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Pan LL, Atlas EL, Honomichl SB, Smith WP, Kinnison DE, Solomon S, Santee ML, Saiz-Lopez A, Laube JC, Wang B, Ueyama R, Bresch JF, Hornbrook RS, Apel EC, Hills AJ, Treadaway V, Smith K, Schauffler S, Donnelly S, Hendershot R, Lueb R, Campos T, Viciani S, D’Amato F, Bianchini G, Barucci M, Podolske JR, Iraci LT, Gurganus C, Bui P, Dean-Day JM, Millán L, Ryoo JM, Barletta B, Koo JH, Kim J, Liang Q, Randel WJ, Thornberry T, Newman PA. East Asian summer monsoon delivers large abundances of very-short-lived organic chlorine substances to the lower stratosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318716121. [PMID: 38483991 PMCID: PMC10962947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318716121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep convection in the Asian summer monsoon is a significant transport process for lifting pollutants from the planetary boundary layer to the tropopause level. This process enables efficient injection into the stratosphere of reactive species such as chlorinated very-short-lived substances (Cl-VSLSs) that deplete ozone. Past studies of convective transport associated with the Asian summer monsoon have focused mostly on the south Asian summer monsoon. Airborne observations reported in this work identify the East Asian summer monsoon convection as an effective transport pathway that carried record-breaking levels of ozone-depleting Cl-VSLSs (mean organic chlorine from these VSLSs ~500 ppt) to the base of the stratosphere. These unique observations show total organic chlorine from VSLSs in the lower stratosphere over the Asian monsoon tropopause to be more than twice that previously reported over the tropical tropopause. Considering the recently observed increase in Cl-VSLS emissions and the ongoing strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon under global warming, our results highlight that a reevaluation of the contribution of Cl-VSLS injection via the Asian monsoon to the total stratospheric chlorine budget is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Pan
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Shawn B. Honomichl
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Warren P. Smith
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Douglas E. Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Michelle L. Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91109
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Johannes C. Laube
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich52425, Germany
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and International Pacific Research Center, The University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI96822
| | - Rei Ueyama
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - James F. Bresch
- Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Alan J. Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO80309
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Katie Smith
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Sue Schauffler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Stephen Donnelly
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
- Department of Chemistry, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS67601
| | - Roger Hendershot
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Richard Lueb
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Teresa Campos
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Silvia Viciani
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Amato
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bianchini
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Marco Barucci
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | | | | | - Colin Gurganus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO80309
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Paul Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Jonathan M. Dean-Day
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Luis Millán
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91109
| | - Ju-Mee Ryoo
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Science and Technology Corporation, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joowan Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University, Gongju32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Qing Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD20771
| | - William J. Randel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Troy Thornberry
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO80305
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2
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Dubé K, Randel W, Bourassa A, Degenstein D. Tropopause-Level NO x in the Asian Summer Monsoon. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL099848. [PMID: 36246737 PMCID: PMC9539711 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl099848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep convection within the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) transports surface level air into the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS). This work aims to understand the distribution of NO2, NO, and NOx in the UTLS ASM anticyclone from satellite measurements. Observations of NO2 from the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System, the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station are considered. The PRATMO photochemical box model is used to quantify the NOx photochemistry, and to derive the NOx concentration using OSIRIS NO2 and O3 observations. The satellite data show a relative minimum in NO2 over the ASM in the summer months, while the corresponding NO and NOx anomalies are elevated, mainly due to low O3 and cold temperatures within the ASM. The observations within the ASM show reasonable agreement to simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlee Dubé
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric StudiesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | | | - Adam Bourassa
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric StudiesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Doug Degenstein
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric StudiesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
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3
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Contributions of Various Sources to the Higher-Concentration Center of CO within the ASM Anticyclone Based on GEOS-Chem Simulations. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14143322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Satellite observations show that carbon monoxide (CO) concentration centers exist in the tropopause region of the Tibetan Plateau, while their sources and formation mechanism still remain uncertain. In this paper, the 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem is used to conduct sensitivity analysis in 2016. Combined with the analysis data and satellite data, the contribution of three important emission sources (South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia) and two important chemical reaction species (CH4 and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs)) to CO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) are studied. The results show that in the Asian monsoon region CO emissions originating from the surface are transported to the upper troposphere via a deep convection process and then enter the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) anticyclone. The strong ASM anticyclone isolates the mixing process of air inside and outside the anticyclone, upon entry of carbon monoxide-rich air. In the lower stratosphere, the intensity of the ASM anticyclone declines and the air within the anticyclone flows southwestward with monsoon circulation. We found that in the summer Asian monsoon region, South Asia exhibited the highest carbon monoxide concentration transported to the UTLS. CH4 imposed the greatest influence on the CO concentration in the UTLS region. According to the model simulation results, the CO concentrations in the Asian monsoon region at 100 hPa altitudes were higher than those in other regions at the same latitudes. Regarding effects, 43.18% originated from CH4 chemical reactions, 20.81% originated from NMVOC chemical reactions, and 63.33% originated from surface CO emissions, while sinks yielded a negative contribution of −27.32%. Regarding surface CO emissions, East Asia contributed 13.56%, South Asia contributed 39.27%, and Southeast Asia contributed 7.15%.
