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Krogseth IS, Breivik K, Frantzen S, Nilsen BM, Eckhardt S, Nøst TH, Wania F. Modelling PCB-153 in northern ecosystems across time, space, and species using the nested exposure model. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:1986-2000. [PMID: 37811766 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
There is concern over possible effects on ecosystems and humans from exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals with similar properties. The main objective of this study was to develop, evaluate, and apply the Nested Exposure Model (NEM) designed to simulate the link between global emissions and resulting ecosystem exposure while accounting for variation in time and space. NEM, using environmental and biological data, global emissions, and physicochemical properties as input, was used to estimate PCB-153 concentrations in seawater and biota of the Norwegian marine environment from 1930 to 2020. These concentrations were compared to measured concentrations in (i) seawater, (ii) an Arctic marine food web comprising zooplankton, fish and marine mammals, and (iii) Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from large baseline studies and monitoring programs. NEM reproduced PCB-153 concentrations in seawater, the Arctic food web, and Norwegian fish within a factor of 0.1-31, 0.14-3.1, and 0.09-21, respectively. The model also successfully reproduced measured trophic magnification factors for PCB-153 at Svalbard as well as geographical variations in PCB-153 burden in Atlantic cod between the Skagerrak, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, and Barents Sea, but estimated a steeper decline in PCB-153 concentration in herring and cod during the last decades than observed. Using the evaluated model with various emission scenarios showed the important contribution of European and global primary emissions for the PCB-153 load in fish from Norwegian marine offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingjerd S Krogseth
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Therese H Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
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Instenes I, Breivik K, Allore H, Borregaard B, Deaton C, Larsen AI, Wentzel-Larsen T, Norekval TM. Phenotyping patient-reported health profiles in octogenarians with coronary artery disease – a latent profile analysis. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has demonstrated to be an effective treatment strategy also in octogenarian patients (≥80 years). However, limited studies describe patient-reported outcomes in older adults two months after the PCI procedure.
Purpose
To identify latent health profiles concerning fatigue, generic and disease-specific physical and mental health, anxiety and depression, insecurity, dependency and angina frequency. Further, to investigate if these profiles were associated with sex or cohabitation status.
Method
A prospective cohort multicenter study including 3417 patients was conducted. The following patient-reported outcome measures were used: Level of fatigue was assessed using de novo created questions. Generic physical and mental health was assessed using RAND-12. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Disease-specific physical and mental health status, insecurity and dependency were assessed with Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale, and disease-specific physical limitation, quality of life and angina frequency was assessed with Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ-7). All scales were converted to a 0–100 scale (worst to best). Latent profile analysis was used for phenotyping health profiles and multinomial logistic regression analysis for investigating the association of sex and cohabitation status across health profiles.
Result
A total of 318 octogenarians were included. The mean age was 83.6 years, and 69% were males. Three health profiles differing in the level of fatigue, health status, insecurity and dependency and angina frequency were identified (Figure 1). Health profile 1 (26.1%) represents “Low-level of life satisfaction, high level of insecurity and dependency and monthly frequency of angina”. Health profile 2 (38.1%) represents “Medium-level of life satisfaction, medium-level of insecurity and dependency and monthly frequency of angina”. Health profile 3 (35.8%) represents “High-level of life satisfaction, low level of insecurity and dependency and angina free”. Importantly, female sex was strongly associated with being classified into Health profile 1 compared to Health profile 3 [OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3–7.9]. Living alone however, did not predict a likelihood of being classified into any particular health profile.
Conclusion
We identified three unique health profiles of octogenarians with coronary artery disease. A quarter of the participants were classified into the “Low-level of life satisfaction” profile. In addition, female sex was strongly associated with being identified into the “Low-level of life satisfaction” profile. These result suggest a need for a more tailored and patient-centered aftercare in octogenarians undergoing PCI.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): MTG Holding AS
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Affiliation(s)
- I Instenes
- Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Heart Disease , Bergen , Norway
| | - K Breivik
- Norwegian Reseach Institute, NORCE , Bergen , Norway
| | - H Allore
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , New Haven , United States of America
| | - B Borregaard
- Odense University Hospital, Department of Cardiology , Odense , Denmark
| | - C Deaton
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Public Health and Primary Care , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - A I Larsen
- Stavanger University Hospital, Department of Cardiology , Stavanger , Norway
| | - T Wentzel-Larsen
- Centre for Child and Adolescents, Eastern and Southern Norway , Oslo , Norway
| | - T M Norekval
- Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Heart Disease , Bergen , Norway
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Breivik K, McLachlan MS, Wania F. The Emissions Fractions Approach to Assessing the Long-Range Transport Potential of Organic Chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11983-11990. [PMID: 35951418 PMCID: PMC9454247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of long-range transport potential (LRTP) is enshrined in several frameworks for chemical regulation such as the Stockholm Convention. Screening for LRTP is commonly done with the OECD Pov and LRTP Screening Tool employing two metrics, characteristic travel distance (CTD) and transfer efficiency (TE). Here we introduce a set of three alternative metrics and implement them in the Tool's model. Each metric is expressed as a fraction of the emissions in a source region. The three metrics quantify the extent to which the chemical (i) reaches a remote region (dispersion, ϕ1), (ii) is transferred to surface media in the remote region (transfer, ϕ2), and (iii) accumulates in these surface media (accumulation, ϕ3). In contrast to CTD and TE, the emissions fractions metrics can integrate transport via water and air, enabling comprehensive LRTP assessment. Furthermore, since there is a coherent relationship between the three metrics, the new approach provides quantitative mechanistic insight into different phenomena determining LRTP. Finally, the accumulation metric, ϕ3, allows assessment of LRTP in the context of the Stockholm Convention, where the ability of a chemical to elicit adverse effects in surface media is decisive. We conclude that the emission fractions approach has the potential to reduce the risk of false positives/negatives in LRTP assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Breivik
- Norwegian
Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box
100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael S. McLachlan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Wania
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Nipen M, Jørgensen SJ, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Borgå K, Breivik K, Mmochi AJ, Mwakalapa EB, Quant MI, Schlabach M, Vogt RD, Wania F. Mercury in air and soil on an urban-rural transect in East Africa. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:921-931. [PMID: 35583028 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There are large knowledge gaps concerning concentrations, sources, emissions, and spatial trends of mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere in developing regions of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in urban areas. Filling these gaps is a prerequisite for assessing the effectiveness of international regulation and for enabling a better understanding of the global transport of Hg in the environment. Here we use a passive sampling technique to study the spatial distribution of gaseous elemental Hg (Hg(0), GEM) and assess emission sources in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Included in the study were the city's main municipal waste dumpsite and an e-waste processing facility as potential sources of GEM. To complement the GEM data and for a better overview of the Hg contamination status of Dar es Salaam, soil samples were collected from the same locations where passive air samplers were deployed and analysed for total Hg. Overall, GEM concentrations ranged between <0.86 and 5.34 ng m-3, indicating significant local sources within the urban area. The municipal waste dumpsite and e-waste site had GEM concentrations elevated above the background, at 2.41 and 1.77 ng m-3, respectively. Hg concentrations in soil in the region (range 0.0067 to 0.098 mg kg-1) were low compared to those of other urban areas and were not correlated with atmospheric GEM concentrations. This study demonstrates that GEM is a significant environmental issue in the urban region of Dar es Salaam. Further studies from urban areas in the Global South are needed to better identify sources of GEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Nipen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Susanne Jøntvedt Jørgensen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Aquatic Biology and Toxicology and Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Aviti John Mmochi
- Institute for Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | | | - M Isabel Quant
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265, Military Trail, ON MIC 1A4 Toronto, Canada
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265, Military Trail, ON MIC 1A4 Toronto, Canada
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Nipen M, Vogt RD, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Borgå K, Mwakalapa EB, Borgen AR, Jørgensen SJ, Ntapanta SM, Mmochi AJ, Schlabach M, Breivik K. Spatial trends of chlorinated paraffins and dechloranes in air and soil in a tropical urban, suburban, and rural environment. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118298. [PMID: 34626702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are large knowledge gaps concerning environmental levels and fate of many organic pollutants, particularly for chemicals of emerging concern in tropical regions of the Global South. In this study, we investigated the levels of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and dechloranes in air and soil in rural, suburban, and urban regions in and around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Samples were also collected near the city's main municipal waste dumpsite and an electronic waste (e-waste) handling facility. In passive air samples, short chain CPs (SCCPs) dominated, with an average estimated concentration of 22 ng/m3, while medium chain CPs (MCCPs) had an average estimated concentration of 9 ng/m3. The average estimated air concentration of ∑dechloranes (Dechlorane Plus (DP) + Dechlorane 602 + Dechlorane 603) was three to four orders of magnitudes lower, 2 pg/m3. In soil samples, MCCPs dominated with an average concentration of 640 ng/g dw, followed by SCCPs with an average concentration of 330 ng/g dw, and ∑dechloranes with an average concentration of 0.9 ng/g dw. In both air and soil, DP was the dominating dechlorane compound. Urban pulses were observed for CPs and dechloranes in air and soil. CPs were in addition found in elevated levels at the municipal waste dumpsite and the e-waste handling facility, while DPs were found in elevated levels at the e-waste handling facility. This suggests that waste handling sites represent important emission sources for these pollutants. Investigations into seasonal trends and environmental fate of CPs and dechloranes showed that monsoonal rain patterns play a major role in governing air concentrations and mobility, particularly for the less volatile MCCPs and dechloranes. This study is the first to report levels of CPs in air from sub-Saharan Africa, and DP, Dechlorane 602, and Dechlorane 603 in soil from sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Nipen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Rolf David Vogt
