GD, O'Connor FM, Heckel A, Stewart D, Whalley LK, Parker AE, Schlager H, Singh HB, Avery MA, Sachse GW, Brune W, Richter A, Burrows JP, Purvis R, Lewis AC, Reeves CE, Monks PS, Levine JG, Pyle JA. Forest fire plumes over the North Atlantic: p-TOMCAT model simulations with aircraft and satellite measurements from the ITOP/ICARTT campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Cook
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Nicholas H. Savage
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling Support Unit, National Environment Research Council Centres for Atmospheric Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Solène Turquety
- Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Glenn D. Carver
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling Support Unit, National Environment Research Council Centres for Atmospheric Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Fiona M. O'Connor
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Andreas Heckel
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - David Stewart
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | | | - Alex E. Parker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Hans Schlager
- Institut fuer Physik der Atmosphaere; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt; Oberpfaffenhofen Germany
| | | | | | | | - William Brune
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - John P. Burrows
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Ruth Purvis
- Facility of Airborne Atmospheric Measurements; Cranfield UK
| | | | - Claire E. Reeves
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Paul S. Monks
- Department of Chemistry; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - James G. Levine
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - John A. Pyle
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling Support Unit, National Environment Research Council Centres for Atmospheric Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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49
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Hudman RC, Jacob DJ, Turquety S, Leibensperger EM, Murray LT, Wu S, Gilliland AB, Avery M, Bertram TH, Brune W, Cohen RC, Dibb JE, Flocke FM, Fried A, Holloway J, Neuman JA, Orville R, Perring A, Ren X, Sachse GW, Singh HB, Swanson A, Wooldridge PJ. Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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