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4
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Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise with Convolution Based Gated Recurrent Neural Network: A New Deep Learning Model for South Asian High Intensity Forecasting. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensity variation of the South Asian high (SAH) plays an important role in the formation and extinction of many kinds of mesoscale systems, including tropical cyclones, southwest vortices in the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) region, and the precipitation in the whole Asia Europe region, and the SAH has a vortex symmetrical structure; its dynamic field also has the symmetry form. Not enough previous studies focus on the variation of SAH daily intensity. The purpose of this study is to establish a day-to-day prediction model of the SAH intensity, which can accurately predict not only the interannual variation but also the day-to-day variation of the SAH. Focusing on the summer period when the SAH is the strongest, this paper selects the geopotential height data between 1948 and 2020 from NCEP to construct the SAH intensity datasets. Compared with the classical deep learning methods of various kinds of efficient time series prediction model, we ultimately combine the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) method, which has the ability to deal with the nonlinear and unstable single system, with the Permutation Entropy (PE) method, which can extract the SAH intensity feature of IMF decomposed by CEEMDAN, and the Convolution-based Gated Recurrent Neural Network (ConvGRU) model is used to train, test, and predict the intensity of the SAH. The prediction results show that the combination of CEEMDAN and ConvGRU can have a higher accuracy and more stable prediction ability than the traditional deep learning model. After removing the redundant features in the time series, the prediction accuracy of the SAH intensity is higher than that of the classical model, which proves that the method has good applicability for the prediction of nonlinear systems in the atmosphere.
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5
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Yin S. Biomass burning spatiotemporal variations over South and Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106153. [PMID: 33002702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer active fire and land use products were integrated to extract and classify biomass burning (BB) data for South Asia (SA) and Southeast Asia (SEA). Several trend and geographic distribution analyses were conducted at the grid (0.25° × 0.25°) and regional scales. As the principal local form of BB, crop residue burning (CRB) in SA increased by 844 spots/yr, and the Mann-Kendall (MK) τ reached 0.61. Additionally, the CRB in Punjab-Haryana, a region a well-known for severest CRB, presented a significant declining trend. BB in mainland SEA was much more intense and was dominated by forest and shrubland fires. Forest fires in mainland SEA declined at a rate of -209 spots/yr, and shrubland fire conversely grew at a rate of 803 spots/yr, which was likely related to the dramatic land cover change induced by the local swidden agriculture. Unlike other regions, BB in equatorial SEA primarily occurred in the second half of the year (August to October), and it was extremely vulnerable to El Niño events. When the annual sea surface temperature anomalies within the Niño 3 region improved by 1 °C, the annual BB spots and fire radiative power in equatorial SEA increased by 5.18 × 104 and 2.40 × 106 MW, respectively. Although the interannual variations in equatorial SEA were dramatic, the robust Siegel's repeated median estimator still revealed that equatorial SEA BB significantly declined by -1825 spots/yr. This regional decline reflects government endeavors to curb indigenous BB. However, regions with enhanced BB still need to draw more attention, and it is imperative for the Indonesian government to take substantial measures to reduce anthropogenic fire sources during El Niño events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yin
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 3058506, Japan.
