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Krogseth IS, Breivik K, Frantzen S, Nilsen BM, Eckhardt S, Nøst TH, Wania F. Modelling PCB-153 in northern ecosystems across time, space, and species using the nested exposure model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1986-2000. [PMID: 37811766 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
There is concern over possible effects on ecosystems and humans from exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals with similar properties. The main objective of this study was to develop, evaluate, and apply the Nested Exposure Model (NEM) designed to simulate the link between global emissions and resulting ecosystem exposure while accounting for variation in time and space. NEM, using environmental and biological data, global emissions, and physicochemical properties as input, was used to estimate PCB-153 concentrations in seawater and biota of the Norwegian marine environment from 1930 to 2020. These concentrations were compared to measured concentrations in (i) seawater, (ii) an Arctic marine food web comprising zooplankton, fish and marine mammals, and (iii) Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from large baseline studies and monitoring programs. NEM reproduced PCB-153 concentrations in seawater, the Arctic food web, and Norwegian fish within a factor of 0.1-31, 0.14-3.1, and 0.09-21, respectively. The model also successfully reproduced measured trophic magnification factors for PCB-153 at Svalbard as well as geographical variations in PCB-153 burden in Atlantic cod between the Skagerrak, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, and Barents Sea, but estimated a steeper decline in PCB-153 concentration in herring and cod during the last decades than observed. Using the evaluated model with various emission scenarios showed the important contribution of European and global primary emissions for the PCB-153 load in fish from Norwegian marine offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingjerd S Krogseth
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Therese H Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Vudamala K, Chakraborty P, Chatragadda R, Tiwari AK, Qureshi A. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface and deep waters of the Southern Indian Ocean and coastal Antarctic waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 321:121206. [PMID: 36738882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica is a remote and pristine region. Yet it plays a vital role in biogeochemical cycles of global anthropogenic contaminants, such as persistent organic pollution (POPs). This work reports the distribution of legacy and new POPs in surface and depth profiles/deeper water of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) and the coast of Antarctica (COA). Samples were collected during the 10th Indian Southern Ocean expedition (SOE-10) in the year 2017. Concentrations of ∑HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), ∑DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), and ∑ENDO (endosulfan) in surface seawater from the SIO region ranged between not detected (ND) to 1.21 pg/Liter (pg L-1) (average. ± s.d.: 0.35 ± 0.42 pg L-1), ND to 1.83 pg L-1 (0.69 ± 84 pg L-1), and ND - to 2.06 pg L-1 (0.56 ± 0., 88 pg L-1), respectively. The concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT, and ∑ENDO in COA ranged from ND to 0.98 pg L-1 (0.25 ± 0.27 pg L-1), ND to 3.61 pg L-1(0.50 ± 1.08 pg L-1), and ND to 2.09 pg L-1 (0.45 ± 0.84 pg L-1), respectively. Concentrations of isomers of endosulfan, and largely of HCHs, suggested an aged source. Some concentration ratios of α-to γ-HCH were close to 1, indicating a contribution from ongoing sources. Results indicate the important role of ocean currents in mediating the transport and detection of OCPs. As such, OCPs dynamics in deeper oceans may play an important role in OCPs cycling in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krushna Vudamala
- Integrative Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Group, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ramesh Chatragadda
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Tiwari
- Environmental Impact Assessment Group, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403802, India
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India; Department of Climate Change, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
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3
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Lin Y, Cai M, Chen M, Huang P, Lei R, Chen M, Gui D, Ke H. Evidence for the growing importance of Eurasian local source to PAHs in the Arctic central basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158373. [PMID: 36041604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are traditionally considered to enter the Arctic Ocean through long-range transport. Arctic warming, especially sea ice retreat, will certainly increase the contribution from local source (such as river input and ice melting). However, this hypothesis remains poorly constrained for lack of quantitative evidence. Here PAHs in surface seawater (67°N-89°N, 152°E-177°E) and sea ice (82°N-89°N) were collected in the western Arctic in 2010. Dissolved concentrations of 15 PAHs (Σ15PAHs) in surface layer ice (26.2 to 49.8 ng/L) were one order of magnitude higher than the underlying seawater. The content of dissolved Σ15PAHs was significantly higher in the marginal ice zone than those in the Chukchi Sea shelf, and the dissolved Σ15PAHs concentration differed by nearly an order of magnitude in two closely adjacent sections in the basin area, which both showed high fraction of river water and sea ice meltwater. This pattern could be explained by the different local inputs from Eurasia and North America. This scenario was further visualized by ice back trajectories capturing significantly higher PAH signals from the Eurasian margin than those from North America and stable oxygen isotopic data finding a positive correlation of PAH levels with the fractions of river runoff and ice-melting water coming from the Eurasia. The PAHs budget of the Arctic Ocean was also dominated by local sources (river and ice melting) as inputs (76 %) and volatilization as outputs (47 %). This study reveals the importance of Eurasian local inputs in supplying PAHs to the central Arctic Ocean. Those processes, which have not been well recognized for PAHs previously, are expected to increase and will undermine global efforts to reduce exposure by remobilizing PAHs stored in permafrost and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361002, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Min Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruibo Lei
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dawei Gui
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
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Hung H, Halsall C, Ball H, Bidleman T, Dachs J, De Silva A, Hermanson M, Kallenborn R, Muir D, Sühring R, Wang X, Wilson S. Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1577-1615. [PMID: 35244108 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change brings about significant changes in the physical environment in the Arctic. Increasing temperatures, sea ice retreat, slumping permafrost, changing sea ice regimes, glacial loss and changes in precipitation patterns can all affect how contaminants distribute within the Arctic environment and subsequently impact the Arctic ecosystems. In this review, we summarized observed evidence of the influence of climate change on contaminant circulation and transport among various Arctic environment media, including air, ice, snow, permafrost, fresh water and the marine environment. We have also drawn on parallel examples observed in Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau, to broaden the discussion on how climate change may influence contaminant fate in similar cold-climate ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps on indirect effects of climate change on contaminants in the Arctic environment, including those of extreme weather events, increase in forests fires, and enhanced human activities leading to new local contaminant emissions, have been identified. Enhanced mobilization of contaminants to marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed as a result of climate change, but better linkages need to be made between these observed effects with subsequent exposure and accumulation of contaminants in biota. Emerging issues include those of Arctic contamination by microplastics and higher molecular weight halogenated natural products (hHNPs) and the implications of such contamination in a changing Arctic environment is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5P 1W4, Canada.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hollie Ball
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Amila De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55419, USA
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, 9171, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Yang M, Guo X, Ishizu M, Miyazawa Y. The Kuroshio Regulates the Air-Sea Exchange of PCBs in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12307-12314. [PMID: 35969807 PMCID: PMC9850904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calculating accurate air-sea fluxes for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is an essential condition for evaluating their transport in the atmosphere. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecosystem-PCB coupled model was developed for the northwestern Pacific Ocean to assess the air-sea fluxes of four PCBs and examine the influences of ocean currents on the fluxes. The model revealed a fine structure in the air-sea flux that is sensitive to the Kuroshio, a western boundary current with a high surface speed. Intense downward and upward fluxes (-23.6 to 44.75 ng m-2 d-1 for ∑4PCBs) can be found in the Kuroshio region south of Japan and the Kuroshio Extension east of Japan, respectively. In strong (weak) current regions, it takes ∼4 and ∼1 days (1-3 and 3-12 days) for dissolved PCBs to reach an equilibrium in scenarios where only air-sea exchange or only ocean advection is considered, respectively. In strong current regions, the ocean advection has a shorter response time than the air-sea exchange, indicating that dissolved PCBs from upstream carried by strong current can easily change the downstream concentration by disrupting the equilibrium with original air-sea exchange and induce new air-sea fluxes there. Therefore, strong western boundary currents should be correctly considered in future atmospheric transport models for PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Ehime
University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Center
for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime
University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Application
Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-City, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Miho Ishizu
- Center
for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic
Science, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Pusan
National University, Tonghapgigyegwan Bldg 2 Busandaehak-ro, 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yasumasa Miyazawa
- Application
Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-City, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
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6
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McGovern M, Borgå K, Heimstad E, Ruus A, Christensen G, Evenset A. Small Arctic rivers transport legacy contaminants from thawing catchments to coastal areas in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119191. [PMID: 35364186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Decades of atmospheric and oceanic long-range transport from lower latitudes have resulted in deposition and storage of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic regions. With increased temperatures, melting glaciers and thawing permafrost may serve as a secondary source of these stored POPs to freshwater and marine ecosystems. Here, we present concentrations and composition of legacy POPs in glacier- and permafrost-influenced rivers and coastal waters in the high Arctic Svalbard fjord Kongsfjorden. Targeted contaminants include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and chlordane pesticides. Dissolved (defined as fraction filtered through 0.7 μm GF/F filter) and particulate samples were collected from rivers and near-shore fjord stations along a gradient from the heavily glaciated inner fjord to the tundra-dominated catchments at the outer fjord. There were no differences in contaminant concentration or pattern between glacier and tundra-dominated catchments, and the general contaminant pattern reflected snow melt with some evidence of pesticides released with glacial meltwater. Rivers were a small source of chlordane pesticides, DDTs and particulate HCB to the marine system and the particle-rich glacial meltwater contained higher concentrations of particle associated contaminants compared to the fjord. This study provides rare insight into the role of small Arctic rivers in transporting legacy contaminants from thawing catchments to coastal areas. Results indicate that the spring thaw is a source of contaminants to Kongsfjorden, and that expected increases in runoff on Svalbard and elsewhere in the Arctic could have implications for the contamination of Arctic coastal food-webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve McGovern
