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Vazquez T, Vuppala S, Ayodeji I, Song L, Grimes N, Evans-Nguyen T. IN SITU MASS SPECTROMETERS FOR APPLICATIONS IN SPACE. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:670-691. [PMID: 32949473 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has played a remarkable role in exploring the chemical make-up of our solar system. In situ probes were historically developed to analyze inorganic/elemental compositions while leveraging native ions or harsh ionization methods to aid in exploring astrophysics applications (e.g., heliophysics). The part played by MS is demonstrated in a majority of scientific payloads focused on exploration, particularly at the turn of the century with missions including Cassini-Huygens, Rosetta, and now Mars Science Laboratory. Plasma mass spectrometers have grown more sophisticated to interrogate fundamental inorganic analysis (e.g., solar wind and magnetospheres) including both native ions and neutrals. Cosmic dust floating in-between and orbiting planetary bodies has been targeted by unique sampling via impact ionization. More complex systems rely on landed planetary instrumentation with lessons learned from pioneering missions in the 1970s and 1980s to near neighbors Mars and Venus. Modern probes have expanded applicable target chemicals by recognizing the needs to provide for molecular analyses, extended mass range, and high resolution to provide unequivocal detection and identification. Notably, as the field surrounding astrobiology has gained momentum, so has the in situ detection of complex molecular chemistry including the chemical evolution of organic molecules. Mission context often includes long term timelines from spacecraft launch to arrival and additionally the diverse target environments across various planets. Therefore, customized experimental designs for space MS have been born of necessity. To this point, the development of MS instrumentation on Earth has now far outpaced development for experiments in space. Therefore, exciting developments lie ahead among various international space agencies conducting current and future mission planning with increasingly enhanced instrumentation. For instance, near-neighbor Mars has entertained considerable attention with complex MS instrumentation with laser desorption ionization aboard the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer instrument. To study comets, the Rosetta mission employs a secondary ionization mechanism. Meanwhile, the various moons of Jupiter and Saturn have intriguing surface and subsurface properties that warrant more advanced analyzer systems. Instrumentation design will continue to evolve as requirements develop and this review serves as a reflection of the contribution of in situ MS to space exploration in the past 20 years and the anticipated contribution yet to come. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Vazquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Sinduri Vuppala
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Linxia Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Nathan Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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Teolis BD, Sillanpää I, Waite JH, Khurana KK. Surface current balance and thermoelectric whistler wings at airless astrophysical bodies: Cassini at Rhea. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2014; 119:8881-8901. [PMID: 26167436 PMCID: PMC4497460 DOI: 10.1002/2014ja020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sharp magnetic perturbations found by the Cassini spacecraft at the edge of the Rhea flux tube are consistent with field-aligned flux tube currents. The current system results from the difference of ion and electron gyroradii and the requirement to balance currents on the sharp Rhea surface. Differential-type hybrid codes that solve for ion velocity and magnetic field have an intrinsic difficulty modeling the plasma absorber's sharp surface. We overcome this problem by instead using integral equations to solve for ion and electron currents and obtain agreement with the magnetic perturbations at Rhea's flux tube edge. An analysis of the plasma dispersion relations and Cassini data reveals that field-guided whistler waves initiated by (1) the electron velocity anisotropy in the flux tube and (2) interaction with surface sheath electrostatic waves on topographic scales may facilitate propagation of the current system to large distances from Rhea. Current systems like those at Rhea should occur generally, for plasma absorbers of any size such as spacecraft or planetary bodies, in a wide range of space plasma environments. Motion through the plasma is not essential since the current system is thermodynamic in origin, excited by heat flow into the object. The requirements are a difference of ion and electron gyroradii and a sharp surface, i.e., without a significant thick atmosphere. KEY POINTS Surface current balance condition yields a current system at astronomical bodiesCurrent system possible for sharp (airless) objects of any sizeCurrent system is thermoelectric and motion through the plasma nonessential.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Teolis
- Space Science Division, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - I Sillanpää
- Space Science Division, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - J H Waite
- Space Science Division, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - K K Khurana
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
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Thomsen MF, Roussos E, Andriopoulou M, Kollmann P, Arridge CS, Paranicas CP, Gurnett DA, Powell RL, Tokar RL, Young DT. Saturn's inner magnetospheric convection pattern: Further evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu X, Hill TW. Effects of finite plasma pressure on centrifugally driven convection in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ray LC, Galand M, Moore LE, Fleshman B. Characterizing the limitations to the coupling between Saturn's ionosphere and middle magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schippers P, André N, Gurnett DA, Lewis GR, Persoon AM, Coates AJ. Identification of electron field-aligned current systems in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wilson RJ, Delamere PA, Bagenal F, Masters A. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at Saturn's magnetopause: Cassini ion data analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morooka MW, Wahlund JE, Eriksson AI, Farrell WM, Gurnett DA, Kurth WS, Persoon AM, Shafiq M, André M, Holmberg MKG. Dusty plasma in the vicinity of Enceladus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Szego K, Nemeth Z, Erdos G, Foldy L, Thomsen M, Delapp D. The plasma environment of Titan: The magnetodisk of Saturn near the encounters as derived from ion densities measured by the Cassini/CAPS plasma spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Szego
- KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Z. Nemeth
- KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - G. Erdos
- KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - L. Foldy
- KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - M. Thomsen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - D. Delapp
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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Hsu HW, Postberg F, Kempf S, Trieloff M, Burton M, Roy M, Moragas-Klostermeyer G, Srama R. Stream particles as the probe of the dust-plasma-magnetosphere interaction at Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.-W. Hsu
- MPI für Kernphysik; Heidelberg Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften; Ruprecht-Karls Universität; Heidelberg Germany
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Postberg
- MPI für Kernphysik; Heidelberg Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften; Ruprecht-Karls Universität; Heidelberg Germany
| | - S. Kempf
- MPI für Kernphysik; Heidelberg Germany
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik; Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - M. Trieloff
- Institut für Geowissenschaften; Ruprecht-Karls Universität; Heidelberg Germany
| | - M. Burton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Roy
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. Moragas-Klostermeyer
- MPI für Kernphysik; Heidelberg Germany
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. Srama
- MPI für Kernphysik; Heidelberg Germany
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