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Susanne Jøntvedt Jørgensen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Samwel Moses Ntapanta
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1091, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aviti John Mmochi
- Institute for Marine Science, University of Dar Es Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
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6
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Iversen MM, Norekvål TM, Oterhals K, Fadnes LT, Mæland S, Pakpour AH, Breivik K. Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 20:1446-1464. [PMID: 33495690 PMCID: PMC7816751 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), randomly selected individuals from a larger registry study were invited. We assessed the reliability and validity of the instrument in a sample of 1089 adults in Norway (response rate 73%). Internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha (0.88) was acceptable. Omega alphaHierarchical (ωt = 0.69) was lower indicating that the general factor is less reliable, explaining 69% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the FCV-19S is not strictly unidimensional. Exploratory graph analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model (cognitive and somatic fear), which were highly correlated (r = 0.84). The Norwegian version of the FCV-19S showed an underlying two-factor structure. However, the high correlation means the two latent factors (cognitive and somatic fear) act as indicators for a second-order general factor and support use of the FCV-19S sum score. The FCV-19S appears to be a valid instrument to assess fear of COVID-19 with good psychometric properties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-020-00454-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Iversen
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - T. M. Norekvål
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway ,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - K. Oterhals
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - L. T. Fadnes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - S. Mæland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,Research Unit for General Practice in Bergen, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - A. H. Pakpour
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran ,Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - K. Breivik
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Breivik K, Eckhardt S, McLachlan MS, Wania F. Introducing a nested multimedia fate and transport model for organic contaminants (NEM). Environ Sci Process Impacts 2021; 23:1146-1157. [PMID: 34251377 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00084e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some organic contaminants, including the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have achieved global distribution through long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Regulatory efforts, monitoring programs and modelling studies address the LRAT of POPs on national, continental (e.g. Europe) and/or global scales. Whereas national and continental-scale models require estimates of the input of globally dispersed chemicals from outside of the model domain, existing global-scale models either have relatively coarse spatial resolution or are so computationally demanding that it limits their usefulness. Here we introduce the Nested Exposure Model (NEM), which is a multimedia fate and transport model that is global in scale yet can achieve high spatial resolution of a user-defined target region without huge computational demands. Evaluating NEM by comparing model predictions for PCB-153 in air with measurements at nine long-term monitoring sites of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) reveals that nested simulations at a resolution of 1°× 1° yield results within a factor of 1.5 of observations at sites in northern Europe. At this resolution, the model attributes more than 90% of the atmospheric burden within any of the grid cells containing an EMEP site to advective atmospheric transport from elsewhere. Deteriorating model performance with decreasing resolution (15°× 15°, 5°× 5° and 1°× 1°), manifested by overestimation of concentrations across most of northern Europe by more than a factor of 3, illustrates the effect of numerical diffusion. Finally, we apply the model to demonstrate how the choice of spatial resolution affect predictions of atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea. While we envisage that NEM may be used for a wide range of applications in the future, further evaluation will be required to delineate the boundaries of applicability towards chemicals with divergent fate properties as well as in environmental media other than air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway.
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8
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Lunder Halvorsen H, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Eckhardt S, Gusev A, Krogseth IS, Moeckel C, Shatalov V, Skogeng LP, Breivik K. Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistent organic pollutants on a national scale. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 217:112172. [PMID: 33873078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
National long-term monitoring programs on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in background air have traditionally relied on active air sampling techniques. Due to limited spatial coverage of active air samplers, questions remain (i) whether active air sampler monitoring sites are representative for atmospheric burdens within the larger geographical area targeted by the monitoring programs, and thus (ii) if the main sources affecting POPs in background air across a nation are understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the utility of spatial and temporal trends in concert with multiple modelling approaches to understand the main sources affecting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in background air across a nation. For this purpose, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in summer 2016, measuring POPs in background air across Norway using passive air sampling. Results were compared to a similar campaign in 2006 to assess possible changes over one decade. We furthermore used the Global EMEP Multi-media Modeling System (GLEMOS) and the Flexible Particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to predict and evaluate the relative importance of primary emissions, secondary emissions, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and national emissions in controlling atmospheric burdens of PCB-153 on a national scale. The concentrations in air of both PCBs and most of the targeted OCPs were generally low, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A limited spatial variability for all POPs in this study, together with predictions by both models, suggest that LRAT dominates atmospheric burdens across Norway. Model predictions by the GLEMOS model, as well as measured isomeric ratios, further suggest that LRAT of some POPs are dictated by secondary emissions. Our results illustrate the utility of combining observations and mechanistic modelling approaches to help identify the main factors affecting atmospheric burdens of POPs across a nation, which, in turn, may be used to inform both national monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Lunder Halvorsen
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alexey Gusev
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Victor Shatalov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
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Wong F, Hung H, Dryfhout-Clark H, Aas W, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Breivik K, Mastromonaco MN, Lundén EB, Ólafsdóttir K, Sigurðsson Á, Vorkamp K, Bossi R, Skov H, Hakola H, Barresi E, Sverko E, Fellin P, Li H, Vlasenko A, Zapevalov M, Samsonov D, Wilson S. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) in Arctic air from 25 years of monitoring. Sci Total Environ 2021; 775:145109. [PMID: 33631575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The long-term time trends of atmospheric pollutants at eight Arctic monitoring stations are reported. The work was conducted under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) of the Arctic Council. The monitoring stations were: Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; Stórhöfði, Iceland; Pallas, Finland; Andøya, Norway; Villum Research Station, Greenland; Tiksi and Amderma, Russia. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), α-endosulfan, chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) showed declining trends in air at all stations. However, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), one of the initial twelve POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention in 2004, showed either increasing or non-changing trends at the stations. Many POPs demonstrated seasonality but the patterns were not consistent among the chemicals and stations. Some chemicals showed winter minimum and summer maximum concentrations at one station but not another, and vice versa. The ratios of chlordane isomers and DDT species showed that they were aged residues. Time trends of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were showing decreasing concentrations at Alert, Zeppelin and Andøya. The Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) were either showing stable or increasing trends. These include methoxychlor, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, and C9-C11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). We have demonstrated the importance of monitoring CEAC before they are being regulated because model calculations to predict their transport mechanisms and fate cannot be made due to the lack of emission inventories. We should maintain long-term monitoring programmes with consistent data quality in order to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control efforts taken by countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Eva Brorström Lundén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 47086, Göteborg 40 258, Sweden
| | - Kristín Ólafsdóttir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Árni Sigurðsson
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 7-9, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, National Water Research Institute, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Phil Fellin
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Henrik Li
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Alexander Vlasenko
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Mikhail Zapevalov
- IPEM RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Kaluga reg, Pobeda str, 4, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Samsonov
- IPEM RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Kaluga reg, Pobeda str, 4, Russian Federation