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579, Oslo, Norway; Department of Arctic Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9027, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eldbjørg Heimstad
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Ruus
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Christensen
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anita Evenset
- Department of Arctic Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9027, Tromsø, Norway; Akvaplan-niva, Fram-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Yang PF, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Pesticides in the atmosphere and seawater in a transect study from the Western Pacific to the Southern Ocean: The importance of continental discharges and air-seawater exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118439. [PMID: 35452973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The global oceans are known as terminal sink or secondary source for diffusive emission of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and selected current used pesticides (CUPs) into the overlaying atmosphere. Many pesticides have been widely produced worldwide, subsequently applied, and released into the environment. However, information on the occurrence patterns, spatial variability, and air-seawater exchange of pesticides is limited to easily accessible regions and, hence, only few studies are reported from the remote Southern Ocean. To fill this information gap, a large-scale ship-based sampling campaign was conducted. In the samples from this campaign, we measured concentrations of 221 pesticides. Both gaseous and aqueous samples were collected along a sampling transect from the western Pacific to the Southern Ocean (19.75° N-76.16° S) from November 2018 to March 2019. Twenty-seven individual pesticides were frequently (≥ 50%) detected in gaseous and aqueous samples. Tebuconazole, diphenylamine, myclobutanil, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominated the composition profile in both phases. Spatial trends analysis in atmospheric and seawater concentrations showed a substantial level reduction from the western Pacific towards the Southern Ocean. Back-trajectory analysis showed that atmospheric pesticide concentrations were strongly influenced by air masses origins. Continental and riverine inputs are important sources of pesticides in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Atmospheric and seawater concentrations for the target pesticide residues in the Southern Ocean are low and evenly distributed due to the large distance from potential pollution sources as well as the effective isolation by the Antarctic Convergence (AC). Air-seawater fugacity ratios and fluxes indicated that the western Pacific and Indian Oceans were secondary sources for most pesticides emitted to the atmosphere, while the Southern Ocean was still considered to be a sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6×9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
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8
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Sanganyado E, Chingono KE, Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Liu W. Organic pollutants in deep sea: Occurrence, fate, and ecological implications. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117658. [PMID: 34563929 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The deep sea - an oceanic layer below 200 m depths - has important global biogeochemical and nutrient cycling functions. It also receives organic pollutants from anthropogenic sources, which threatens the ecological function of the deep sea. In this Review, critically examined data on the distribution of organic pollutants in the deep sea to outline the role of biogeochemical and geophysical factors on the global distribution and regional chemodynamics of organic pollutants in the deep sea. We found that the contribution of deep water formation to the influx of perfluorinated compounds reached a maximum, following peak emission, faster in young deep waters (< 10 years) compared to older deep waters (> 100 years). For example, perfluorinated compounds had low concentrations (< 10 pg L-1) and vertical variations in the South Pacific Ocean where the ocean currents are old (< 1000 years). Steep geomorphologies of submarine canyons, ridges, and valleys facilitated the transport of sediments and associated organic pollutants by oceanic currents from the continental shelf to remote deep seas. In addition, we found that, even though an estimated 1.2-4.2 million metric tons of plastic debris enter the ocean through riverine discharge annually, the role of microplastics as vectors of organic pollutants (e.g., plastic monomers, additives, and attached organic pollutants) in the deep sea is often overlooked. Finally, we recommend assessing the biological effects of organic pollutants in deep sea biota, large-scale monitoring of organic pollutants, reconstructing historical emissions using sediment cores, and assessing the impact of deep-sea mining on the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | | | - Willis Gwenzi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
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9
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Nybom I, Horlitz G, Gilbert D, Berrojalbiz N, Martens J, Arp HPH, Sobek A. Effects of Organic Carbon Origin on Hydrophobic Organic Contaminant Fate in the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13061-13071. [PMID: 34554730 PMCID: PMC8495899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transport and fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in the marine environment are closely linked to organic carbon (OC) cycling processes. We investigated the influence of marine versus terrestrial OC origin on HOC fluxes at two Baltic Sea coastal sites with different relative contributions of terrestrial and marine OC. Stronger sorption of the more than four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and penta-heptachlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was observed at the marine OC-dominated site. The site-specific partition coefficients between sediment OC and water were 0.2-1.0 log units higher at the marine OC site, with the freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment pore-water 2-10 times lower, when compared with the terrestrial OC site. The stronger sorption at the site characterized with marine OC was most evident for the most hydrophobic PCBs, leading to reduced fluxes of these compounds from sediment to water. According to these results, future changes in OC cycling because of climate change, leading to increased input of terrestrial OC to the marine system, can have consequences for the availability and mobility of HOCs in aquatic systems and thereby also for the capacity of sediments to store HOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nybom
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Horlitz
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Gilbert
- Norwegian
Geological Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Naiara Berrojalbiz
- Norwegian
Geological Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jannik Martens
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geological Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Lohmann R, Markham E, Klanova J, Kukucka P, Pribylova P, Gong X, Pockalny R, Yanishevsky T, Wagner CC, Sunderland EM. Trends of Diverse POPs in Air and Water Across the Western Atlantic Ocean: Strong Gradients in the Ocean but Not in the Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9498-9507. [PMID: 33147956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oceans have remained the least well-researched reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) globally, due to their vast scale, difficulty of access, and challenging (trace) analysis. Little data on POPs exists along South America and the effect of different currents and river plumes on aqueous concentrations. Research cruise KN210-04 (R/V Knorr) offered a unique opportunity to determine POP gradients in air, water, and their air-water exchange along South America, covering both hemispheres. Compounds of interest included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Remote tropical Atlantic Ocean atmospheric concentrations varied little between both hemispheres; for HCB, BDEs 47 and 99, they were ∼5 pg/m3, PCBs were ∼1 pg/m3, α-HCH was ∼0.2 pg/m3, and phenanthrene and other PAHs were in the low 100s pg/m3. Aqueous concentrations were dominated by PCB 52 (mean 4.1 pg/L), HCB (1.6 pg/L), and β-HCH (1.9 pg/L), with other compounds <1 pg/L. Target PCBs tended to undergo net volatilization from the surface ocean, while gradients indicated net deposition for a-HCH. In contrast to atmospheric concentrations, which were basically unchanged between hemispheres, we detected strong gradients in aqueous POPs, with mostly nondetects in the tropical western South Atlantic. These results highlight the importance of currents and loss processes on ocean scales for the distribution of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island United States
| | - Erin Markham
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island United States
| | - Jana Klanova
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno,Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukucka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno,Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pribylova
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno,Czech Republic
| | - Xiangyi Gong
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island United States
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Robert Pockalny
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island United States
| | - Tatyana Yanishevsky
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island United States
| | - Charlotte C Wagner
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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11
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Johansen S, Poste A, Allan I, Evenset A, Carlsson P. Terrestrial inputs govern spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in an Arctic fjord system (Isfjorden, Svalbard). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:116963. [PMID: 33823300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considerable amounts of previously deposited persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stored in the Arctic cryosphere. Transport of freshwater and terrestrial material to the Arctic Ocean is increasing due to ongoing climate change and the impact this has on POPs in marine receiving systems is unknown This study has investigated how secondary sources of POPs from land influence the occurrence and fate of POPs in an Arctic coastal marine system. Passive sampling of water and sampling of riverine suspended particulate matter (SPM) and marine sediments for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was carried out in rivers and their receiving fjords in Isfjorden system in Svalbard. Riverine SPM had low contaminant concentrations (<level of detection-28 pg/g dw ΣPCB14, 16-100 pg/g dw HCB) compared to outer marine sediments 630-880 pg/g dw ΣPCB14, 530-770 pg/g dw HCB). There was a strong spatial gradient in sediment PCB and HCB concentrations with lowest concentrations in river estuaries and in front of marine-terminating glaciers and increasing concentrations toward the outer fjord. This suggests that rather than leading to increased concentrations, inputs of SPM from land lead to a dilution of contaminant concentrations in nearshore sediments. Preliminary estimates of SPM:water activity ratios suggest that terrestrial particles (with low contaminant concentrations) may have the potential to act as sorbents of dissolved contaminants in the coastal water column, with implications for bioavailability of POPs to the marine food web. There is concern that ongoing increases in fluxes of freshwater, sediments and associated terrestrial material (including contaminants) from land to the Arctic Ocean will lead to increased mobilization and transport of POPs to coastal ecosystems. However, the results of this study indicate that on Svalbard, inputs from land may in fact have the opposite effect, leading to reduced concentrations in coastal sediments and waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Johansen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amanda Poste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ian Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-niva, Tromsø, Norway; UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Mazurkiewicz M, Winogradow A, Pazdro K. PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the seawater of Arctic fjords - Distribution, sources and risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111980. [PMID: 33486131 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examine contamination with PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the seawater of Arctic fjords (Hornsund, Kongsfjorden and Adventfjorden) which differ in environmental conditions and are particularly sensitive to climate change. We also investigate how the melting glaciers and ocean currents may affect the distribution and fate of target compounds in the seawater column in the fjords. The ∑7 PCB, HCB and ∑12 PAH concentrations in seawater ranged from, respectively: 0.002 to 41.2 ng/L; from LOQ to 233 ng/L; and from 0.196 to 311 ng/L. The research indicates that the concentrations of contaminants detected in Arctic fjords depend on the physicochemical properties of these compounds, local human activity and occurrence of glacier meltwaters. Detected HCB and PAH concentrations in most of the seawater samples were at levels classified as harmless, however in 30 out of 80 analysed suspended particulate matter samples some compounds were present at toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Winogradow