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6
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Bian J, Li D, Bai Z, Li Q, Lyu D, Zhou X. Transport of Asian surface pollutants to the global stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region during the Asian summer monsoon. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:516-533. [PMID: 34692071 PMCID: PMC8288924 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its surrounding strong and deep Asian summer monsoon (ASM) circulation and active surface pollutant emissions, surface pollutants are transported to the stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region, which may have critical impacts on global climate through chemical, microphysical and radiative processes. This article reviews major recent advances in research regarding troposphere-stratosphere transport from the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Since the discovery of the total ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau in summer from satellite observations in the early 1990s, new satellite-borne instruments have become operational and have provided significant new information on atmospheric composition. In addition, in situ measurements and model simulations are used to investigate deep convection and the ASM anticyclone, surface sources and pathways, atmospheric chemical transformations and the impact on global climate. Also challenges are discussed for further understanding critical questions on microphysics and microchemistry in clouds during the pathway to the global stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daren Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Niu H, Kang S, Gao W, Wang Y, Paudyal R. Vertical distribution of the Asian tropopause aerosols detected by CALIPSO. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:207-220. [PMID: 31310871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is crucial to reduce the uncertainty in quantifying the radiative forcing and climate effects of aerosols. The analysis of four-year (2007-2010) Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar measurements revealed the existence of tropospheric aerosol layers associated with the Asian summer monsoon. The measurements of five typical aerosol optical and microphysical parameters were used to explore the properties, spatial/vertical distributions, annual evolution of tropopause aerosols over the South Asia region. Results extracted from various latitude-height and longitude-height cross sections of aerosol extinction coefficient at 532 and 1064 nm, backscatter coefficient at 532 nm, and depolarization ratio at 532 nm demonstrated that a large amount of aerosols vertically extended up to the tropopause (12 km) during the monsoon season over the north Arabian Sea, India, north Bay of Bengal, and equatorial Indian Ocean, finally reaching the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Convective transport associated with Asian summer monsoon is an important factor controlling the vertical distribution of tropopause aerosols. The evolution of aerosol scattering ratio at 532 nm indicated that from equatorial Indian Ocean to South Asia, there exists an upward tilting and ascending structure of the aerosols layer during the monsoon season, which typically indicates enhanced aerosols over the Asian monsoon region. Information on aerosol size distribution and detailed composition are needed for better understanding the nature and origin of this aerosol layer. Enhancement of the tropopause aerosols should be considered in the future studies in evaluating the regional or global climate systems. Further satellite observations of aerosols and in-situ observations are also urgently needed to diagnose this aerosol layer, which likely originate from anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Wanni Gao
- School of International Cultural Exchange, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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8
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Comprehensive Characteristics of Summer Deep Convection over Tibetan Plateau and Its South Slope from the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Observational data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory during four summers (2014–2017) has been used to investigate deep convection systems (DCSs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its south slope (SS). The frequency, geographical distribution diurnal variation, and vertical structure of DCSs over the TP and SS are compared among these two regions. The frequency of DCSs over the SS (0.98%) was far higher than over the TP (0.15%), suggesting that stronger DCSs occur to the east and south of the TP. The maximum number of DCS occurred in July and August. A clear diurnal variation in DCS was found over the whole region, DCSs over the TP and SS both have a greatest amplitude in the afternoon. The probability of DCSs from 1200 to 1800 local time (LT) was 76.3% and 44.1% over TP and SS respectively, whereas the probability of DCSs being generated from 2200 (LT) to 0600 on the next day LT was 0.03% and 33.1% over the TP and SS respectively. There was a very low frequency of DCSs over the TP during the night. Five special echo top heights were used to investigate the vertical structure of DCSs. DCSs over the TP were both weaker and smaller than those over the SS.