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Snow MA, Darko G, Gyamfi O, Ansah E, Breivik K, Hoang C, Lei YD, Wania F. Characterization of inhalation exposure to gaseous elemental mercury during artisanal gold mining and e-waste recycling through combined stationary and personal passive sampling. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2021; 23:569-579. [PMID: 33565550 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00494d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While occupational inhalation exposure to gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) has decreased in many workplaces as mercury is being removed from most products and processes, it continues to be a concern for those engaged in artisanal and small-scale gold mining or in recycling mercury-containing products. Recently, stationary and personal passive air samplers based on activated carbon sorbents and radial diffusive barriers have been shown to be suitable for measuring GEM concentrations across the range relevant for chronic health effects. Here, we used a combination of stationary and personal passive samplers to characterize the inhalation exposure to GEM of individuals living and working in two Ghanaian gold mining communities and working at a Norwegian e-waste recycling facility. Exposure concentrations ranging from <7 ng m-3 to >500 μg m-3 were observed, with the higher end of the range occurring in one gold mining community. Large differences in the GEM exposure averaged over the length of a workday between individuals can be rationalized by their activity and proximity to mercury sources. In each of the three settings, the measured exposure of the highest exposed individuals exceeded the highest concentration recorded with a stationary sampler, presumably because those individuals were engaged in an activity that generated or involved GEM vapors. High day-to-day variability in exposure for those who participated on more than one day, suggests the need for sampling over multiple days for reliable exposure characterization. Overall, a combination of personal and stationary passive sampling is a cost-effective approach that cannot only provide information on exposure levels relative to regulatory thresholds, but also can identify emission hotspots and therefore guide mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Snow
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
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Syed JH, Iqbal M, Breivik K, Chaudhry MJI, Shahnawaz M, Abbas Z, Nasir J, Rizvi SHH, Taqi MM, Li J, Zhang G. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the urban atmosphere of Pakistan: Diurnal variations, gas-particle partitioning and human health exposure. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140874. [PMID: 32758856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentration of legacy (LFRs) and emerging flame retardants (EFRs) including 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DP), and 8 chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were consecutively measured in eight major cities across Pakistan. A total of 96 samples (48 PM2.5 & 48 PUFs) were analyzed and the concentrations of ∑8PBDEs (gaseous+particulate) ranged between 40.8 and 288 pg/m3 with an average value of 172 pg/m3. ∑6NBFRs ranged between 12.0 and 35.0 pg/m3 with an average value of 22.5 pg/m3 while ∑8OPFRs ranged between 12,900-40,800 pg/m3 with an average of 24,700 pg/m3. Among the studied sites, Faisalabad city exhibited the higher concentrations of FRs among all cities which might be a consequence of textile mills and garment manufacturing industries. While analyzing the diurnal patterns, OPFRs depicted higher concentrations during night-time. The estimated risks of all groups of FRs from inhalation of ambient air were negligible for all the cities, according to USEPA guidelines. Nonetheless, our study is the first to report gaseous and particulate concentrations of FRs in air on a diurnal basis across major cities in Pakistan, offering insights into the atmospheric fate of these substances in urban areas in a sub-tropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Mehreen Iqbal
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Muhammad Shahnawaz
- Department of Agriculture & Food Technology, Karakoram International University, Main Campus University Road, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | - Zaigham Abbas
- Chemical Division, Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Arp HPH, Morin NAO, Andersson PL, Hale SE, Wania F, Breivik K, Breedveld GD. The presence, emission and partitioning behavior of polychlorinated biphenyls in waste, leachate and aerosols from Norwegian waste-handling facilities. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:136824. [PMID: 32007879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Even though production and open use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been phased out in Western industrialised countries since the 1980s, PCBs were still present in waste collected from different waste handling facilities in Norway in 2013. Sums of seven indicator-PCBs (I-PCB7: PCB-28, -52, -101, -118, -138, -153 and -180) were highest in plastic waste (3700 ±1800 μg/kg, n=15), waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (1300 ± 400 μg/kg, n=12) and fine vehicle fluff (1800 ± 1400 μg/kg, n=4) and lowest in glass waste, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash (0.3 to 65 μg/kg). Concentrations in leachate water varied from 1.7 to 2900 ng/L, with higher concentrations found at vehicle and WEEE handling facilities. Particles in leachate water exhibited similar PCB sorption properties as solid waste collected on site, with waste-water partitioning coefficients ranging from 105 to 107. I-PCB7 in air samples collected at the sites were mostly in the gas phase (100-24000 pg/m3), compared to those associated with particles (9-1900 pg/m3). In contrast, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the same samples were predominantly found associated with particles (e.g. sum of 10 brominated diethyl ethers, ΣBDE10, associated with particles 77-194,000 pg/m3) compared to the gas phase (ΣBDE10 6-473 pg/m3). Measured gas-phase I-PCB7 concentrations are less than predicted, assuming waste-air partitioning in equilibrium with predominant waste on site. However, the gas-particle partitioning behavior of PCBs and BFRs could be predicted using an established partitioning model for ambient aerosols. PCB emissions from Norwegian waste handling facilities occurred primarily in the form of atmospheric vapor or leachate particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Moeckel C, Breivik K, Nøst TH, Sankoh A, Jones KC, Sweetman A. Soil pollution at a major West African E-waste recycling site: Contamination pathways and implications for potential mitigation strategies. Environ Int 2020; 137:105563. [PMID: 32106045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs)) and heavy metals and metalloids (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) were analysed in surface soil samples from the Agbogbloshie e-waste processing and dumping site in Accra (Ghana). In order to identify which of the pollutants are likely to be linked specifically to handling of e-waste, samples were also collected from the Kingtom general waste site in Freetown (Sierra Leone). The results were compared using principal component analyses (PCA). PBDE congeners found in technical octa-BDE mixtures, highly chlorinated PCBs and several heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Ag and Hg) showed elevated concentrations in the soils that are likely due to contamination by e-waste. PCAs associated those compounds with pyrogenic PAHs, suggesting that burning of e-waste, a common practice to isolate valuable metals, may cause this contamination. Moreover, other contamination pathways, especially incorporation of waste fragments into the soil, also appeared to play an important role in determining concentrations of some of the pollutants in the soil. Concentrations of several of these compounds were extremely high (especially PBDEs, heavy metals and SCCPs) and in some cases exceeded action guideline levels for soil. This indicates that exposure to these contaminants via the soil alone is potentially harmful to the recyclers and their families living on waste sites. Many organic contaminants and other exposure pathways such as inhalation are not yet included in such guidelines but may also be significant, given that deposition from the air following waste burning was identified as a major pollutant source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alhaji Sankoh
- Njala University, Njala, Moyamba District, Sierra Leone
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The first spatially and temporally resolved inventory of BDE28, 47, 99, 153, 183, and 209 in the anthroposphere and environment is presented here. The stock and emissions of PBDE congeners were estimated using a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE. To evaluate our results, the emission estimates were used as input to the BETR-Global model. Estimated concentrations were compared with observed concentrations in air from background areas. The global (a) in-use and (b) waste stocks of ∑5BDE(28, 47, 99, 153, 183) and BDE209 are estimated to be (a) ∼25 and 400 kt and (b) 13 and 100 kt, respectively, in 2018. A total of 6 (0.3-13) and 10.5 (9-12) kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209, respectively, has been emitted to the atmosphere by 2018. More than 70% of PBDE emissions during production and use occurred in the industrialized regions, while more than 70% of the emissions during waste disposal occurred in the less industrialized regions. A total of 70 kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209 was recycled within products since 1970. As recycling rates are expected to increase under the circular economy, an additional 45 kt of PBDEs (mainly BDE209) may reappear in new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Abbasi
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
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Nøst TH, Berg V, Hanssen L, Rylander C, Gaudreau E, Dumas P, Breivik K, Sandanger TM. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in 30 year olds sampled in 1986, 1994, 2001 and 2007 in Northern Norway: Measurements, mechanistic modeling and a comparison of study designs. Environ Res 2019; 172:684-692. [PMID: 30884420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human biomonitoring studies have demonstrated decreasing concentrations of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in years after emission peaks. OBJECTIVES To describe time trends of POPs in blood using four cross-sectional samples of 30 year olds from Tromsø, Norway across 1986-2007, and to compare the measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB-153) to model-estimated values. A second objective was to compare the repeated cross-sectional time trends with those observed in our previous longitudinal study using repeated individual measurements in older men from the same surveys. METHODS Serum from 45 persons aged 30 years in each of the following years: 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 was analyzed for 14 POPs. Further, predicted concentrations of PCB-153 in each sampling year were derived using the emission-based CoZMoMAN model. RESULTS The median decreases in summed serum POP concentrations (lipid-adjusted) in 1994, 2001, and 2007 relative to 1986 were - 71%, - 81%, and - 86% for women and - 65%, - 77%, and - 87% for men, respectively. The overall time trend in predicted PCB-153 concentrations demonstrated agreement with the observed trend although model predictions were higher than the measured concentrations at all time points. Compared to our previous longitudinal study of repeated individual measurements in older men, similar although more prominent declines were observed in the younger cross-sectional samples. DISCUSSION Observed declines in serum concentrations from 1986 to 2007 were substantial for legacy POPs in men and women at reproductive ages in Northern Norway and are generally consistent with previous longitudinal biomonitoring efforts in the study population. The measured concentrations and observed declines likely reflect a combination of recent and historic exposures. Small differences in time trends observed between the studies could be attributed to different study designs (i.e. the chosen age group or sex and cross-sectional versus repeated individual measurement sampling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Vivian Berg