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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13
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Miglioranza KSB, Ondarza PM, Costa PG, de Azevedo A, Gonzalez M, Shimabukuro VM, Grondona SI, Mitton FM, Barra RO, Wania F, Fillmann G. Spatial and temporal distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and current use pesticides in the atmosphere of Argentinean Patagonia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129015. [PMID: 33261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
XAD-based passive air samplers (PAS) were used to evaluate organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some current use pesticides (chlorotalonil, trifluralin and dichlofluanid) in the atmosphere of Argentinian Patagonia. The PAS were deployed for 12 months during three consecutive years along a longitudinal (Rio Negro watershed) and a latitudinal (Patagonian coast) transect. Endosulfan, trifluralin and DDT-related substances were the most prevalent pesticides in the Rio Negro watershed, an intensive agricultural basin, consistent with ongoing use of endosulfan at the time of sampling. Concentrations of industrial contaminants were low (mean 25 pg/m3 and 1.9 pg/m3 for Σ38 PCBs, and Σ5PBDEs, respectively) and similar among sites. However, along the Patagonian coast, air concentrations of total contaminants were highly variable (14-400 pg/m3) with highest values recorded at Bahia Blanca, an important industrial area that is also downwind of the most intensively agriculturally used area of Argentina. Contaminant levels decreased toward the south, with the exception of the southernmost sampling site (Rio Gallegos) where a slight increase of total pollutant levels was observed, mainly due to the lower chlorinated PCB congeners. Interannual variability was small, although the last year tended to have slightly higher levels for different contaminant groups at most sampling sites. This large-scale spatial atmospheric monitoring of POPs and some CUPs in the South of Argentina highlights the important and continuing role of rural and urban areas as emission sources of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina.
| | - Paola M Ondarza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Patricia G Costa
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal Do Río Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Amaro de Azevedo
- Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Caxias Do Sul, RS, Brazil.Programa de Pós-graduação Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Valeria M Shimabukuro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Sebastián I Grondona
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina; Instituto de Geología de Costas y Del Cuaternario, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francesca M Mitton
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal Do Río Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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14
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Hidayati NV, Asia L, Khabouchi I, Torre F, Widowati I, Sabdono A, Doumenq P, Syakti AD. Ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in surface sediments from aquaculture system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128372. [PMID: 33297282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediments from shrimp ponds in four regions of the northern part of the Central Java coast (namely Brebes, Tegal, Pemalang, and Pekalongan) were investigated. The highest concentration of ∑ OCPs was found in Brebes Regency, ranging from 68.1 ± 3.4 to 168.1 ± 9.8 μg kg-1 dw. As indicated by the DDT ratio and chlordane ratio, the value suggested that those compounds may mainly originate from historical inputs rather than a recent application. The concentrations of Ʃ 7 indicator PCBs were determined, with the concentration ranged from 1.2 ± 0.7 μg kg-1 dw (Pekalongan) to 2.2 ± 0.4 μg kg-1 dw (Tegal). The most toxic PCB congener, PCB 118, was detected in all studied regions, with the highest proportion found in Tegal. Source analysis indicated that PCBs in the sediments mainly originated from Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1248. Compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), some OCPs were found with concentrations which potentially posed an adverse effect. Our findings suggested that more attention should be paid to ensure sustainable shrimp culture facing such a risk of the OCPs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuning Vita Hidayati
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty - Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia; Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Franck Torre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IMBE, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ita Widowati
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Agus Sabdono
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | | | - Agung Dhamar Syakti
- Environmental Science Department, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang, Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands Province, 29100, Indonesia; Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies, Institute for Sciences and Community Service, Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia.
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15
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Gao Y, Zheng H, Xia Y, Cai M. Global scale distribution, seasonal changes and long-range transport potentiality of endosulfan in the surface seawater and air. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127634. [PMID: 32683032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan I, II, and sulfate were detected in the atmosphere and surface seawater on a global scale during three Chinese National Arctic-Antarctic Research Expeditions in 2016 and 2017. Concentrations of the three species displayed seasonal variations in seawater in the Northern Hemisphere but remained steadily low on Antarctic coasts. Endosulfan sulfate was predominant in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas isomer I was more abundant in the Southern Hemisphere. Endosulfan was detected in the atmosphere over the western Pacific Ocean but rarely in the central Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. Its concentration in seawater increased with increasing latitude in the Southern Ocean. Although fugacity ratios indicate a strong potential for deposition of endosulfan, air-seawater exchange may be slow, as suggested by the large differences between atmospheric and seawater concentrations. Ocean current endosulfan loads varied markedly between seasons. Three-day backward trajectories indicate that Northeast Asia is the major source of atmospheric endosulfan in the western Pacific Ocean, whereas the central Arctic and North Atlantic oceans are affected more by local air masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yinyue Xia
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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16
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Prince KD, Taylor SD, Angelini C. A Global, Cross-System Meta-Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Biomagnification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10989-11001. [PMID: 32786558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies evaluating the mechanisms underpinning the biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a globally prevalent group of regulated persistent organic pollutants, commonly couple chemical and stable isotope analyses to identify bioaccumulation pathways. Due to analytical costs constraining the scope, sample size, and range of congeners analyzed, and variation in methodologies preventing cross-study syntheses, how PCBs biomagnify at food web, regional, and global scales remains uncertain. To overcome these constraints, we compiled diet (stable isotopes) data and lipid-normalized concentrations of sum total PCB (PCBST), seven indicator PCB congeners, and their sum (PCB∑7). Our analyses revealed that the number of congeners analyzed, region, and class most strongly predicted PCBST, while similarly, region, class, and feeding location best predicted PCB∑7 and all seven congeners. We also discovered that PCBST, PCB∑7, and the seven indicator congeners all occur in higher concentrations in freshwater than marine ecosystems but are more likely to biomagnify in the latter. Moreover, although the seven congeners vary in their propensity to biomagnify, their trophic magnification factors are all generally greater in the Atlantic than the Pacific. Thus, novel insights regarding PCB biomagnification across taxonomic, food webs, regional, and global scales can be gleaned by leveraging existing data to overcome analytical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Prince
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School for Sustainable Infrastructure and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shawn D Taylor
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, PO Box 116455, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 United States
| | - Christine Angelini
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School for Sustainable Infrastructure and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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17
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Canadian Arctic Contaminants and Their Effects on the Maternal Brain and Behaviour: A Scoping Review of the Animal Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030926. [PMID: 32024308 PMCID: PMC7038163 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Environmental toxicants such as methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides are potentially harmful pollutants present in contaminated food, soil, air, and water. Exposure to these ecologically relevant toxicants is prominent in Northern Canadian populations. Previous work focused on toxicant exposure during pregnancy as a threat to fetal neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the individual and combined effects of these toxicants on maternal health during pregnancy and post-partum. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to synthesize the current knowledge regarding individual and combined effects of methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides on maternal behaviour and the maternal brain. Relevant studies were identified through the PubMed, Embase, and Toxline databases. Literature involving animal models and one human cohort were included in the review. Results: Research findings indicate that exposures to these environmental toxicants are associated with neurochemical changes in rodent models. Animal models provided the majority of information on toxicant-induced alterations in maternal care behaviours. Molecular and hormonal changes hypothesized to underlie these alterations were also addressed, although studies assessing toxicant co-exposure were limited. Conclusion: This review speaks to the limited knowledge regarding effects of these persistent organic pollutants on the maternal brain and related behavioural outcomes. Further research is required to better comprehend any such effects on maternal brain and behaviour, as maternal care is an important contributor to offspring neurodevelopment.
