1
|
Variability of the Aerosol Content in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere from 2013 to 2019: Evidence of Volcanic Eruption Impacts. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper quantifies the tropical stratospheric aerosol content as impacted by volcanic events over the 2013–2019 period. We use global model simulations by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) which is part of the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1). WACCM is associated with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA) sectional aerosol microphysics model which includes full sulphur chemical and microphysical cycles with no a priori assumption on particle size. Five main volcanic events (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have been reported and are shown to have significantly influenced the stratospheric aerosol layer in the tropics, either through direct injection in this region or through transport from extra-tropical latitudes. Space-borne data as well as ground-based lidar and balloon-borne in situ observations are used to evaluate the model calculations in terms of aerosol content, vertical distribution, optical and microphysical properties, transport and residence time of the various volcanic plumes. Overall, zonal mean model results reproduce the occurrence and vertical extents of the plumes derived from satellite observations but shows some discrepancies for absolute values of extinction and of stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD). Features of meridional transport of the plumes emitted from extra-tropical latitudes are captured by the model but simulated absolute values of SAOD differ from 6 to 200% among the various eruptions. Simulations tend to agree well with observed in situ vertical profiles for the Kelud and Calbuco plumes but this is likely to depend on the period for which comparison is done. Some explanations for the model–measurement discrepancies are discussed such as the inaccurate knowledge of the injection parameters and the presence of ash not accounted in the simulations.
Collapse
|
2
|
Homeyer CR, Bowman KP. A 22-Year Evaluation of Convection Reaching the Stratosphere Over the United States. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD034808. [PMID: 34322360 PMCID: PMC8312763 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd034808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stratosphere-reaching moist convection can significantly alter the dynamics, chemistry, and climate of the Earth system. This study seeks to add to the emerging understanding of the frequency, depth, and stratospheric impact of such events using 22 years (1996-2017) of ground-based radar observations in the contiguous United States. While most prior studies identify such storms using the temperature lapse-rate tropopause (LRT) as a troposphere-stratosphere boundary, this study is the first to identify convection that reaches into stratospheric air below the LRT (tropopause depressions, excluding folds) as well. It is found that tropopause depression (TD) overshooting and LRT overshooting occur at similar frequency over the United States, with TD overshooting being more episodic in nature than LRT overshooting. TD overshooting is also found more often throughout the cooler months of the year, while LRT overshooting dominates all overshooting in the summer months. Stratospheric residence of overshoot material, as estimated using trajectory calculations driven by large-scale winds, suggests that the vast majority of TD overshoot material does not remain in the stratosphere within 5 days downstream and rarely impacts altitudes more than 1 km above the LRT. Conversely, the majority of LRT overshoot material remains in the stratosphere downstream and routinely impacts altitudes >1 and >2 km above the tropopause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth P Bowman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sandvik OS, Friberg J, Martinsson BG, van Velthoven PFJ, Hermann M, Zahn A. Intercomparison of in-situ aircraft and satellite aerosol measurements in the stratosphere. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15576. [PMID: 31666595 PMCID: PMC6821816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol composition and optical scattering from particles in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) have been studied by comparing in-situ aerosol samples from the IAGOS-CARIBIC passenger aircraft with vertical profiles of aerosol backscattering obtained from the CALIOP lidar aboard the CALIPSO satellite. Concentrations of the dominating fractions of the stratospheric aerosol, being sulphur and carbon, have been obtained from post-flight analysis of IAGOS-CARIBIC aerosol samples. This information together with literature data on black carbon concentrations were used to calculate the aerosol backscattering which subsequently is compared with measurements by CALIOP. Vertical optical profiles were taken in an altitude range of several kilometres from and above the northern hemispheric extratropical tropopause for the years 2006-2014. We find that the two vastly different measurement platforms yield different aerosol backscattering, especially close to the tropopause where the influence from tropospheric aerosol is strong. The best agreement is found when the LMS is affected by volcanism, i.e., at elevated aerosol loadings. At background conditions, best agreement is obtained some distance (>2 km) above the tropopause in winter and spring, i.e., at likewise elevated aerosol loadings from subsiding aerosol-rich stratospheric air. This is to our knowledge the first time the CALIPSO lidar measurements have been compared to in-situ long-term aerosol measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Friberg
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Markus Hermann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Zahn
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kunz A, Pan LL, Konopka P, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S. Chemical and dynamical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause based on START08 and WACCM analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kunz
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. L. Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Konopka
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - D. E. Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Tilmes
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santee ML, Manney GL, Livesey NJ, Froidevaux L, Schwartz MJ, Read WG. Trace gas evolution in the lowermost stratosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
Vogel B, Pan LL, Konopka P, Günther G, Müller R, Hall W, Campos T, Pollack I, Weinheimer A, Wei J, Atlas EL, Bowman KP. Transport pathways and signatures of mixing in the extratropical tropopause region derived from Lagrangian model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Prather MJ, Zhu X, Tang Q, Hsu J, Neu JL. An atmospheric chemist in search of the tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Kunz A, Konopka P, Müller R, Pan LL. Dynamical tropopause based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Duflot V, Dils B, Baray JL, De Mazière M, Attié JL, Vanhaelewyn G, Senten C, Vigouroux C, Clain G, Delmas R. Analysis of the origin of the distribution of CO in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean in 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Hegglin MI, Gettelman A, Hoor P, Krichevsky R, Manney GL, Pan LL, Son SW, Stiller G, Tilmes S, Walker KA, Eyring V, Shepherd TG, Waugh D, Akiyoshi H, Añel JA, Austin J, Baumgaertner A, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Dameris M, Dhomse S, Frith S, Garny H, Hardiman SC, Jöckel P, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Nakamura T, Olivié D, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Pyle JA, Rozanov E, Scinocca JF, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W, Yamashita Y. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Sprung D, Zahn A. Acetone in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere measured by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft: Distribution, seasonal cycle, and variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Pan LL, Randel WJ, Gille JC, Hall WD, Nardi B, Massie S, Yudin V, Khosravi R, Konopka P, Tarasick D. Tropospheric intrusions associated with the secondary tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Hegglin MI, Boone CD, Manney GL, Walker KA. A global view of the extratropical tropopause transition layer from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O3, H2O, and CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Sawa Y, Machida T, Matsueda H. Seasonal variations of CO2near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Polvani LM, Esler JG. Transport and mixing of chemical air masses in idealized baroclinic life cycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|