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linda Hanssen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Nilsen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Bøe
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Bergen, Norway
| | - K Breivik
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Bergen, Norway
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Carlsson P, Breivik K, Brorström-Lundén E, Cousins I, Christensen J, Grimalt JO, Halsall C, Kallenborn R, Abass K, Lammel G, Munthe J, MacLeod M, Odland JØ, Pawlak J, Rautio A, Reiersen LO, Schlabach M, Stemmler I, Wilson S, Wöhrnschimmel H. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as sentinels for the elucidation of Arctic environmental change processes: a comprehensive review combined with ArcRisk project results. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:22499-22528. [PMID: 29956262 PMCID: PMC6096556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be used as chemical sentinels for the assessment of anthropogenic influences on Arctic environmental change. We present an overview of studies on PCBs in the Arctic and combine these with the findings from ArcRisk-a major European Union-funded project aimed at examining the effects of climate change on the transport of contaminants to and their behaviour of in the Arctic-to provide a case study on the behaviour and impact of PCBs over time in the Arctic. PCBs in the Arctic have shown declining trends in the environment over the last few decades. Atmospheric long-range transport from secondary and primary sources is the major input of PCBs to the Arctic region. Modelling of the atmospheric PCB composition and behaviour showed some increases in environmental concentrations in a warmer Arctic, but the general decline in PCB levels is still the most prominent feature. 'Within-Arctic' processing of PCBs will be affected by climate change-related processes such as changing wet deposition. These in turn will influence biological exposure and uptake of PCBs. The pan-Arctic rivers draining large Arctic/sub-Arctic catchments provide a significant source of PCBs to the Arctic Ocean, although changes in hydrology/sediment transport combined with a changing marine environment remain areas of uncertainty with regard to PCB fate. Indirect effects of climate change on human exposure, such as a changing diet will influence and possibly reduce PCB exposure for indigenous peoples. Body burdens of PCBs have declined since the 1980s and are predicted to decline further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Ian Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 0834, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Christian Magnus Falsen Veg 1, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Pesticides, Menoufia University, P.O. Box 32511, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Munthe
- IVL Swedish Environment Research Institute, 411 33, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janet Pawlak
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arja Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lars-Otto Reiersen
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Irene Stemmler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henry Wöhrnschimmel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Worblentalstrasse 68, 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland
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18
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Zhao S, Breivik K, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Modeling the Time-Variant Dietary Exposure of PCBs in China over the Period 1930 to 2100. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:7371-7379. [PMID: 29873487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed for the first time to reconstruct historical exposure profiles for PCBs to the Chinese population, by examining the combined effect of changing temporal emissions and dietary transition. A long-term (1930-2100) dynamic simulation of human exposure using realistic emission scenarios, including primary emissions, unintentional emissions, and emissions from e-waste, combined with dietary transition trends was conducted by a multimedia fate model (BETR-Global) linked to a bioaccumulation model (ACC-HUMAN). The model predicted an approximate 30-year delay of peak body burden for PCB-153 in a 30-year-old Chinese female, compared to their European counterpart. This was mainly attributed to a combination of change in diet and divergent emission patterns in China. A fish-based diet was predicted to result in up to 8 times higher body burden than a vegetable-based diet (2010-2100). During the production period, a worst-case scenario assuming only consumption of imported food from a region with more extensive production and usage of PCBs would result in up to 4 times higher body burden compared to consumption of only locally produced food. However, such differences gradually diminished after cessation of production. Therefore, emission reductions in China alone may not be sufficient to protect human health from PCB-like chemicals, particularly during the period of mass production. The results from this study illustrate that human exposure is also likely to be dictated by inflows of PCBs via the environment, waste, and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Nøst TH, Halse AK, Schlabach M, Bäcklund A, Eckhardt S, Breivik K. Low concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air at Cape Verde. Sci Total Environ 2018; 612:129-137. [PMID: 28850833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air is a core medium for monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention and is used in studies of global transports of POPs and their atmospheric sources and source regions. Still, data based on active air sampling remain scarce in many regions. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) monitor concentrations of selected POPs in air outside West Africa, and (ii) to evaluate potential atmospheric processes and source regions affecting measured concentrations. For this purpose, an active high-volume air sampler was installed on the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory at Cape Verde outside the coast of West Africa. Sampling commenced in May 2012 and 43 samples (24h sampling) were collected until June 2013. The samples were analyzed for selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordanes. The concentrations of these POPs at Cape Verde were generally low and comparable to remote sites in the Arctic for several compounds. Seasonal trends varied between compounds and concentrations exhibited strong temperature dependence for chlordanes. Our results indicate net volatilization from the Atlantic Ocean north of Cape Verde as sources of these POPs. Air mass back trajectories demonstrated that air masses measured at Cape Verde were generally transported from the Atlantic Ocean or the North African continent. Overall, the low concentrations in air at Cape Verde were likely explained by absence of major emissions in areas from which the air masses originated combined with depletion during long-range atmospheric transport due to enhanced degradation under tropical conditions (high temperatures and concentrations of hydroxyl radicals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, the FRAM Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Anne Karine Halse
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Are Bäcklund
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Iqbal M, Syed JH, Breivik K, Chaudhry MJI, Li J, Zhang G, Malik RN. E-Waste Driven Pollution in Pakistan: The First Evidence of Environmental and Human Exposure to Flame Retardants (FRs) in Karachi City. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:13895-13905. [PMID: 29134799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Informal e-waste recycling activities have been shown to be a major emitter of organic flame retardants (FRs), contributing to both environmental and human exposure to laborers at e-waste recycling sites in some West African countries, as well as in China and India. The main objective of this study was to determine the levels of selected organic FRs in both air and soil samples collected from areas with intensive informal e-waste recycling activities in Karachi, Pakistan. Dechlorane Plus (DP) and "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were often detected in high concentrations in soils, while phosphorus-based FRs (OPFRs) dominated atmospheric samples. Among individual substances and substance groups, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (726 ng/g), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (551 ng/g), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) (362 ng/g), and triphenyl-phosphate (∑TPP) (296 ng/g) were found to be prevalent in soils, while OPFR congeners (5903-24986 ng/m3) were prevalent in air. The two major e-waste recycling areas (Shershah and Lyari) were highly contaminated with FRs, suggesting informal e-waste recycling activities as a major emission source of FRs in the environment in Karachi City. However, the hazards associated with exposure to PM2.5 appear to exceed those attributed to exposure to selected FRs via inhalation and soil ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) , Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- University of Oslo , Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Krogseth IS, Undeman E, Evenset A, Christensen GN, Whelan MJ, Breivik K, Warner NA. Elucidating the Behavior of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxanes in a Subarctic Freshwater Food Web: A Modeled and Measured Approach. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:12489-12497. [PMID: 28980809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) are used in personal care products and emitted to aquatic environments through wastewater effluents, and their bioaccumulation potential is debated. Here, a new bentho-pelagic version of the ACC-HUMAN model was evaluated for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and applied to cVMS in combination with measurements to explore their bioaccumulation behavior in a subarctic lake. Predictions agreed better with measured PCB concentrations in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) when the benthic link was included than in the pelagic-only model. Measured concentrations of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) were 60 ± 1.2 (Chironomidae larvae), 107 ± 4.5 (pea clams Pisidium sp.), 131 ± 105 (three-spined sticklebacks: Gasterosteus aculeatus), 41 ± 38 (char), and 9.9 ± 5.9 (trout) ng g-1 wet weight. Concentrations were lower for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), and none of the cVMS displayed trophic magnification. Predicted cVMS concentrations were lower than measured in benthos, but agreed well with measurements in fish. cVMS removal through ventilation was an important predicted loss mechanism for the benthic-feeding fish. Predictions were highly sensitive to the partition coefficient between organic carbon and water (KOC) and its temperature dependence, as this controlled bioavailability for benthos (the main source of cVMS for fish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingjerd S Krogseth
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , The Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Emma Undeman
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-niva AS , The Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway , Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Mick J Whelan
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas A Warner