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18
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, Teixeira C, Lamoureux SF, Lafreniere MJ. Snow Deposition and Melting as Drivers of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Arctic Rivers, Lakes, and Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14377-14386. [PMID: 31808337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent sampling of freshwater (lakes and rivers), seawater, snow, air, and zooplankton for a range of legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was undertaken in the Canadian High Arctic during ice-covered, melting, and ice-free conditions. Overall, there was a general trend of higher fluvial PCB/OCP concentrations associated with the spring snow melt (early-mid June), while much lower concentrations were detected during the snow-free season (end of July). In contrast, PCB concentrations in two Arctic lakes (West and East Lakes, Melville Island) and in ocean waters, sharply increased in the ice-free period, likely because of inputs from the ice/snow layer melting and river runoff. The resulting air-water fugacity ratios and fluxes followed a remarkable shift during the sampling campaign. PCBs and OCPs shifted from equilibrium during ice/snow-covered conditions toward a clear net volatilization of PCBs and most of the OCPs during snow/ice-free conditions. Differences in the bioaccumulation factor for PCB/OCPs in zooplankton between West and East Lakes were observed, likely because of zooplankton being exposed to more contaminated food in West Lake due to higher turbidity related to in-lake disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafreniere
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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19
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Casal P, Casas G, Vila-Costa M, Cabrerizo A, Pizarro M, Jiménez B, Dachs J. Snow Amplification of Persistent Organic Pollutants at Coastal Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8872-8882. [PMID: 31298532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been reported in polar regions, and act as sentinels of global pollution. Maritime Antarctica is recipient of abundant snow precipitation. Snow scavenges air pollutants, and after snow melting, it can induce an unquantified and poorly understood amplification of concentrations of POPs. Air, snow, the fugacity in soils and snow, seawater and plankton were sampled concurrently from late spring to late summer at Livingston Island (Antarctica). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations in snow and air were close to equilibrium. POPs in soils showed concentrations close to soil-air equilibrium or net volatilization depending on chemical volatility. Seawater-air fugacity ratios were highly correlated with the product of the snow-air partition coefficient and the Henry's law constant (KSA H'), a measure of snow amplification of fugacity. Therefore, coastal seawater mirrored the PCB congener profile and increased concentrations in snowmelt due to snowpack releasing POPs to seawater. The influence of snowpack and glacier inputs was further evidenced by the correlation between net volatilization fluxes of PCBs and seawater salinity. A meta-analysis of KSA, estimated as the ratio of POP concentrations in snow and air from previously reported simultaneous field measurements, showed that snow amplification is relevant for diverse families of POPs, independent of their volatility. We claim that the potential impact of atmospheric pollution on aquatic ecosystems has been under-predicted by only considering air-water partitioning, as snow amplification influences, and may even control, the POP occurrence in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Gemma Casas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Ana Cabrerizo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry , Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
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20
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Todd PA, Heery EC, Loke LHL, Thurstan RH, Kotze DJ, Swan C. Towards an urban marine ecology: characterizing the drivers, patterns and processes of marine ecosystems in coastal cities. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Todd
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Dept of Biological Sciences, National Univ. of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117558
| | - Eliza C. Heery
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Dept of Biological Sciences, National Univ. of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117558
| | - Lynette H. L. Loke
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Dept of Biological Sciences, National Univ. of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117558
| | - Ruth H. Thurstan
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - D. Johan Kotze
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Univ. of Helsinki Lahti Finland
| | - Christopher Swan
- Dept of Geography & Environmental Systems, Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD USA
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21
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Kim HS, Lee DS. Proximity to chemical equilibria among air, water, soil, and sediment as varied with partition coefficients: A case study of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:760-769. [PMID: 30921709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To capture the pollutant distribution status among environmental media and to understand how the distribution varies with the pollutants' properties, we assessed a total of 225 fugacity ratios (FRs) of 45 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) for five medium pairs (air-water, air-soil, water-sediment, soil-water, and soil-sediment) using the nationwide multimedia monitoring data. For many of the pollutants, fugacity was greatest in air (PCDFs and 6 heavy PAHs) and in sediment (PBDEs and 9 light PAHs) while lowest in soil for most of the pollutants. PAHs and phthalates appeared to be farther away from equilibrium than PCDDs/Fs and PBDEs. The ratios of "equilibrium improbable" FRs to all the FRs in each chemical group were 2%, 0%, 33.3%, and 28.9% for PCDDs/Fs, PBDEs, phthalates, and PAHs, respectively. FRwater/air of PAHs, FRsoil/air, and FRsediment/water of the pollutant groups (except for PBDEs) decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with the partition coefficients, 1/Kair/water (1/Kaw), Koctanol/air (Koa), and Koctanol/water (Kow), respectively, even in the field conditions. The findings on FRs values provide valuable clues to identifying the media that would act as sink or source for certain chemicals and to using a more appropriate choice in the coherence test of environmental quality objectives, which should be important considerations in the management of chemical contamination in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seok Kim
- Department of Environmental Planning & Environmental Planning Institute, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Planning & Environmental Planning Institute, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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22
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Wang X, Wang C, Zhu T, Gong P, Fu J, Cong Z. Persistent organic pollutants in the polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau: A review of current knowledge and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:191-208. [PMID: 30784838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their low temperatures, the Arctic, Antarctic and Tibetan Plateau are known as the three polar regions of the Earth. As the most remote regions of the globe, the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in these polar regions arouses global concern. In this paper, we review the literatures on POPs involving these three polar regions. Overall, concentrations of POPs in the environment (air, water, soil and biota) have been extensively reported, with higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) detected on the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial distribution of POPs in air, water and soil in the three polar regions broadly reflects their distances away from source regions. Based on long-term data, decreasing trends have been observed for most "legacy POPs". Observations of transport processes of POPs among multiple media have also been carried out, including air-water gas exchange, air-soil gas exchange, emissions from melting glaciers, bioaccumulations along food chains, and exposure risks. The impact of climate change on these processes possibly enhances the re-emission processes of POPs out of water, soil and glaciers, and reduces the bioaccumulation of POPs in food chains. Global POPs transport model have shown the Arctic receives a relatively small fraction of POPs, but that climate change will likely increase the total mass of all compounds in this polar region. Considering the impact of climate change on POPs is still unclear, long-term monitoring data and global/regional models are required, especially in the Antarctic and on the Tibetan Plateau, and the fate of POPs in all three polar regions needs to be comprehensively studied and compared to yield a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the global cycling of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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23
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Leat EHK, Bourgeon S, Hanssen SA, Petersen A, Strøm H, Bjørn TH, Gabrielsen GW, Bustnes JO, Furness RW, Haarr A, Borgå K. The effect of long-range transport, trophic position and diet specialization on legacy contaminant occurrence in great skuas, Stercorarius skua, breeding across the Northeast Atlantic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:55-65. [PMID: 30321712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High levels of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) have been found in the marine predatory seabird great skua (Stercorarius skua) from breeding colonies in the Northeastern Atlantic, with large unexplained inter-colony variation. The present study aimed at analyzing if the HOCs occurrence in breeding great skuas in remote colonies was explained by local baseline food web exposure determined by long-range transport, or by ecological factors such as diet specialization and relative trophic position in the breeding area. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analyzed in plasma of 204 adult great skuas collected over two years (2008 and 2009) and 5 colonies across the North-Atlantic from Shetland to Svalbard. The ΣHOCs levels in plasma ranged across two orders of magnitude, from 40 to 7600 ng/g (wet weight) and differed significantly across the great skua colonies. The variation in contaminant occurrence among colonies did not reflect long-range transport through a latitudinal or remoteness gradient, as the second northernmost colony (Bjørnøya), had the highest contaminant concentrations. No latitudinal or remoteness gradient was evident in the contaminant pattern among the colonies. The contaminant levels increased significantly with increasing δ15N values, and regurgitated pellets of undigested prey suggested that great skuas with higher δ15N values had a higher proportion of bird prey in their diet, mostly seabirds. In contrast, great skuas from colonies with lower δ15N and lower contaminant level fed mostly on fish. The enrichment of δ13C increased with decreasing δ15N and lower contaminant levels. Therefore, individual behavior of great skuas, such as migration strategies and diet specialization, rather than long-range transport and thus baseline food web exposure, explain among and within colony variance in contaminant occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza H K Leat