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9
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Wang X, Wu Y, Tung WW, Richter JH, Glanville AA, Tilmes S, Orbe C, Huang Y, Xia Y, Kinnison DE. The Simulation of Stratospheric Water Vapor over the Asian Summer Monsoon Region in CESM1(WACCM) Models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:11377-11391. [PMID: 32745154 PMCID: PMC7394263 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous observational studies have found a persistent maximum in stratospheric water vapor (SWV) in the upper troposphere lower stratosphere (UTLS) confined by the upper-level anticyclone over the Asian summer monsoon region. This study investigates the simulation of SWV in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). WACCM generally tends to simulate a SWV maximum over the central Pacific Ocean, but this bias is largely improved in the high vertical resolution version. The high vertical resolution model with increased vertical layers in the UTLS is found to have a less stratified UTLS over the central Pacific Ocean compared with the low vertical resolution model. It therefore simulates a steepened PV gradient over the central Pacific Ocean that better closes the upper-level anticyclone and confines the SWV within the enhanced transport barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yutian Wu
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Wen-wen Tung
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jadwiga H Richter
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anne A. Glanville
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Clara Orbe
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Douglas E. Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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10
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Lelieveld J, Bourtsoukidis E, Brühl C, Fischer H, Fuchs H, Harder H, Hofzumahaus A, Holland F, Marno D, Neumaier M, Pozzer A, Schlager H, Williams J, Zahn A, Ziereis H. The South Asian monsoon-pollution pump and purifier. Science 2018; 361:270-273. [PMID: 29903882 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is growing fastest in monsoon-affected South Asia. During the dry winter monsoon, the fumes disperse toward the Indian Ocean, creating a vast pollution haze, but their fate during the wet summer monsoon has been unclear. We performed atmospheric chemistry measurements by aircraft in the Oxidation Mechanism Observations campaign, sampling the summer monsoon outflow in the upper troposphere between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. The measurements, supported by model calculations, show that the monsoon sustains a remarkably efficient cleansing mechanism by which contaminants are rapidly oxidized and deposited to Earth's surface. However, some pollutants are lofted above the monsoon clouds and chemically processed in a reactive reservoir before being redistributed globally, including to the stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany. .,The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - C Brühl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Fuchs
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H Harder
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Hofzumahaus
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F Holland
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D Marno
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Neumaier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Schlager
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Germany Aerospace Center, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - J Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Zahn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Ziereis
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Germany Aerospace Center, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
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11
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Li S, Park S, Lee JY, Ha KJ, Park MK, Jo CO, Oh H, Mühle J, Kim KR, Montzka SA, O'Doherty S, Krummel PB, Atlas E, Miller BR, Moore F, Weiss RF, Wofsy SC. Chemical evidence of inter-hemispheric air mass intrusion into the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4669. [PMID: 29549350 PMCID: PMC5856755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The East Asian Summer Monsoon driven by temperature and moisture gradients between the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean, leads to approximately 50% of the annual rainfall in the region across 20–40°N. Due to its increasing scientific and social importance, there have been several previous studies on identification of moisture sources for summer monsoon rainfall over East Asia mainly using Lagrangian or Eulerian atmospheric water vapor models. The major source regions for EASM previously proposed include the North Indian Ocean, South China Sea and North western Pacific. Based on high-precision and high-frequency 6-year measurement records of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), here we report a direct evidence of rapid intrusion of warm and moist tropical air mass from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) reaching within a couple of days up to 33°N into East Asia. We further suggest that the combination of direct chemical tracer record and a back-trajectory model with physical meteorological variables helps pave the way to identify moisture sources for monsoon rainfall. A case study for Gosan station (33.25°N, 126.19°E) indicates that the meridional transport of precipitable water from the SH accompanying the southerly/southwesterly flow contributes most significantly to its summer rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. .,Department of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - J-Y Lee
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - K-J Ha
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - M-K Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - C O Jo
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - H Oh
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - J Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K-R Kim
- GIST College, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - S A Montzka
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - B R Miller
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - F Moore
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S C Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Lau WKM, Yuan C, Li Z. Origin, Maintenance and Variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL): The Roles of Monsoon Dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3960. [PMID: 29500395 PMCID: PMC5834455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using NASA MERRA2 daily data, we investigated the origin, maintenance and variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in relation to variations of the Asia Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) during the summer of 2008. During May-June, abundant quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), carbonaceous aerosols (CA) and dusts are found in the mid- and upper troposphere over India and China, arising from enhanced biomass burning emissions, as well as westerly transport from the Middle East deserts. During July-August, large quantities of dusts transported from the deserts are trapped and accumulate over the southern and eastern foothills of the Tibetan Plateau. Despite strong precipitation washout, ambient CO, CA and dust are lofted by orographically forced deep convection to great elevations, 12-16 km above sea level, via two key pathways over heavily polluted regions: a) the Himalayas-Gangetic Plain, and b) the Sichuan Basin. Upon entering the upper-troposphere-lower-stratosphere, the pollutants are capped by a stable layer near the tropopause, advected and dispersed by the anticyclonic circulation of AMA, forming the ATAL resembling a planetary-scale "double-stem chimney cloud". The development and variability of the ATAL are strongly linked to the seasonal march and intraseasonal (20-30 days and higher frequency) oscillations of the Asian monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K M Lau