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , The Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Glüge J, Steinlin C, Schalles S, Wegmann L, Tremp J, Breivik K, Hungerbühler K, Bogdal C. Import, use, and emissions of PCBs in Switzerland from 1930 to 2100. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183768. [PMID: 28981534 PMCID: PMC5628794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic compounds that are ubiquitously found in the environment. Their use and manufacture were restricted or banned in many countries in the 1970–1980s, however, they still persist in the antroposphere, the environment and in biota worldwide today. Conventions like the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution encourage or bind the member parties to annually submit emission inventories of regulated air pollutants. Unfortunately, several member states have not yet reported PCB emissions. The identification and quantification of stocks and emissions sources is, however, an important precondition to handle and remove the remaining reservoirs of PCBs and, thus, to be able to reduce emissions and subsequently environmental exposure. Here, we estimate past, present, and future emissions of PCBs to air in Switzerland and provide emission factors for all relevant emission categories. Switzerland hereby represents a typical developed industrial country, and most of the assumptions and parameters presented here can be used to calculate PCB emission also for other countries. PCB emissions to air are calculated using a dynamic mass flow and emissions model for Switzerland, which is run for the years 1930–2100. The results point out the importance of the use of PCBs in open applications, which have largely been previously overlooked. Additionally, we show that PCBs will persist in applications during the coming decades with ongoing emissions. Especially the use of PCBs in open applications will cause Swiss emissions to remain above 100 kg PCB per year, even after the year 2030. Our developed model is available in Excel/VBA and can be downloaded with this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glüge
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JG); (CB)
| | - Christine Steinlin
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schalles
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wegmann
- Office for Environmental Protection and Energy of the Canton Basel-Country, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Josef Tremp
- Industrial Chemicals Section, Federal Office for the Environment, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Oslo, Norway
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JG); (CB)
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Nøst TH, Sandanger TM, Nieboer E, Odland JØ, Breivik K. The impacts of emission trends of POPs on human concentration dynamics: Lessons learned from a longitudinal study in Norway (1979–2007). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:776-781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao S, Breivik K, Liu G, Zheng M, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Long-Term Temporal Trends of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Controlling Sources in China. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:2838-2845. [PMID: 28128546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial organic contaminants identified as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic (PBT), and subject to long-range transport (LRT) with global scale significance. This study focuses on a reconstruction and prediction for China of long-term emission trends of intentionally and unintentionally produced (UP) ∑7PCBs (UP-PCBs, from the manufacture of steel, cement and sinter iron) and their re-emissions from secondary sources (e.g., soils and vegetation) using a dynamic fate model (BETR-Global). Contemporary emission estimates combined with predictions from the multimedia fate model suggest that primary sources still dominate, although unintentional sources are predicted to become a main contributor from 2035 for PCB-28. Imported e-waste is predicted to play an increasing role until 2020-2030 on a national scale due to the decline of intentionally produced (IP) emissions. Hypothetical emission scenarios suggest that China could become a potential source to neighboring regions with a net output of ∼0.4 t year-1 by around 2050. However, future emission scenarios and hence model results will be dictated by the efficiency of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
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Arp HPH, Morin NAO, Hale SE, Okkenhaug G, Breivik K, Sparrevik M. The mass flow and proposed management of bisphenol A in selected Norwegian waste streams. Waste Manag 2017; 60:775-785. [PMID: 28094158 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current initiatives for waste-handling in a circular economy favor prevention and recycling over incineration or landfilling. However, the impact of such a transition on environmental emissions of contaminants like bisphenol A (BPA) during waste-handling is not fully understood. To address this, a material flow analysis (MFA) was constructed for selected waste categories in Norway, for which the amount recycled is expected to increase in the future; glass, vehicle, electronic, plastic and combustible waste. Combined, 92tons/y of BPA are disposed of via these waste categories in Norway, with 98.5% associated with plastic and electronic waste. During the model year 2011, the MFA showed that BPA in these waste categories was destroyed through incineration (60%), exported for recycling into new products (35%), stored in landfills (4%) or released into the environment (1%). Landfilling led to the greatest environmental emissions (up to 13% of landfilled BPA), and incinerating the smallest (0.001% of incinerated BPA). From modelling different waste management scenarios, the most effective way to reduce BPA emissions are to incinerate BPA-containing waste and avoid landfilling it. A comparison of environmental and human BPA concentrations with CoZMoMAN exposure model estimations suggested that waste emissions are an insignificant regional source. Nevertheless, from monitoring studies, landfill emissions can be a substantial local source of BPA. Regarding the transition to a circular economy, it is clear that disposing of less BPA-containing waste and less landfilling would lead to lower environmental emissions, but several uncertainties remain regarding emissions of BPA during recycling, particularly for paper and plastics. Future research should focus on the fate of BPA, as well as BPA alternatives, in emerging reuse and recycling processes, as part of the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Sparrevik
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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26
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Krogseth IS, Whelan MJ, Christensen GN, Breivik K, Evenset A, Warner NA. Understanding of Cyclic Volatile Methyl Siloxane Fate in a High Latitude Lake Is Constrained by Uncertainty in Organic Carbon-Water Partitioning. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:401-409. [PMID: 27997187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are emitted to aquatic environments with wastewater effluents. Here, we evaluate the environmental behavior of three cVMS compounds (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6)) in a high latitude lake (Storvannet, 70°N 23°E), experiencing intermittent wastewater emissions and high latitude environmental conditions (low temperatures and seasonal ice cover). Measured cVMS concentrations in lake water were below detection limits in both March and June 2014. However, mean concentrations in sediments were 207 ± 30, 3775 ± 973 and 848 ± 211 ng g-1 organic carbon for D4, D5 and D6, respectively. To rationalize measurements, a fugacity-based model for lakes (QWASI) was parametrized for Storvannet. The key removal process for cVMS from the lake was predicted to be advection due to the low hydraulic retention time of the lake, followed by volatilization. Predicted cVMS behavior was highly sensitive to the partition coefficient between organic carbon and water (KOC) and its temperature dependence. Predictions indicated lower overall persistence with decreasing temperature due to enhanced partitioning from sediments to water. Inverse modeling to predict steady-state emissions from cVMS concentrations in sediment provided unrealistically high emissions, when evaluated against measured concentrations in sewage. However, high concentrations of cVMS in sediment and low concentrations in water could be explained via a hypothetical dynamic emission scenario consistent with combined sewer overflows. The study illustrates the importance of considering compound-specific behavior of emerging contaminants that may differ from legacy organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingjerd Sunde Krogseth
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, The Fram Centre , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michael John Whelan
- Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nicholas Alexander Warner
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, The Fram Centre , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G, Breivik K. Possible emissions of POPs in plain and hilly areas of Nepal: Implications for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Environ Pollut 2017; 220:1289-1300. [PMID: 27866855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air is a core media chosen for monitoring under the Stockholm Convention on POPs. While extensive monitoring of POPs in ambient air has been carried out in some parts of the globe, there are still regions with very limited information available, such as some developing countries as Nepal. This study therefore aims to target the occurrence of selected POPs in Nepal in suspected source areas/more densely populated regions. Four potential source regions in Nepal were furthermore targeted as it was hypothesized that urban areas at lower altitudes (Birgunj and Biratnagar located at approximately 86 and 80 m.a.s.l.) would be potentially more affected by OCPs because of more intensive agricultural activities in comparison to urban areas at higher altitudes (Kathmandu, Pokhara located 1400 and 1135 m.a.s.l). As some of these areas could also be impacted by LRAT, air mass back trajectories during the sampling period were additionally evaluated using HYSPLIT. The concentrations of overall POPs were twice as high in plain areas in comparison to hilly areas. DDTs and HCHs were most frequently detected in the air samples. The high p,p'-DDT/(pp'-DDE + pp'-DDD) ratio as well as the low o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratio observed in this study was inferred as continuing use of technical DDT. High levels of ∑26PCBs were linked to proximity to highly urbanized and industrial areas, indicating the potential source of PCBs. The measured concentrations of legacy POPs in air from this study is assumed to represent a negligible health risk through inhalation of ambient air, however, other modes of human exposure could still be relevant in Nepal. The air mass backward trajectory analysis revealed that most of the air masses sampled originated from India and the Bay of Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, Kjeller, NO-2027, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Halse AK, Schlabach M, Schuster JK, Jones KC, Steinnes E, Breivik K. Corrigendum to "Endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in background soils from Western Europe" [Environ. Pollut. 196 (2015), 21-28]. Environ Pollut 2017; 220:1477-1479. [PMID: 27884468 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Karine Halse
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Martin Schlabach
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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29