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sophie Bourgeon
- The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Hallvard Strøm
- Norwegian Polar Institute FRAM Centre, Postbox 6606, Langnes, NO- 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Geir W Gabrielsen
- Norwegian Polar Institute FRAM Centre, Postbox 6606, Langnes, NO- 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Ove Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Robert W Furness
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ane Haarr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Pb 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Pb 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaustadalleén, 21 0349, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, De Silva AO, Wang X, Lamoureux SF, Lafrenière MJ. Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Terrestrial Compartments in the High Arctic: Sorption and Secondary Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14187-14197. [PMID: 30521332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and emerging perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in vegetation and soil samples collected at remote lakes in the Canadian High Arctic. Field studies were carried out in 2015 and 2016 to assess concentrations of POPs, study the relevant sorbing phases, and determine whether Arctic soils were sinks or sources of legacy POPs to the atmosphere and to neighboring lakes. The patterns of legacy POPs in vegetation and soils were dominated by low molecular weight PCB congeners along with OCPs, confirming the importance of long-range atmospheric transport. Lipid and non-lipid organic matter was a key determinant of legacy POPs in Arctic vegetation. Soil organic matter was the main descriptor of hydrophobic PCBs and OCPs in soils, while soil inorganic carbon content, was an important driver of the sorption of PFASs in soils. While contaminant concentrations were low in soil and vegetation, higher PCBs and PFOS organic and inorganic carbon-normalized concentrations were found at Resolute Lake indicating the presence of local sources of contamination. Comparison of fugacities of PCBs in soil and air from Resolute Lake indicated soils as net sources of PCBs to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafrenière
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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25
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Nøst TH, Halse AK, Schlabach M, Bäcklund A, Eckhardt S, Breivik K. Low concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air at Cape Verde. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:129-137. [PMID: 28850833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air is a core medium for monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention and is used in studies of global transports of POPs and their atmospheric sources and source regions. Still, data based on active air sampling remain scarce in many regions. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) monitor concentrations of selected POPs in air outside West Africa, and (ii) to evaluate potential atmospheric processes and source regions affecting measured concentrations. For this purpose, an active high-volume air sampler was installed on the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory at Cape Verde outside the coast of West Africa. Sampling commenced in May 2012 and 43 samples (24h sampling) were collected until June 2013. The samples were analyzed for selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordanes. The concentrations of these POPs at Cape Verde were generally low and comparable to remote sites in the Arctic for several compounds. Seasonal trends varied between compounds and concentrations exhibited strong temperature dependence for chlordanes. Our results indicate net volatilization from the Atlantic Ocean north of Cape Verde as sources of these POPs. Air mass back trajectories demonstrated that air masses measured at Cape Verde were generally transported from the Atlantic Ocean or the North African continent. Overall, the low concentrations in air at Cape Verde were likely explained by absence of major emissions in areas from which the air masses originated combined with depletion during long-range atmospheric transport due to enhanced degradation under tropical conditions (high temperatures and concentrations of hydroxyl radicals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, the FRAM Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Anne Karine Halse
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Are Bäcklund
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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26
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Ubl S, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Relationships between Atmospheric Transport Regimes and PCB Concentrations in the Air at Zeppelin, Spitsbergen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9784-9791. [PMID: 28719193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent hazardous chemicals that are still detected in the atmosphere and other environmental media, although their production has been banned for several decades. At the long-term monitoring site, Zeppelin at Spitsbergen, different PCB congeners have been continuously measured for more than a decade. However, it is not clear what factors determine the seasonal and interannual variability of different (lighter versus heavier) PCB congeners. To investigate the influence of atmospheric transport patterns on PCB-28 and PCB-101 concentrations at Zeppelin, we applied the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART and calculated "footprints" that indicate the potential source regions of air arriving at Zeppelin. By means of a cluster analysis, we assigned groups of similar footprints to different transport regimes and analyzed the PCB concentrations according to the transport regimes. The concentrations of both PCB congeners are affected by the different transport regimes. For PCB-101, the origin of air masses from the European continent is primarily related to high concentrations; elevated PCB-101 concentrations in winter can be explained by the high frequency of this transport regime in winter, whereas PCB-101 concentrations are low when air is arriving from the oceans. For PCB-28, in contrast, concentrations are high during summer when air is mainly arriving from the oceans but low when air is arriving from the continents. The most likely explanation of this finding is that local emissions of PCB-28 mask the effect of long-range transport and determine the concentrations measured at Zeppelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Ubl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Concentrations and origin of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of western Spitsbergen fjords (Kongsfjorden, Hornsund, and Adventfjorden). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:175. [PMID: 28324278 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant profiles in sediment cores represent valuable natural archives of environmental contamination, by which contaminant sources and historical changes in contaminant input and cycling may be recognized. In the present study, we discuss the sedimentary profiles and historical trends of organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - in three fjords of the Svalbard archipelago differing in environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact. The obtained results revealed no significant differences between the fjords Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, in the average levels of the analyzed contaminants. Levels ranging from 0.05 to 1.47 ng/g d.w. for ∑7 PCBs and from 37.3 to 1973 ng/g d.w. for ∑12 PAHs were measured. The observed spatial and temporal differences in contaminant levels are rather related to local variations in the fjords associated with the location of sampling stations. Higher concentrations of the ∑7 PCBs exceeding 1.00 ng/g d.w. were measured in sediment cores collected in the inner parts of both fjords, which remain under the influence of melting glacier outflows. Important concentrations of these contaminants were noticed in layers deposited recently, suggesting intensive supply of these substances from secondary sources. The observed levels are generally low and well below known established no effect levels. Only the concentration of fluoranthene exceeded the threshold effect level at several sampling stations. Moreover, fluoranthene concentrations in almost all Adventfjorden sediment layer samples were above probable effect levels, which can indicate a risk of adverse effects in exposed benthic organisms. The fluoranthene/pyrene and phenthrene/anthracene ratios, which are used for identification of hydrocarbon sources, suggest a dominance of PAHs of pyrolytic genesis in Kongsfjorden and Hornsund. In Adventfjorden, hydrocarbons of petrogenic origin were predominant. However, other sources like coal dust from stores on land are also possible at this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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28
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Ren J, Wang X, Wang C, Gong P, Wang X, Yao T. Biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants along a high-altitude aquatic food chain in the Tibetan Plateau: Processes and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:636-643. [PMID: 27751636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomagnification of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been found in marine and freshwater food chains; however, due to the relatively short food chains in high-altitude alpine lakes, whether trophic transfer would result in the biomagnification of POPs is not clear. The transfer of various POPs, including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), along the aquatic food chain in Nam Co Lake (4700 m), in the central Tibetan Plateau, was studied. The POPs levels in the water, sediment and biota [plankton, invertebrates and fish (Gymnocypris namensis)] of Nam Co were generally low, with concentrations comparable to those reported for the remote Arctic. The composition profiles of POPs in the fish were different from that in the water, but similar to their food. DDEs, DDDs, PCB 138, 153 and 180 displayed significant positive correlations with trophic levels, with trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranged between 1.5 and 4.2, implying these chemicals can undergo final biomagnification along food chain. A fugacity-based dynamic bioaccumulation model was applied to the fish with localized parameters, by which the simulated concentrations were comparable to the measured data. Modeling results showed that most compounds underwent net gill loss and net gut uptake; only when the net result of the combined gut and gill fluxes would be positive, bioaccumulation could eventually occur. The net accumulation flux increased with fish age, which was caused by the continuous increase of gut uptake by aged fish. Due to the oligotrophic condition, efficient food absorption is likely the key factor that influences the gut POPs uptake. Long residence times with half-lives up to two decades were found for the higher chlorinated PCBs in Gymnocypris namensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiruo Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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29