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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13
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Efficient transport of tropospheric aerosol into the stratosphere via the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced aerosol layer near the tropopause over Asia during the June-September period of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) was recently identified using satellite observations. Its sources and climate impact are presently not well-characterized. To improve understanding of this phenomenon, we made in situ aerosol measurements during summer 2015 from Kunming, China, then followed with a modeling study to assess the global significance. The in situ measurements revealed a robust enhancement in aerosol concentration that extended up to 2 km above the tropopause. A climate model simulation demonstrates that the abundant anthropogenic aerosol precursor emissions from Asia coupled with rapid vertical transport associated with monsoon convection leads to significant particle formation in the upper troposphere within the ASM anticyclone. These particles subsequently spread throughout the entire Northern Hemispheric (NH) lower stratosphere and contribute significantly (∼15%) to the NH stratospheric column aerosol surface area on an annual basis. This contribution is comparable to that from the sum of small volcanic eruptions in the period between 2000 and 2015. Although the ASM contribution is smaller than that from tropical upwelling (∼35%), we find that this region is about three times as efficient per unit area and time in populating the NH stratosphere with aerosol. With a substantial amount of organic and sulfur emissions in Asia, the ASM anticyclone serves as an efficient smokestack venting aerosols to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. As economic growth continues in Asia, the relative importance of Asian emissions to stratospheric aerosol is likely to increase.
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14
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Vernier JP, Fairlie TD, Natarajan M, Wienhold FG, Bian J, Martinsson BG, Crumeyrolle S, Thomason LW, Bedka KM. Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:1608-1619. [PMID: 26691186 PMCID: PMC4672967 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Satellite observations have shown that the Asian Summer Monsoon strongly influences the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) aerosol morphology through its role in the formation of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar observations show that summertime UTLS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) between 13 and 18 km over Asia has increased by three times since the late 1990s. Here we present the first in situ balloon measurements of aerosol backscatter in the UTLS from Western China, which confirm high aerosol levels observed by CALIPSO since 2006. Aircraft in situ measurements suggest that aerosols at lower altitudes of the ATAL are largely composed of carbonaceous and sulfate materials (carbon/sulfur elemental ratio ranging from 2 to 10). Back trajectory analysis from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization observations indicates that deep convection over the Indian subcontinent supplies the ATAL through the transport of pollution into the UTLS. Time series of deep convection occurrence, carbon monoxide, aerosol, temperature, and relative humidity suggest that secondary aerosol formation and growth in a cold, moist convective environment could play an important role in the formation of ATAL. Finally, radiative calculations show that the ATAL layer has exerted a short-term regional forcing at the top of the atmosphere of -0.1 W/m2 in the past 18 years. KEY POINTS Increase of summertime upper tropospheric aerosol levels over Asia since the 1990s Upper tropospheric enhancement also observed by in situ backscatter measurements Significant regional radiative forcing of -0.1 W/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Vernier
- Science Systems and Applications, IncHampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
- Correspondence to: J.-P. Vernier,,
| | - T D Fairlie
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
| | - F G Wienhold
- Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich, Switzerland
| | - J Bian
- LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | | | - S Crumeyrolle
- LOA, CNRS–Université Lille1Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - L W Thomason
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
| | - K M Bedka
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
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15
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Vernier JP, Thomason LW, Fairlie TD, Minnis P, Palikonda R, Bedka KM. Comment on "Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport". Science 2013; 339:647. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1227817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Vernier
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | | | - T. D. Fairlie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | - P. Minnis
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | - R. Palikonda
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - K. M. Bedka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA
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16
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Bourassa AE, Robock A, Randel WJ, Deshler T, Rieger LA, Lloyd ND, Llewellyn EJ, Degenstein DA. Response to Comments on "Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport". Science 2013; 339:647. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1227961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Ojha N, Naja M, Singh KP, Sarangi T, Kumar R, Lal S, Lawrence MG, Butler TM, Chandola HC. Variabilities in ozone at a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region: Association with the meteorology and regional processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Bourassa AE, Robock A, Randel WJ, Deshler T, Rieger LA, Lloyd ND, Llewellyn EJ(T, Degenstein DA. Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport. Science 2012; 337:78-81. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1219371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Nabro stratovolcano in Eritrea, northeastern Africa, erupted on 13 June 2011, injecting approximately 1.3 teragrams of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to altitudes of 9 to 14 kilometers in the upper troposphere, which resulted in a large aerosol enhancement in the stratosphere. The SO2 was lofted into the lower stratosphere by deep convection and the circulation associated with the Asian summer monsoon while gradually converting to sulfate aerosol. This demonstrates that to affect climate, volcanic eruptions need not be strong enough to inject sulfur directly to the stratosphere.