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Hung H, Katsoyiannis AA, Brorström-Lundén E, Olafsdottir K, Aas W, Breivik K, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Sigurdsson A, Hakola H, Bossi R, Skov H, Sverko E, Barresi E, Fellin P, Wilson S. Temporal trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in arctic air: 20 years of monitoring under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). Environ Pollut 2016; 217:52-61. [PMID: 26874550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) measured in Arctic air are essential in understanding long-range transport to remote regions and to evaluate the effectiveness of national and international chemical control initiatives, such as the Stockholm Convention (SC) on POPs. Long-term air monitoring of POPs is conducted under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) at four Arctic stations: Alert, Canada; Stórhöfði, Iceland; Zeppelin, Svalbard; and Pallas, Finland, since the 1990s using high volume air samplers. Temporal trends observed for POPs in Arctic air are summarized in this study. Most POPs listed for control under the SC, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and chlordanes, are declining slowly in Arctic air, reflecting the reduction of primary emissions during the last two decades and increasing importance of secondary emissions. Slow declining trends also signifies their persistence and slow degradation under the Arctic environment, such that they are still detectable after being banned for decades in many countries. Some POPs, e.g. hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and lighter PCBs, showed increasing trends at specific locations, which may be attributable to warming in the region and continued primary emissions at source. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) do not decline in air at Canada's Alert station but are declining in European Arctic air, which may be due to influence of local sources at Alert and the much higher historical usage of PBDEs in North America. Arctic air samples are screened for chemicals of emerging concern to provide information regarding their environmental persistence (P) and long-range transport potential (LRTP), which are important criteria for classification as a POP under SC. The AMAP network provides consistent and comparable air monitoring data of POPs for trend development and acts as a bridge between national monitoring programs and SC's Global Monitoring Plan (GMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | | | - Eva Brorström-Lundén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 47086, Göteborg, 40 258, Sweden
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Arni Sigurdsson
- Icelandic Meteorological Office Bustadavegur 9, 150 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ed Sverko
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, National Water Research Institute, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, National Water Research Institute, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Phil Fellin
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON, L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
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Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Li J, Selvaraj S, Breivik K, Jones KC. Soil concentrations, occurrence, sources and estimation of air-soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities. Sci Total Environ 2016; 562:928-934. [PMID: 27136304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have shown potentially increasing levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Indian environment. This is the first attempt to investigate the occurrence of PCBs in surface soil and estimate diffusive air-soil exchange, both on a regional scale as well as at local level within the metropolitan environment of India. From the north, New Delhi and Agra, east, Kolkata, west, Mumbai and Goa and Chennai and Bangalore in the southern India were selected for this study. 33 PCB congeners were quantified in surface soil and possible sources were derived using positive matrix factorization model. Net flux directions of PCBs were estimated in seven major metropolitan cities of India along urban-suburban-rural transects. Mean Σ33PCBs concentration in soil (12ng/g dry weight) was nearly twice the concentration found in global background soil, but in line with findings from Pakistan and urban sites of China. Higher abundance of the heavier congeners (6CB-8CB) was prevalent mostly in the urban centers. Cities like Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata with evidence of ongoing PCB sources did not show significant correlation with soil organic carbon (SOC). This study provides evidence that soil is acting as sink for heavy weight PCB congeners and source for lighter congeners. Atmospheric transport is presumably a controlling factor for occurrence of PCBs in less polluted sites of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sakthivel Selvaraj
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Universityof Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Nøst TH, Breivik K, Wania F, Rylander C, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Estimating Time-Varying PCB Exposures Using Person-Specific Predictions to Supplement Measured Values: A Comparison of Observed and Predicted Values in Two Cohorts of Norwegian Women. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:299-305. [PMID: 26186800 PMCID: PMC4786984 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the health effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) call for an understanding of past and present human exposure. Time-resolved mechanistic models may supplement information on concentrations in individuals obtained from measurements and/or statistical approaches if they can be shown to reproduce empirical data. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluated the capability of one such mechanistic model to reproduce measured PCB concentrations in individual Norwegian women. We also assessed individual life-course concentrations. METHODS Concentrations of four PCB congeners in pregnant (n = 310, sampled in 2007-2009) and postmenopausal (n = 244, 2005) women were compared with person-specific predictions obtained using CoZMoMAN, an emission-based environmental fate and human food-chain bioaccumulation model. Person-specific predictions were also made using statistical regression models including dietary and lifestyle variables and concentrations. RESULTS CoZMoMAN accurately reproduced medians and ranges of measured concentrations in the two study groups. Furthermore, rank correlations between measurements and predictions from both CoZMoMAN and regression analyses were strong (Spearman's r > 0.67). Precision in quartile assignments from predictions was strong overall as evaluated by weighted Cohen's kappa (> 0.6). Simulations indicated large inter-individual differences in concentrations experienced in the past. CONCLUSIONS The mechanistic model reproduced all measurements of PCB concentrations within a factor of 10, and subject ranking and quartile assignments were overall largely consistent, although they were weak within each study group. Contamination histories for individuals predicted by CoZMoMAN revealed variation between study subjects, particularly in the timing of peak concentrations. Mechanistic models can provide individual PCB exposure metrics that could serve as valuable supplements to measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel Manning Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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Breivik K, Armitage JM, Wania F, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC. Tracking the Global Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants Accounting for E-Waste Exports to Developing Regions. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:798-805. [PMID: 26669722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of various industrial-use Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been reported in some developing areas in subtropical and tropical regions known to be destinations of e-waste. We used a recent inventory of the global generation and exports of e-waste to develop various global scale emission scenarios for industrial-use organic contaminants (IUOCs). For representative IUOCs (RIUOCs), only hypothetical emissions via passive volatilization from e-waste were considered whereas for PCBs, historical emissions throughout the chemical life-cycle (i.e., manufacturing, use, disposal) were included. The environmental transport and fate of RIUOCs and PCBs were then simulated using the BETR Global 2.0 model. Export of e-waste is expected to increase and sustain global emissions beyond the baseline scenario, which assumes no export. A comparison between model predictions and observations for PCBs in selected recipient regions generally suggests a better agreement when exports are accounted for. This study may be the first to integrate the global transport of IUOCs in waste with their long-range transport in air and water. The results call for integrated chemical management strategies on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
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Iqbal M, Breivik K, Syed JH, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Emerging issue of e-waste in Pakistan: A review of status, research needs and data gaps. Environ Pollut 2015; 207:308-18. [PMID: 26433180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review article focuses on the current situation of e-waste in Pakistan with the emphasis on defining the major e-waste recycling sites, current and future domestic generation of e-waste, hidden flows or import of e-waste and discusses various challenges for e-waste management. Needed policy interventions and possible measures to be taken at governmental level are discussed to avoid the increasing problem of e-waste in the country. Our findings highlight that there is still a general lack of reliable data, inventories and research studies addressing e-waste related issues in the context of environmental and human health in Pakistan. There is therefore a critical need to improve the current knowledge base, which should build upon the research experience from other countries which have experienced similar situations in the past. Further research into these issues in Pakistan is considered vital to help inform future policies/control strategies as already successfully implemented in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Nøst TH, Halse AK, Randall S, Borgen AR, Schlabach M, Paul A, Rahman A, Breivik K. High Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in Air from Ship Breaking Activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:11372-11380. [PMID: 26351879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The beaches on the coast of Chittagong in Bangladesh are one of the most intense ship breaking areas in the world. The aim of the study was to measure the concentrations of organic contaminants in the air in the city of Chittagong, including the surrounding ship breaking areas using passive air samplers (N = 25). The compounds detected in the highest amounts were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), whereas dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were several orders of magnitude lower in comparison. PCBs, PAHs, and HCB were highest at sites near the ship breaking activities, whereas DDTs and SCCPs were higher in the urban areas. Ship breaking activities likely act as atmospheric emission sources of PCBs, PAHs, and HCB, thus adding to the international emphasis on responsible recycling of ships. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, HCB, and SCCPs in ambient air in Chittagong are high in comparison to those found in similar studies performed in other parts of Asia. Estimated toxic equivalent quotients indicate elevated human health risks caused by inhalation of PAHs at most sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese H Nøst
- FRAM Centre, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne K Halse
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Scott Randall
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Division of Environment, Economics and Planning, COWI AS , P.O. Box 123, 1601 Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Anders R Borgen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alak Paul
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong , 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong , 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , School of Atmospheric Physics & Atmospheric Environment, 210044 Nanjing, China