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Mai C, Theobald N, Hühnerfuss H, Lammel G. Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air of the North Sea region and air-sea exchange. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23648-23661. [PMID: 27617333 PMCID: PMC5110590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied to determine occurrence, levels and spatial distribution in the marine atmosphere and surface seawater during cruises in the German Bight and the wider North Sea in spring and summer 2009-2010. In general, the concentrations found in air are similar to, or below, the levels at coastal or near-coastal sites in Europe. Hexachlorobenzene and α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) were close to phase equilibrium, whereas net atmospheric deposition was observed for γ-HCH. The results suggest that declining trends of HCH in seawater have been continuing for γ-HCH but have somewhat levelled off for α-HCH. Dieldrin displayed a close to phase equilibrium in nearly all the sampling sites, except in the central southwestern part of the North Sea. Here atmospheric deposition dominates the air-sea exchange. This region, close to the English coast, showed remarkably increased surface seawater concentrations. This observation depended neither on riverine input nor on the elevated abundances of dieldrin in the air masses of central England. A net depositional flux of p,p'-DDE into the North Sea was indicated by both its abundance in the marine atmosphere and the changes in metabolite pattern observed in the surface water from the coast towards the open sea. The long-term trends show that the atmospheric concentrations of DDT and its metabolites are not declining. Riverine input is a major source of PCBs in the German Bight and the wider North Sea. Atmospheric deposition of the lower molecular weight PCBs (PCB28 and PCB52) was indicated as a major source for surface seawater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mai
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Hühnerfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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30
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Sun C, Soltwedel T, Bauerfeind E, Adelman DA, Lohmann R. Depth Profiles of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the North and Tropical Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6172-6179. [PMID: 27174500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known of the distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the deep ocean. Polyethylene passive samplers were used to detect the vertical distribution of truly dissolved POPs at two sites in the Atlantic Ocean. Samplers were deployed at five depths covering 26-2535 m in the northern Atlantic and Tropical Atlantic, in approximately one year deployments. Samplers of different thickness were used to determine the state of equilibrium POPs reached in the passive samplers. Concentrations of POPs detected in the North Atlantic near the surface (e.g., sum of 14 polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs: 0.84 pg L(-1)) were similar to previous measurements. At both sites, PCB concentrations showed subsurface maxima (tropical Atlantic Ocean -800 m, North Atlantic -500 m). Currents seemed more important in moving POPs to deeper water masses than the biological pump. The ratio of PCB concentrations in near surface waters (excluding PCB-28) between the two sites was inversely correlated with congeners' subcooled liquid vapor pressure, in support of the latitudinal fractionation. The results presented here implied a significant amount of HCB is stored in the Atlantic Ocean (4.8-26% of the global HCB environmental burdens), contrasting traditional beliefs that POPs do not reach the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxin Sun
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States
| | - Thomas Soltwedel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Eduard Bauerfeind
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Dave A Adelman
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States
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Zhang L, Thibodeaux L, Jones L, Lohmann R. Simulation of Observed PCBs and Pesticides in the Water Column during the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13760-13767. [PMID: 26053897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of persistent organic pollutants in the oceans are not well constrained, in particular during a bloom formation and collapse. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some pesticides were measured in air, water, and zooplankton tracking the North Atlantic Bloom in May 2008. Lower weight PCBs were entering the water column from the atmosphere during the main bloom period but reached equilibrium after the bloom collapsed. The PCBs in the lipids of zooplankton Calanus were in equilibrium with those in the dissolved phase. A Lagrangian box model was developed to simulate the dissolved phase PCBs and pesticides by including the following processes: air-water exchange, reversible sorption to POC, changes in mixed layer depth, removal by sinking particles, and degradation. Results suggest that sorption to (sinking) POC was the dominant removal process for hydrophobic pollutants from seawater. Statistical test suggested simulated results were not significantly different from observed values for hydrophobic pollutants (p,p'-DDE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Louis Thibodeaux
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70802, United States
| | | | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
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32
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Everaert G, De Laender F, Goethals PLM, Janssen CR. Relative contribution of persistent organic pollutants to marine phytoplankton biomass dynamics in the North Sea and the Kattegat. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:76-83. [PMID: 25912805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we use concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and of chlorophyll a to infer POP-induced effects on marine primary production in the Kattegat and the North Sea between the 1990s and the 2000s. To do so, we modelled phytoplankton dynamics using four classical drivers (light and nutrient availability, temperature and zooplankton grazing) and tested whether extending this model with a POP-induced phytoplankton growth limitation term improved model fit to observed chlorophyll a concentrations. Including monitored concentrations of PCBs and pesticides did not lead to a better model fit, suggesting that POP-induced growth limitation of marine phytoplankton in the North Sea and the Kattegat is small compared to the limitations caused by the classical drivers. In an attempt to more fully represent the multitude of POPs in the marine environment, the monitored concentrations were multiplied with a factor 10 and 100. Under these two configurations, region-specific contributions of POPs in the phytoplankton growth limitation were found. The inferred contribution of POPs to phytoplankton growth limitation was ca. 1% in Belgian marine waters, but in the Kattegat POPs explained ca. 10% of the phytoplankton growth limitation. These results suggest that there are regional differences in the contribution of POPs to the phytoplankton growth limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Everaert
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Université de Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Ecosystem Ecology, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Peter L M Goethals
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Atmospheric Deposition of POPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Zhang P, Ge L, Gao H, Yao T, Fang X, Zhou C, Na G. Distribution and transfer pattern of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) among the selected environmental media of Ny-Ålesund, the Arctic: As a case study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 89:267-275. [PMID: 25444625 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in multi-environmental samples collected from Ny-Ålesund, the Arctic to explore their legacy and transfer patterns. PCBs were ubiquitously in the environmental media, within the ranges of 1.73-6.27 and 9.18-141.1 pg m(-3) in vapor and aerosol, 2.76-10.8, 3.09-8.32, 22.5-56.3, 35.4-51.4 and 31.8-39.6 ng g(-1) (dry weight) in soil, sediment, plant, bird guano and reindeer faeces, respectively. The spatial distribution patterns exhibited a general southward decline in soil and sediment from the bay entrance to the inner bay. The concentration ratios of plants to soil inferred that no distinguished selective adsorption of PCBs congeners by plants existed and PCBs were mainly attributed to the air deposition on plant surface. The fugacity ratios among vapor, aerosol and soil indicted that the equilibrium status has not been reached and the net transferring direction was air-soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linke Ge
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Xiaodan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Chuanguang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration (State Oceanic Administration), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
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35
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Booij K, van Bommel R, van Aken HM, van Haren H, Brummer GJA, Ridderinkhof H. Passive sampling of nonpolar contaminants at three deep-ocean sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:101-108. [PMID: 25201227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorobenzene, and DDE were determined by passive sampling (semipermeable membrane devices) with exposure times of 1-1.5 years at 0.1-5 km depth in the Irminger Sea, the Canary Basin (both North Atlantic Ocean), and the Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean). The dissipation of performance reference compounds revealed a pronounced effect of hydrostatic pressure on the sampler-water partition coefficients. Concentrations in the Irminger Sea were uniform over the entire water column (0.1-3 km). At the Canary Basin site, concentrations were 2-25 times lower near the bottom (5 km) than at 1.4 km. Concentrations in the Mozambique Channel (0.6-2.5 km) were lower than at the other two locations, and showed a near-bottom maximum. The data suggest that advection of surface waters down to a depth of about 1 km is an important mechanism of contaminant transport into the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald van Bommel