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19
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Randel WJ, Moyer E, Park M, Jensen E, Bernath P, Walker K, Boone C. Global variations of HDO and HDO/H2O ratios in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from ACE-FTS satellite measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Bergman JW, Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Yang Q. Seasonal differences of vertical-transport efficiency in the tropical tropopause layer: On the interplay between tropical deep convection, large-scale vertical ascent, and horizontal circulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Ghude SD, Kulkarni SH, Kulkarni PS, Kanawade VP, Fadnavis S, Pokhrel S, Jena C, Beig G, Bortoli D. Anomalous low tropospheric column ozone over eastern India during the severe drought event of monsoon 2002: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1442-1455. [PMID: 21494819 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE The present study is an attempt to examine some of the probable causes of the unusually low tropospheric column ozone observed over eastern India during the exceptional drought event in July 2002. METHOD We examined horizontal wind and omega (vertical velocity) anomalies over the Indian region to understand the large-scale dynamical processes which prevailed in July 2002. We also examined anomalies in tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO), an important ozone precursor, and observed low CO mixing ratio in the free troposphere in 2002 over eastern India. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was found that instead of a normal large-scale ascent, the air was descending in the middle and lower troposphere over a vast part of India. This configuration was apparently responsible for the less convective upwelling of precursors and likely caused less photochemical ozone formation in the free troposphere over eastern India in July 2002. CONCLUSION The insight gained from this case study will hopefully provide a better understanding of the process controlling the distribution of the tropospheric ozone over the Indian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India.
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22
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Das SK, Chiang CW, Nee JB. Influence of tropical easterly jet on upper tropical cirrus: An observational study from CALIPSO, Aura-MLS, and NCEP/NCAR data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Doughty DC, Thompson AM, Schoeberl MR, Stajner I, Wargan K, Hui WCJ. An intercomparison of tropospheric ozone retrievals derived from two Aura instruments and measurements in western North America in 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Duflot V, Dils B, Baray JL, De Mazière M, Attié JL, Vanhaelewyn G, Senten C, Vigouroux C, Clain G, Delmas R. Analysis of the origin of the distribution of CO in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean in 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Jiang JH, Su H, Pawson S, Liu HC, Read WG, Waters JW, Santee ML, Wu DL, Schwartz MJ, Livesey NJ, Lambert A, Fuller RA, Lee JN. Five year (2004–2009) observations of upper tropospheric water vapor and cloud ice from MLS and comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Yang Q, Fu R, Cunnold D, Choi Y. Impact of East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China: View from space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Randel WJ, Park M, Emmons L, Kinnison D, Bernath P, Walker KA, Boone C, Pumphrey H. Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the Stratosphere. Science 2010; 328:611-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mijeong Park
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Louisa Emmons
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Doug Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaley A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh Pumphrey
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Worden J, Jones DBA, Liu J, Parrington M, Bowman K, Stajner I, Beer R, Jiang J, Thouret V, Kulawik S, Li JLF, Verma S, Worden H. Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Thampi BV, Sunilkumar SV, Parameswaran K. Lidar studies of particulates in the UTLS region at a tropical station over the Indian subcontinent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Park M, Randel WJ, Emmons LK, Livesey NJ. Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Liu JJ, Jones DBA, Worden JR, Noone D, Parrington M, Kar J. Analysis of the summertime buildup of tropospheric ozone abundances over the Middle East and North Africa as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Sawa Y, Machida T, Matsueda H. Seasonal variations of CO2near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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