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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Halse AK, Schlabach M, Schuster JK, Jones KC, Steinnes E, Breivik K. Endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in background soils from Western Europe. Environ Pollut 2015; 196:21-8. [PMID: 25285612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soils are major reservoirs for many persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, "newly" regulated POPs i.e. Σendosulfans (α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were determined in background samples from woodland (WL) and grassland (GL) surface soil, collected along an existing latitudinal UK-Norway transect. Statistical analysis, complemented with plots showing the predicted equilibrium distribution and mobility potential, was then explored to discuss factors controlling their spatial distribution. SCCPs were detected with the highest average concentrations (35 ± 100 ng/g soil organic matter (SOM)), followed by Σendosulfans (3 ± 3 ng/g SOM) and PeCB (1 ± 1 ng/g SOM). PeCB and Σendosulfans share many similarities in their distribution in these background soils as well as with several legacy POPs. A steep decline in concentrations of SCCPs with increasing latitude indicates that their occurrence is dictated by proximity to source regions, while concentrations of Σendosulfans peaked in regions experiencing elevated precipitation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Karine Halse
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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McLachlan MS, Kierkegaard A, Radke M, Sobek A, Malmvärn A, Alsberg T, Arnot JA, Brown TN, Wania F, Breivik K, Xu S. Using model-based screening to help discover unknown environmental contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:7264-71. [PMID: 24869768 DOI: 10.1021/es5010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Of the tens of thousands of chemicals in use, only a small fraction have been analyzed in environmental samples. To effectively identify environmental contaminants, methods to prioritize chemicals for analytical method development are required. We used a high-throughput model of chemical emissions, fate, and bioaccumulation to identify chemicals likely to have high concentrations in specific environmental media, and we prioritized these for target analysis. This model-based screening was applied to 215 organosilicon chemicals culled from industrial chemical production statistics. The model-based screening prioritized several recognized organosilicon contaminants and generated hypotheses leading to the selection of three chemicals that have not previously been identified as potential environmental contaminants for target analysis. Trace analytical methods were developed, and the chemicals were analyzed in air, sewage sludge, and sediment. All three substances were found to be environmental contaminants. Phenyl-tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane was present in all samples analyzed, with concentrations of ∼50 pg m(-3) in Stockholm air and ∼0.5 ng g(-1) dw in sediment from the Stockholm archipelago. Tris(trifluoropropyl)trimethyl-cyclotrisiloxane and tetrakis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane were found in sediments from Lake Mjøsa at ∼1 ng g(-1) dw. The discovery of three novel environmental contaminants shows that models can be useful for prioritizing chemicals for exploratory assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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Breivik K, Armitage JM, Wania F, Jones KC. Tracking the global generation and exports of e-waste. Do existing estimates add up? Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:8735-43. [PMID: 25007134 DOI: 10.1021/es5021313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The transport of discarded electronic and electrical appliances (e-waste) to developing regions has received considerable attention, but it is difficult to assess the significance of this issue without a quantitative understanding of the amounts involved. The main objective of this study is to track the global transport of e-wastes by compiling and constraining existing estimates of the amount of e-waste generated domestically in each country MGEN, exported from countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) MEXP, and imported in countries outside of the OECD MIMP. Reference year is 2005 and all estimates are given with an uncertainty range. Estimates of MGEN obtained by apportioning a global total of ∼ 35,000 kt (range 20,000-50,000 kt) based on a nation's gross domestic product agree well with independent estimates of MGEN for individual countries. Import estimates MIMP to the countries believed to be the major recipients of e-waste exports from the OECD globally (China, India, and five West African countries) suggests that ∼ 5,000 kt (3,600 kt-7,300 kt) may have been imported annually to these non-OECD countries alone, which represents ∼ 23% (17%-34%) of the amounts of e-waste generated domestically within the OECD. MEXP for each OECD country is then estimated by applying this fraction of 23% to its MGEN. By allocating each country's MGEN, MIMP, MEXP and MNET = MGEN + MIMP - MEXP, we can map the global generation and flows of e-waste from OECD to non-OECD countries. While significant uncertainties remain, we note that estimated import into seven non-OECD countries alone are often at the higher end of estimates of exports from OECD countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
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Katsoyiannis A, Breivik K. Model-based evaluation of the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source identification tool. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:488-494. [PMID: 24140981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs) are unitless concentration ratios of pair-PAHs with the same molecular weight (MW); MDRs have long been used as a tool for PAHs source identification purposes. In the present paper, the efficiency of the MDR methodology is evaluated through the use of a multimedia fate model, the calculation of characteristic travel distances (CTD) and the estimation of air concentrations for individual PAHs as a function of distance from an initial point source. The results show that PAHs with the same MW are sometimes characterized by substantially different CTDs and therefore their air concentrations and hence MDRs are predicted to change as the distance from the original source increases. From the assessed pair-PAHs, the biggest CTD difference is seen for Fluoranthene (107 km) vs. Pyrene (26 km). This study provides a strong indication that MDRs are of limited use as a source identification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johanssens gt 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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Krogseth IS, Breivik K, Arnot JA, Wania F, Borgen AR, Schlabach M. Evaluating the environmental fate of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the Nordic environment using a dynamic multimedia model. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2013; 15:2240-2251. [PMID: 24132165 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) raise concerns due to their potential for persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport and adverse effects. An understanding of their environmental fate remains limited, partly due to the complexity of the mixture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a mechanistic, integrated, dynamic environmental fate and bioaccumulation multimedia model (CoZMoMAN) can reconcile what is known about environmental emissions and human exposure of SCCPs in the Nordic environment. Realistic SCCP emission scenarios, resolved by formula group, were estimated and used to predict the composition and concentrations of SCCPs in the environment and the human food chain. Emissions at the upper end of the estimated range resulted in predicted total concentrations that were often within a factor of 6 of observations. Similar model performance for a complex group of organic contaminants as for the well-known polychlorinated biphenyls strengthens the confidence in the CoZMoMAN model and implies a relatively good mechanistic understanding of the environmental fate of SCCPs. However, the degree of chlorination predicted for SCCPs in sediments, fish, and humans was higher than observed and poorly established environmental half-lives and biotransformation rate constants contributed to the uncertainties in the predicted composition and ∑SCCP concentrations. Improving prediction of the SCCP composition will also require better constrained estimates of the composition of SCCP emissions. There is, however, also large uncertainty and lack of coherence in the existing observations, and better model-measurement agreement will require improved analytical methods and more strategic sampling. More measurements of SCCP levels and compositions in samples from background regions are particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingjerd S Krogseth
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Eckhardt S, Li J, Breivik K, Lam PKS, Tanabe S, Jones KC. Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities: levels, emission sources and toxicity equivalents. Environ Pollut 2013; 182:283-290. [PMID: 23954623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentration of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured on diurnal basis by active air sampling during Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 in seven major cities from the northern (New Delhi and Agra), eastern (Kolkata), western (Mumbai and Goa) and southern (Chennai and Bangalore) parts of India. Average concentration of Σ25PCBs in the Indian atmosphere was 4460 (± 2200) pg/m(-3) with a dominance of congeners with 4-7 chlorine atoms. Model results (HYSPLIT, FLEXPART) indicate that the source areas are likely confined to local or regional proximity. Results from the FLEXPART model show that existing emission inventories cannot explain the high concentrations observed for PCB-28. Electronic waste, ship breaking activities and dumped solid waste are attributed as the possible sources of PCBs in India. Σ25PCB concentrations for each city showed significant linear correlation with Toxicity equivalence (TEQ) and Neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nøst TH, Breivik K, Fuskevåg OM, Nieboer E, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Persistent organic pollutants in Norwegian men from 1979 to 2007: intraindividual changes, age-period-cohort effects, and model predictions. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:1292-8. [PMID: 24007675 PMCID: PMC3855502 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal monitoring studies of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human populations are important to better understand changes with time and age, and for future predictions. OBJECTIVES We sought to describe serum POP time trends on an individual level, investigate age-period-cohort effects, and compare predicted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations to measured values. METHODS Serum was sampled in 1979, 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 from a cohort of 53 men in Northern Norway and analyzed for 41 POPs. Time period, age, and birth cohort effects were assessed by graphical analyses and mixed-effect models. We derived the predicted concentrations of four PCBs for each sampling year using the CoZMoMAN model. RESULTS The median decreases in summed serum POP concentrations (lipid-adjusted) in 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 relative to 1979 were -22%, -52%, -54%, and -68%, respectively. We observed substantial declines in all POP groups with the exception of chlordanes. Time period (reflected by sampling year) was the strongest descriptor of changes in PCB-153 concentrations. Predicted PCB-153 concentrations were consistent with measured concentrations in the study population. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest substantial intraindividual declines in serum concentrations of legacy POPs from 1979 to 2007 in men from Northern Norway. These changes are consistent with reduced environmental exposure during these 30 years and highlight the relation between historic emissions and POP concentrations measured in humans. Observed data and interpretations are supported by estimates from the CoZMoMAN emission-based model. A longitudinal decrease in concentrations with age was evident for all birth cohorts. Overall, our findings support the relevance of age-period-cohort effects to human biomonitoring of environmental contaminants.