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Németh Z, Szego K, Bebesi Z, Erdős G, Foldy L, Rymer A, Sittler EC, Coates AJ, Wellbrock A. Ion distributions of different Kronian plasma regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Németh
- Department of Space Physics; KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Karoly Szego
- Department of Space Physics; KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bebesi
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - Géza Erdős
- Department of Space Physics; KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Lajos Foldy
- Department of Space Physics; KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Abigail Rymer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel MD USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Coates
- Planetary Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratories; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - Anne Wellbrock
- Planetary Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratories; University College London; Dorking UK
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Kellett S, Arridge CS, Bunce EJ, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Persoon AM, Sergis N, Wilson RJ. Saturn's ring current: Local time dependence and temporal variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kellett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - C. S. Arridge
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - E. J. Bunce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - M. K. Dougherty
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - A. M. Persoon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - N. Sergis
- Office for Space Research and Technology; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Bagenal F, Delamere PA. Flow of mass and energy in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fran Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Peter A. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Liu X, Hill TW, Wolf RA, Sazykin S, Spiro RW, Wu H. Numerical simulation of plasma transport in Saturn's inner magnetosphere using the Rice Convection Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Liu
- Physics and Astronomy Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - T. W. Hill
- Physics and Astronomy Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - R. A. Wolf
- Physics and Astronomy Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - S. Sazykin
- Physics and Astronomy Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - R. W. Spiro
- Physics and Astronomy Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - H. Wu
- Shell International Exploration and Production; Houston Texas USA
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Smith HT, Johnson RE, Perry ME, Mitchell DG, McNutt RL, Young DT. Enceladus plume variability and the neutral gas densities in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. T. Smith
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - R. E. Johnson
- Materials Science and Engineering Department; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - M. E. Perry
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - R. L. McNutt
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. T. Young
- Division of Space Science and Engineering; Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
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Thomsen MF, Reisenfeld DB, Delapp DM, Tokar RL, Young DT, Crary FJ, Sittler EC, McGraw MA, Williams JD. Survey of ion plasma parameters in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Thomsen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | | | - D. M. Delapp
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. L. Tokar
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - D. T. Young
- Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
| | - F. J. Crary
- Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
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Chen Y, Hill TW, Rymer AM, Wilson RJ. Rate of radial transport of plasma in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - T. W. Hill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - A. M. Rymer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Clarke KE, Andrews DJ, Arridge CS, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH. Magnetopause oscillations near the planetary period at Saturn: Occurrence, phase, and amplitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Clarke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
| | - D. J. Andrews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
| | - C. S. Arridge
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking United Kingdom
- The Centre for Planetary Sciences at University College London/Birkbeck; London United Kingdom
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking United Kingdom
- The Centre for Planetary Sciences at University College London/Birkbeck; London United Kingdom
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
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Müller AL, Saur J, Krupp N, Roussos E, Mauk BH, Rymer AM, Mitchell DG, Krimigis SM. Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
- Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - J. Saur
- Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - N. Krupp
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - E. Roussos
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - A. M. Rymer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
- Office of Space Research Technology; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
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Kellett S, Arridge CS, Bunce EJ, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Persoon AM, Sergis N, Wilson RJ. Nature of the ring current in Saturn's dayside magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kellett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - C. S. Arridge
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London/Birkbeck; London UK
| | - E. J. Bunce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London/Birkbeck; London UK
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - M. K. Dougherty
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group; Imperial College; London UK
| | - A. M. Persoon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - N. Sergis
- Office for Space Research and Technology; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Andrews DJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Provan G. Magnetic field oscillations near the planetary period in Saturn's equatorial magnetosphere: Variation of amplitude and phase with radial distance and local time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G. Provan
- University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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Fleshman BL, Delamere PA, Bagenal F. A sensitivity study of the Enceladus torus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Persoon AM, Gurnett DA, Santolik O, Kurth WS, Faden JB, Groene JB, Lewis GR, Coates AJ, Wilson RJ, Tokar RL, Wahlund JE, Moncuquet M. A diffusive equilibrium model for the plasma density in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Persoon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - O. Santolik
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - J. B. Faden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - J. B. Groene
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. R. Lewis
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Space and Atmospheric Science Group; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. L. Tokar
- Space and Atmospheric Science Group; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | | | - M. Moncuquet
- Laboratoire d'Etudies Spatiales et Instrumentation en Astrophysique; Observatoire de Paris; Meudon France
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Sergis N, Krimigis SM, Mitchell DG, Hamilton DC, Krupp N, Mauk BH, Roelof EC, Dougherty MK. Energetic particle pressure in Saturn's magnetosphere measured with the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument on Cassini. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sergis
- Office for Space Research and Technology; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Office for Space Research and Technology; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. C. Hamilton
- Department of Physics; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Lindau Germany
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - E. C. Roelof
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - M. K. Dougherty
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group; Imperial College; London UK
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