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Aken
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Haren
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan A Brummer
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Ridderinkhof
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
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36
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Diurnal Variability of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Atmosphere over the Remote Southern Atlantic Ocean. ATMOSPHERE 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos5030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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37
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Desforges JPW, Dangerfield N, Shaw PD, Ross PS. Heightened biological uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers relative to polychlorinated biphenyls near-source revealed by sediment and plankton profiles along a coastal transect in British Columbia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6981-6988. [PMID: 24846277 DOI: 10.1021/es500218b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations and profiles in paired sediment-plankton samples were determined along a 500 km transect in coastal British Columbia, Canada. PCB and PBDE levels in sediment were both greater in the industrialized Strait of Georgia than in remote northern sites and exhibited parallel spatial trends. In plankton, recent-use PBDE levels were higher near-source, while levels of legacy PCBs were uniform across sites. Principal component analysis of 95 PCB congeners illustrated the influence of proximity to source (i.e., latitude) on congener patterns for both matrices (sediment, r(2) = 0.52, p = 0.012; plankton, r(2) = 0.59, p = 0.016). The PCB pattern in plankton grew lighter with latitude, but the opposite pattern in sediments suggested that temperature-related fractionation, sediment processes, and basin-wide oceanography had divergent effects on each matrix. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were greater for PBDEs than PCBs, but spatial profiles were similar; PCBs and PBDEs were near equilibrium in remote atmospherically driven sites (BSAF = 1.7 and 1.3) but accumulated preferentially in sediments at source-driven sites (BSAF = 0.2 and 0.4). The influences of particle-binding and hydrophobicity on the aquatic fate of PCBs and PBDEs was evident by the strong influence of log KOW on congener-specific BSAFs (PCBs, r(2) = 0.18 p < 0.001; PBDEs, r(2) = 0.61 p < 0.001). While biotic uptake of PCBs has become spatially uniform in coastal BC because of dilution over time, biomagnification of PBDEs remains higher in industrialized waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre W Desforges
- Ocean Pollution Research Program, Vancouver Aquarium, P.O. Box 3232, Vancouver BC V6B 3X8, Canada
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38
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Huang Y, Li J, Xu Y, Xu W, Cheng Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Tian C, Luo C, Zhang G. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the equatorial Indian Ocean: temporal trend, continental outflow and air-water exchange. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:194-199. [PMID: 24462236 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen pairs of air and seawater samples collected from the equatorial Indian Ocean onboard the Shiyan I from 4/2011 to 5/2011 were analyzed for PCBs and HCB. Gaseous concentrations of ∑(ICES)PCBs (ICES: International Council for the Exploration of the Seas) and HCB were lower than previous data over the study area. Air samples collected near the coast had higher levels of PCBs relative to those collected in the open ocean, which may be influenced by proximity to source regions and air mass origins. Dissolved concentrations of ∑(ICES)PCBs and HCB were 1.4-14 pg L⁻¹ and 0.94-13 pg L⁻¹, with the highest concentrations in the sample collected from Strait of Malacca. Fugacity fractions suggest volatilization of PCBs and HCB from the seawater to air during the cruise, with fluxes of 0.45-34 ng m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.36-18 ng m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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39
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Galbán-Malagón CJ, Del Vento S, Berrojalbiz N, Ojeda MJ, Dachs J. Polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorocyclohexanes and hexachlorobenzene in seawater and phytoplankton from the Southern Ocean (Weddell, South Scotia, and Bellingshausen Seas). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5578-87. [PMID: 23627767 DOI: 10.1021/es400030q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Ocean is one of the most pristine environments in the world, but is nonetheless affected by inputs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In the present work, we report the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and 26 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners in seawater and phytoplankton from samples obtained during three Antarctic cruises in 2005, 2008, and 2009. The levels of PCBs, HCHs, and HCB are low in comparison to the few previous reports for this region and studies from other oceans. The long-term decline of POP concentrations in the Southern Ocean seawater since early 1980 is consistent with half-lives of 3.4 and 5.7 years for HCHs and PCBs, respectively. There is a large variability of PCBs, HCHs, and HCB concentrations in water and phytoplankton within the Bransfield Strait, South Scotia, Weddell, and Bellingshausen Seas that masks the differences between the studied Seas. However, the variability of PCBs concentrations in phytoplankton is significantly correlated with phytoplankton biomass, with lower concentrations in the most productive waters. This trend is more apparent for the more hydrophobic congeners, consistent with the role of settling fluxes of organic matter decreasing the concentrations of hydrophobic POPs in productive waters. The present work reports the most extensive data set on concentrations in seawater and phytoplankton for the Southern Ocean, and points to the important biogeochemical drivers, such as settling and degradation, influencing the occurrence of POPs in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal J Galbán-Malagón
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Catalunya, Spain
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40
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Cabrerizo A, Dachs J, Barceló D, Jones KC. Climatic and biogeochemical controls on the remobilization and reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants in Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4299-306. [PMID: 23582096 DOI: 10.1021/es400471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After decades of primary emissions, reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have accumulated in soils and snow/ice in polar regions. These reservoirs can be remobilized due to decreasing primary emissions or due to climate change-driven warmer conditions. Results from a sampling campaign carried out at Livingston Island (Antarctica) focusing on field measurements of air-soil exchange of POPs show that there is a close coupling of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere and snow/ice and soils with a status close to air-surface equilibrium to a net volatilization from Antarctic reservoirs. This remobilization of PCBs is driven by changes in temperature and soil organic matter (SOM) content, and it provides strong evidence that the current and future remobilization and sinks of POPs are a strong function of the close coupling of climate change and carbon cycling in the Antarctic region and this is not only due to warming. Whereas an increase of 1 °C in ambient temperature due to climate change would increase current Antarctic atmospheric inventories of PCBs by 21-45%, a concurrent increase of 0.5% SOM would counteract the influence of warming by reducing the POP fugacity in soil. A 1 °C increase in Antarctic temperatures will induce an increase of the soil-vegetation organic carbon and associated POPs pools by 25%, becoming a net sink of POPs, and trapping up to 70 times more POPs than the amount remobilized to the atmosphere. Therefore, changes in soil biogeochemistry driven by perturbations of climate may increase to a larger degree the soil fugacity capacity than the decrease in air and soil fugacity capacity due to higher temperatures. Future research should focus on quantifying these remobilization fluxes and sinks for the Antarctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Catalonia, Spain
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41
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Gioia R, Dachs J, Nizzetto L, Lohmann R, Jones KC. Atmospheric Transport, Cycling and Dynamics of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from Source Regions to Remote Oceanic Areas. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1149.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Gioia
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Jordi Dachs
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
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Lohmann R, Klanova J, Kukucka P, Yonis S, Bollinger K. PCBs and OCPs on a east-to-west transect: the importance of major currents and net volatilization for PCBs in the Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10471-9. [PMID: 22303957 DOI: 10.1021/es203459e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Air-water exchange gradients of selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners across a large section of the tropical Atlantic suggested net volatilization of PCBs to the atmosphere. Only for the higher chlorinated PCB 153 and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were gradients near equilibrium detected. The use of passive samplers also enabled the detection of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its transformation products across the tropical Atlantic, indicating net deposition. There were clear differences between the southern and northern hemisphere apparent in terms of atmospheric concentrations: Once the ship moved from the southern into the northern hemisphere air, concentrations of HCB and other organochlorine pesticides increased several-fold. For large swaths of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, neither PCB nor organochlorine pesticide dissolved concentrations varied much longitudinally, probably due to efficient mixing by ocean currents. In selected samples, dissolved concentrations reflected the influence of river plumes and major ocean currents far away from the continents. Dissolved concentrations of PCBs 28, 52, 101, 118, and HCB increased in the Amazon plume and the Gulf Stream. While the Amazon plume flushed only a few kg of PCBs and HCB, the Gulf Stream is potentially delivering tons of PCBs into the North Atlantic annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States.
