1
|
Cheng Z, Morgenstern M, Henning S, Zhang B, Roberts GC, Fraund M, Marcus MA, Lata NN, Fialho P, Mazzoleni L, Wehner B, Mazzoleni C, China S. Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166865. [PMID: 37690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports results from research conducted at the Observatory of Mount Pico (OMP), 2225 m above mean sea level on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago in June and July 2017. We investigated the chemical composition, mixing state, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of long-range transported free tropospheric (FT) particles. FLEXible PARTicle Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations reveal that most air masses that arrived at the OMP during the sampling period originated in North America and were highly aged (average plume age > 10 days). We probed size-resolved chemical composition, mixing state, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of individual particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (CCSEM-EDX). Based on the estimated individual particle mass from elemental composition, we calculated the mixing state index, χ. During our study, FT particle populations were internally mixed (χ of samples are between 53 % and 87 %), owing to the long atmospheric aging time. We used data from a miniature Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (miniCCNC) to derive the hygroscopicity parameter, κCCNC. Combining κCCNC and FLEXPART, we found that air masses recirculated above the North Atlantic Ocean with lower mean altitude had higher κCCNC due to the higher contribution of sea salt particles. We used CCSEM-EDX and phase state measurements to predict single-particle κ (κCCSEM-EDX) values, which overlap with the lower range of κCCNC measured below 0.15 % SS. Therefore, CCSEM-EDX measurements can be useful in predicting the lower bound of κ, which can be used in climate models to predict CCN activities, especially in remote locations where online CCN measurements are unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Megan Morgenstern
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Gregory C Roberts
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paulo Fialho
- Institute of Volcanology and Risk Assessment - IVAR, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Lynn Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biswal A, Singh T, Singh V, Ravindra K, Mor S. COVID-19 lockdown and its impact on tropospheric NO 2 concentrations over India using satellite-based data. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04764. [PMID: 32864482 PMCID: PMC7441877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has declared the COVID-19 pandemic a global public health emergency. Many countries of the world, including India, closed their borders and imposed a nationwide lockdown. In India, the lockdown was declared on March 24 for 21 days (March 25-April 14, 2020) and was later extended until May 3, 2020. During the lockdown, all major anthropogenic activities, which contribute to atmospheric pollution (such as industries, vehicles, and businesses), were restricted. The current study examines the impact of the lockdown on tropospheric NO2 concentrations. Satellite-based ozone monitoring instrument sensor data were analyzed in order to investigate the variations in tropospheric NO2 concentrations. The results showed that from March 1 to 21, 2020, the average tropospheric NO2 concentration was 214.4 ×1013 molecule cm-2 over India, and it subsequently decreased by 12.1% over the next four weeks. An increase of 0.8% in tropospheric NO2 concentrations was observed for the same period in 2019 and hence, the reduced tropospheric NO2 concentrations can be attributed to restricted anthropogenic activities during the lockdown. In the absence of significant activities, the contribution of various sources was estimated, and the emissions from biomass burning were identified as a major source of tropospheric NO2 during the lockdown. The findings of this study provide an opportunity to understand the mechanism of tropospheric NO2 emissions over India, in order to improve air quality modeling and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Biswal
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, 517502, India
| | - Tanbir Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, 517502, India
| | - Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye C, Zhou X, Pu D, Stutz J, Festa J, Spolaor M, Tsai C, Cantrell C, Mauldin RL, Campos T, Weinheimer A, Hornbrook RS, Apel EC, Guenther A, Kaser L, Yuan B, Karl T, Haggerty J, Hall S, Ullmann K, Smith JN, Ortega J, Knote C. Rapid cycling of reactive nitrogen in the marine boundary layer. Nature 2016; 532:489-91. [PMID: 27064904 DOI: 10.1038/nature17195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides are essential for the formation of secondary atmospheric aerosols and of atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and the hydroxyl radical, which controls the self-cleansing capacity of the atmosphere. Nitric acid, a major oxidation product of nitrogen oxides, has traditionally been considered to be a permanent sink of nitrogen oxides. However, model studies predict higher ratios of nitric acid to nitrogen oxides in the troposphere than are observed. A 'renoxification' process that recycles nitric acid into nitrogen oxides has been proposed to reconcile observations with model studies, but the mechanisms responsible for this process remain uncertain. Here we present data from an aircraft measurement campaign over the North Atlantic Ocean and find evidence for rapid recycling of nitric acid to nitrous acid and nitrogen oxides in the clean marine boundary layer via particulate nitrate photolysis. Laboratory experiments further demonstrate the photolysis of particulate nitrate collected on filters at a rate more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of gaseous nitric acid, with nitrous acid as the main product. Box model calculations based on the Master Chemical Mechanism suggest that particulate nitrate photolysis mainly sustains the observed levels of nitrous acid and nitrogen oxides at midday under typical marine boundary layer conditions. Given that oceans account for more than 70 per cent of Earth's surface, we propose that particulate nitrate photolysis could be a substantial tropospheric nitrogen oxide source. Recycling of nitrogen oxides in remote oceanic regions with minimal direct nitrogen oxide emissions could increase the formation of tropospheric oxidants and secondary atmospheric aerosols on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dennis Pu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - James Festa
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - Max Spolaor
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - Catalina Tsai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - Christopher Cantrell
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Campos
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Eric C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa Kaser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Karl
- Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julie Haggerty
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - James N Smith
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - John Ortega
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christoph Knote
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xue LK, Wang T, Zhang JM, Zhang XC, Deliger, Poon CN, Ding AJ, Zhou XH, Wu WS, Tang J, Zhang QZ, Wang WX. Source of surface ozone and reactive nitrogen speciation at Mount Waliguan in western China: New insights from the 2006 summer study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
Lee JD, Moller SJ, Read KA, Lewis AC, Mendes L, Carpenter LJ. Year-round measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropical North Atlantic marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Val Martin M, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Lapina K. Large-scale impacts of anthropogenic pollution and boreal wildfires on the nitrogen oxides over the central North Atlantic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|