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Krogseth IS, Zhang X, Lei YD, Wania F, Breivik K. Calibration and application of a passive air sampler (XAD-PAS) for volatile methyl siloxanes. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:4463-70. [PMID: 23527480 DOI: 10.1021/es400427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because the atmosphere is key to understanding the environmental behavior of volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS), a variety of reliable air sampling methods are needed. The purpose of this study was to calibrate and evaluate an existing, polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymeric resin-based passive air sampler (XAD-PAS) for VMS. Sixteen XAD-PAS were deployed for 7-98 days at a suburban site in Toronto, Canada, while the VMS concentration in air was monitored by an active sampling method. This calibration and a subsequent field test further allowed for investigation of the temporal and spatial variability of VMS in the region. Uptake in the XAD-PAS of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and three linear VMS was linear throughout the whole deployment period. Sampling rates were between 0.4 and 0.5 m(3)/day. The XAD-PAS measured ∑VMS concentrations ranged from nondetects in rural areas (n = 3), to 169 ± 49 ng/m(3) in the urban region (n = 21), to levels above 600 ng/m(3) at sewage treatment plants (n = 2). Levels and composition of VMS within the urban area were remarkably uniform in space. Levels, but not composition, were highly variable in time and weakly correlated with temperature, wind speed, and wind direction.
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Krogseth IS, Kierkegaard A, McLachlan MS, Breivik K, Hansen KM, Schlabach M. Occurrence and seasonality of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in Arctic air. Environ Sci Technol 2013. [PMID: 23194257 DOI: 10.1021/es3040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are present in technical applications and personal care products. They are predicted to undergo long-range atmospheric transport, but measurements of cVMS in remote areas remain scarce. An active air sampling method for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) was further evaluated to include hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6). Air samples were collected at the Zeppelin observatory in the remote Arctic (79° N, 12° E) with an average sampling time of 81 ± 23 h in late summer (August-October) and 25 ± 10 h in early winter (November-December) 2011. The average concentrations of D5 and D6 in late summer were 0.73 ± 0.31 and 0.23 ± 0.17 ng/m(3), respectively, and 2.94 ± 0.46 and 0.45 ± 0.18 ng/m(3) in early winter, respectively. Detection of D5 and D6 in the Arctic atmosphere confirms their long-range atmospheric transport. The D5 measurements agreed well with predictions from a Eulerian atmospheric chemistry-transport model, and seasonal variability was explained by the seasonality in the OH radical concentrations. These results extend our understanding of the atmospheric fate of D5 to high latitudes, but question the levels of D3 and D4 that have previously been measured at Zeppelin with passive air samplers.
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Quinn CL, Armitage JM, Breivik K, Wania F. A methodology for evaluating the influence of diets and intergenerational dietary transitions on historic and future human exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic. Environ Int 2012; 49:83-91. [PMID: 22982224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Inuit populations have been observed to decrease over the last decade. The main objective of this study was to develop a methodology to quantify the potential influence of intergenerational dietary transitions on human exposure to organic contaminants in the Arctic environment using PCB-153 as a case study. Long-term (1930-2050) dynamic simulations using realistic emission estimates were conducted using linked chemical fate and bioaccumulation models. Female body burdens were calculated over time assuming five diets with varying proportions of traditional and imported food items and then used to illustrate the potential variability at a community/population level. At any given time point, individuals consuming a 100% traditional diet (i.e. high intake of ringed seal blubber) have modelled body burdens approximately 15-150 times higher than individuals consuming a 100% imported food diet. Consumption of locally-harvested fish (e.g. Arctic cod) and seal meat are also associated with comparatively low body burdens. Decreased emissions are predicted to decrease the PCB-153 body burden of 30-year old females by 6 to 13-fold from 1980 to 2020 with dietary transitions accounting for an additional factor of 2-50 (i.e. 12-650 times lower in total) depending on the type of dietary transition and the origin of the imported food items. The model results indicate that dietary transitions are an important factor underlying the variability within and between subpopulations in addition to partially explaining the observed temporal trends. Specific information on the nature and timing of dietary transitions is highly valuable when interpreting biomonitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Quinn
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Arnot JA, Brown TN, Wania F, Breivik K, McLachlan MS. Prioritizing chemicals and data requirements for screening-level exposure and risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:1565-70. [PMID: 23008278 PMCID: PMC3556628 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientists and regulatory agencies strive to identify chemicals that may cause harmful effects to humans and the environment; however, prioritization is challenging because of the large number of chemicals requiring evaluation and limited data and resources. OBJECTIVES We aimed to prioritize chemicals for exposure and exposure potential and obtain a quantitative perspective on research needs to better address uncertainty in screening assessments. METHODS We used a multimedia mass balance model to prioritize > 12,000 organic chemicals using four far-field human exposure metrics. The propagation of variance (uncertainty) in key chemical information used as model input for calculating exposure metrics was quantified. RESULTS Modeled human concentrations and intake rates span approximately 17 and 15 orders of magnitude, respectively. Estimates of exposure potential using human concentrations and a unit emission rate span approximately 13 orders of magnitude, and intake fractions span 7 orders of magnitude. The actual chemical emission rate contributes the greatest variance (uncertainty) in exposure estimates. The human biotransformation half-life is the second greatest source of uncertainty in estimated concentrations. In general, biotransformation and biodegradation half-lives are greater sources of uncertainty in modeled exposure and exposure potential than chemical partition coefficients. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistic exposure modeling is suitable for screening and prioritizing large numbers of chemicals. By including uncertainty analysis and uncertainty in chemical information in the exposure estimates, these methods can help identify and address the important sources of uncertainty in human exposure and risk assessment in a systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Arnot
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Breivik K, Arnot JA, Brown TN, McLachlan MS, Wania F. Screening organic chemicals in commerce for emissions in the context of environmental and human exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2028-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Halse AK, Schlabach M, Sweetman A, Jones KC, Breivik K. Using passive air samplers to assess local sources versus long range atmospheric transport of POPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2580-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schuster JK, Gioia R, Harner T, Lee SC, Breivik K, Jones KC. Assessment of sorbent impregnated PUF disks (SIPs) for long-term sampling of legacy POPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 14:71-8. [PMID: 22072220 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10697j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two field studies were conducted for one year using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disks for PCB and PBDE air sampling. SIP disks were introduced by Shoeib et al. (2008) as an alternative passive air sampling medium to the polyurethane foam (PUF) disk and have the advantage of a higher holding capacity for organic chemicals. The first study on SIP disks confirmed their application for measuring volatile perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and their ability to maintain time-integrated (linear) air sampling. In this study, the suitability of the SIP disks for long-term sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was assessed. SIP disks were deployed at a rural site in the UK and harvested after periods ranging from 35-350 days. Atmospheric POP concentrations were monitored with a high-volume air sampler during the deployment period. Linear uptake was observed for all monitored PCBs and PBDEs over the full exposure time. Air-sampler equilibrium was observed for HCB after 6 months. In a second field study, SIP disks were deployed for one year at 10 sites on a latitudinal transect in the UK and Norway, at which air sampling has been undertaken previously with different passive air sampling media since 1994. The estimated concentrations and spatial distributions derived from the SIP disks were largely in agreement with previously reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin K Schuster
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Breivik K, Gioia R, Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Jones KC. Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes? Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:9154-60. [PMID: 21958155 DOI: 10.1021/es202320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) air concentrations remain surprisingly high in parts of Africa and Asia. These are regions where PCBs were never extensively used, but which are implicated as recipients of obsolete products and wastes containing PCBs and other industrial organic contaminants, such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). We hypothesize that there may be different trends in emissions across the globe, whereby emissions of some industrial organic contaminants may be decreasing faster in former use regions (due to emission reductions combined with uncontrolled export), at the expense of regions receiving these substances as obsolete products and wastes. We conclude that the potential for detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to long-range transport by air, water, or wastes should be of equal concern when managing and regulating industrial organic contaminants. This calls for a better integration of life-cycle approaches in the management and regulation of industrial organic contaminants in order to protect environmental and human health on a global scale. Yet, little remains known about the amounts of industrial organic contaminants exported outside former use regions as different types of wastes because of the often illicit nature of these operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Klánová J, Diamond M, Jones K, Lammel G, Lohmann R, Pirrone N, Scheringer M, Balducci C, Bidleman T, Bláha K, Bláha L, Booij K, Bouwman H, Breivik K, Eckhardt S, Fiedler H, Garrigues P, Harner T, Holoubek I, Hung H, MacLeod M, Magulova K, Mosca S, Pistocchi A, Simonich S, Smedes F, Stephanou E, Sweetman A, Sebková K, Venier M, Vighi M, Vrana B, Wania F, Weber R, Weiss P. Identifying the research and infrastructure needs for the global assessment of hazardous chemicals ten years after establishing the Stockholm Convention. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:7617-7619. [PMID: 21854007 DOI: 10.1021/es202751f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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