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Gioia R, Li J, Schuster J, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Li X, Spiro B, Bhatia RS, Dachs J, Jones KC. Factors affecting the occurrence and transport of atmospheric organochlorines in the China Sea and the northern Indian and South East Atlantic Oceans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10012-10021. [PMID: 22871129 DOI: 10.1021/es302037t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reported in 97 air samples collected on board the RV Polarstern in November 2007 from the equator to Cape Town, South Africa and the MV Oceanic II (The Scholar Ship) in January-March 2008 from Shanghai, China to Cape Verde in the Central Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric concentrations were higher close to the coast and lower in remote regions of the Indian and South Atlantic Ocean. Groups of samples were selected in the South China Sea, Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean where the relative wind direction matched the trajectory of the ship, thus all the samples had the same input of sources upwind. In these three regions the concentrations of OCPs and PCBs declined during atmospheric transport following first order kinetics. These sets of measurements provided estimates of field derived residence times (FDRTs) for individual compounds. These values were compared with predicted atmospheric residence times (PARTs) computed using a model of long-range atmospheric transport potential of POPs. The FDRTs are 5-10 times longer for the more volatile PCB congeners and TC, CC, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE than the respective PARTs, while they are similar to PARTs for the less volatile compounds. Possible causes of discrepancies between PARTs and FDRTs are discussed, and revolatilization from the ocean surface seems to be the main cause for the higher values of FDRTs of the more volatile compounds in comparison with the respective PARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Gioia
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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44
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Zhang L, Bidleman T, Perry MJ, Lohmann R. Fate of chiral and achiral organochlorine pesticides in the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8106-8114. [PMID: 22724502 DOI: 10.1021/es3009248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the surface seawater and lower atmosphere during the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment in the spring 2008 from samples collected on the R/V Knorr. The gaseous concentration profiles resulted from both long-range transport (LRT) from the Arctic by polar easterlies and local biogeochemical processes. Relatively constant α/γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) ratios and enantiomer fractions of α-HCH indicated that a single water mass was sampled throughout the cruise. Changes in dissolved phase concentrations were dominated by bloom processes (air-water exchange, partitioning to organic particles, and subsequent sinking) rather than LRT. α-HCH and dissolved phase trans-chlordanes showed depletion of (+) enantiomer, whereas depletion of the (-) enantiomer was observed for heptachlor exo-epoxide (HEPX) and cis-chlordanes. Fugacity ratio calculations suggest that hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and γ-HCH were depositing from air to water whereas heavier OCPs (chlordanes, HEPX) were evaporating. Dissolved phase concentrations did not decrease with time during the three-week bloom period; neither were lipophilic OCPs drawn down from air to water as previous studies hypothesized. Comparison with Arctic measurements suggested that the Arctic returned higher concentrations of α-HCH and HCB through both the atmospheric (polar easterlies) as well as oceanic transport (East Greenland Current) to the lower latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
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45
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The oceanic biological pump modulates the atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to the Arctic. Nat Commun 2012; 3:862. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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46
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Budny JA. Persistent organic chemicals stage a return...but the stage has changed. Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:135-6. [PMID: 22491727 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812442055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Budny
- PharmaCal, Ltd, Westlake Village, CA 91362, USA.
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Carrizo D, Gustafsson Ö. Distribution and inventories of polychlorinated biphenyls in the polar mixed layer of seven pan-arctic shelf seas and the interior basins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1420-1427. [PMID: 21222432 DOI: 10.1021/es103542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the Arctic as a global repository of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and of uptake processes in the base of its marine food chain hinges on reliable information of PCB distribution in surface seawater, yet there is a scarcity of quality-assured PCB measurements in this key compartment. Here, surface seawater PCB concentrations and congener fingerprints are evaluated for all seven pan-Arctic shelf seas and for the interior basins. Particulate and dissolved PCBs were collected via trace-clean protocols on three basin-wide expeditions (AO-01, Beringia-2005, and ISSS-08). Concentrations of the sum of 13 abundant congeners (∑13PCB) were 0.13-21 pg/L, with higher concentrations in the shelf seas and lower concentrations in the Central Arctic Basin. Trichlorinated PCBs constituted about half of the total loadings in the Eastern Arctic (Beaufort, Chukchi, East Siberian, and Laptev Seas) and in the Central Basin, indicating an atmospheric source. In contrast, hexachlorinated PCBs were more abundant than tri-PCBs in the western sector, suggesting a role also for waterborne transport from regions of heavy PCB consumption in North America and Europe. Finally, the inventory of ∑13PCB in the polar mixed layer of the entire Arctic Ocean was 0.39 ton, which implies that only 0.0008% of historical PCB emissions are now residing in Arctic surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carrizo
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gioia R, Eckhardt S, Breivik K, Jaward FM, Prieto A, Nizzetto L, Jones KC. Evidence for major emissions of PCBs in the west African region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1349-1355. [PMID: 21226526 DOI: 10.1021/es1025239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies unexpectedly high air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were observed in ship-based measurements made ∼400 km off parts of the West African coast. To investigate further (i) samples were taken on board the RV Polarstern during a cruise from Germany to South Africa in October-November 2007; (ii) samples were obtained on Cape Verde Island during the same period to monitor airflows from Africa; and (iii) passive samplers were deployed in four West African countries to try to characterize potential sources on land. Results were as follows: on Cape Verde and on the ship air masses came predominantly (∼ 95%) from the African continent; the shipboard Σ29PCB concentrations off West Africa ranged from 10 to 360 pg m(-3) and from 6 to 99 pg m(-3) in Cape Verde; the highest land-based concentrations were observed in Ivory Coast and the Gambia (up to 300 pg m(-3)) and the lowest was observed in Ghana (9 pg m(-3)). Taken together, these and previous studies indicate there are more major emission(s) of PCBs and different source types in parts of West Africa than accounted for in current global atmospheric emissions estimates. Results from the FLEXPART model and PAH measurements show that emission inventories and biomass burning cannot fully explain the high PCB concentrations. Potential sources of the high PCB levels to the African regions are discussed, namely illegal dumping of PCB containing waste with release via volatilization and uncontrolled burning, and the storage and breakup of old ships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Gioia
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Hung H, Kallenborn R, Breivik K, Su Y, Brorström-Lundén E, Olafsdottir K, Thorlacius JM, Leppänen S, Bossi R, Skov H, Manø S, Patton GW, Stern G, Sverko E, Fellin P. Atmospheric monitoring of organic pollutants in the Arctic under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): 1993-2006. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2854-73. [PMID: 20004462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and comparable atmospheric monitoring programs to study the transport and occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of remote regions is essential to better understand the global movement of these chemicals and to evaluate the effectiveness of international control measures. Key results from four main Arctic research stations, Alert (Canada), Pallas (Finland), Storhofdi (Iceland) and Zeppelin (Svalbard/Norway), where long-term monitoring have been carried out since the early 1990s, are summarized. We have also included a discussion of main results from various Arctic satellite stations in Canada, Russia, US (Alaska) and Greenland which have been operational for shorter time periods. Using the Digital Filtration temporal trend development technique, it was found that while some POPs showed more or less consistent declines during the 1990s, this reduction is less apparent in recent years at some sites. In contrast, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were still found to be increasing by 2005 at Alert with doubling times of 3.5 years in the case of deca-BDE. Levels and patterns of most POPs in Arctic air are also showing spatial variability, which is typically explained by differences in proximity to suspected key source regions and long-range atmospheric transport potentials. Furthermore, increase in worldwide usage of certain pesticides, e.g. chlorothalonil and quintozene, which are contaminated with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), may result in an increase in Arctic air concentration of HCB. The results combined also indicate that both temporal and spatial patterns of POPs in Arctic air may be affected by various processes driven by climate change, such as reduced ice cover, increasing seawater temperatures and an increase in biomass burning in boreal regions as exemplified by the data from the Zeppelin and Alert stations. Further research and continued air monitoring are needed to better understand these processes and its future impact on the Arctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Gioia R, Jones KC, Lohmann R, Nizzetto L, Dachs J. Field-derived Henry's law constants for polychlorinated biphenyls in oceanic waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jc005054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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