1
|
Elsunousi AAM, Sevik H, Cetin M, Ozel HB, Ozel HU. Periodical and regional change of particulate matter and CO 2 concentration in Misurata. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:707. [PMID: 34623523 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Today, environmental pollution, air pollution in particular, is among the most important problems in the world. Air pollution, which has become a global issue, is estimated to cause the death of around 1 in 8 people worldwide. Due to the significance of air pollution, all components of air pollution are of great importance for human health, and thus the studies on air pollution are highly important, especially in areas with high population density. In this study, it was aimed to determine the regional and periodic change of CO2 and particulate matter pollution in the city of Misurata, one of the important cities of Libya. The study was conducted in the city centre of Misurata, and the measurements were made once in every three days between November and February at 7 different locations selected in the city centre. As a result of the measurements made, the changes in the pollution parameters were evaluated on the basis of zones and months. As a result of the study, the cleanest areas were found to be the industrial area (B3) located in the east of the city and the zone (B4), where the Al-Swehli farm was located, while the dirtiest areas were found to be the main street (B1 and B2) in the city centre and the city centre, in general. In terms of months, the lowest CO2 values were obtained in January, and the highest value was in February, whereas the lowest particulate matter values were obtained in January and the highest values in December.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Ahmed Mohamed Elsunousi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Hakan Sevik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cetin
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Halil Baris Ozel
- Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Handan Ucun Ozel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frank AH, van Geldern R, Myrttinen A, Zimmer M, Barth JAC, Strauch B. Geological CO 2 quantified by high-temporal resolution stable isotope monitoring in a salt mine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20671. [PMID: 33244124 PMCID: PMC7691992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of CO2 emissions from geological sources to the atmospheric carbon budget is becoming increasingly recognized. Although geogenic gas migration along faults and in volcanic zones is generally well studied, short-term dynamics of diffusive geogenic CO2 emissions are mostly unknown. While geogenic CO2 is considered a challenging threat for underground mining operations, mines provide an extraordinary opportunity to observe geogenic degassing and dynamics close to its source. Stable carbon isotope monitoring of CO2 allows partitioning geogenic from anthropogenic contributions. High temporal-resolution enables the recognition of temporal and interdependent dynamics, easily missed by discrete sampling. Here, data is presented from an active underground salt mine in central Germany, collected on-site utilizing a field-deployed laser isotope spectrometer. Throughout the 34-day measurement period, total CO2 concentrations varied between 805 ppmV (5th percentile) and 1370 ppmV (95th percentile). With a 400-ppm atmospheric background concentration, an isotope mixing model allows the separation of geogenic (16–27%) from highly dynamic anthropogenic combustion-related contributions (21–54%). The geogenic fraction is inversely correlated to established CO2 concentrations that were driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions within the mine. The described approach is applicable to other environments, including different types of underground mines, natural caves, and soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Frank
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Robert van Geldern
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Zimmer
- Inorganic and Isotope Geochemistry, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Johannes A C Barth
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Strauch
- Inorganic and Isotope Geochemistry, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laskar AH, Maurya AS, Singh V, Gurjar BR, Liang MC. A new perspective of probing the level of pollution in the megacity Delhi affected by crop residue burning using the triple oxygen isotope technique in atmospheric CO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114542. [PMID: 32311636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in the megacity Delhi is affected not only by local emissions but also by pollutants from crop residue burning in the surrounding areas of the city, particularly the rice straw burning in the post monsoon season. As a major burning product, gaseous CO2, which is rather inert in the polluted atmosphere, provides an alternative solution to characterize the impact of biomass burning from a new perspective that other common tracers such as particulate matters are limited because of their physical and chemical reactiveness. Here, we report conventional ([CO2], δ13C, and δ18O) and unconventional (Δ17O) isotope data for CO2 collected at Connaught Place (CP), a core area in the megacity Delhi, and two surrounding remote regions during a field campaign in October 18-20, 2017. We also measured the isotopic ratios near a rice straw burning site in Taiwan to constrain their end member isotopic compositions. Rice straw burning produces CO2 with δ13C, δ18O, and Δ17O values of -29.02 ± 0.65, 19.63 ± 1.16, and 0.05 ± 0.02‰, respectively. The first two isotopic tracers are less distinguishable from those emitted by fossil fuel combustion but the last one is significantly different. We then utilize these end member isotopic ratios, with emphasis on Δ17O for the reason given above, for partitioning sources that affect the CO2 level in Delhi. Anthropogenic fraction of CO2 at CP ranges from 4 to 40%. Further analysis done by employing a three-component (background, rice straw burning, and fuel combustion) mixing model with constraints from the Δ17O values yields that rice straw burning contributes as much as ∼70% of the total anthropogenic CO2, which is more than double of the fossil fuel contribution (∼30%), during the study days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhayanand S Maurya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishvendra Singh
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhola R Gurjar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui X, Newman S, Xu X, Andrews AE, Miller J, Lehman S, Jeong S, Zhang J, Priest C, Campos-Pineda M, Gurney KR, Graven H, Southon J, Fischer ML. Atmospheric observation-based estimation of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions from regions of central and southern California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:381-391. [PMID: 30743131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Combustion of fossil fuel is the dominant source of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere in California. Here, we describe radiocarbon (14CO2) measurements and atmospheric inverse modeling to estimate fossil fuel CO2 (ffCO2) emissions for 2009-2012 from a site in central California, and for June 2013-May 2014 from two sites in southern California. A priori predicted ffCO2 mixing ratios are computed based on regional atmospheric transport model (WRF-STILT) footprints and an hourly ffCO2 prior emission map (Vulcan 2.2). Regional inversions using observations from the central California site suggest that emissions from the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) are higher in winter and lower in summer. Taking all years together, the average of a total of fifteen 3-month inversions from 2009 to 2012 suggests ffCO2 emissions from SFBA were within 6 ± 35% of the a priori estimate for that region, where posterior emission uncertainties are reported as 95% confidence intervals. Results for four 3-month inversions using measurements in Los Angeles South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) during June 2013-May 2014 suggest that emissions in SoCAB are within 13 ± 28% of the a priori estimate for that region, with marginal detection of any seasonality. While emissions from the SFBA and SoCAB urban regions (containing ~50% of prior emissions from California) are constrained by the observations, emissions from the remaining regions are less constrained, suggesting that additional observations will be valuable to more accurately estimate total ffCO2 emissions from California as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Cui
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Sally Newman
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Arlyn E Andrews
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder CO, USA
| | - John Miller
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chad Priest
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John Southon
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Laskar AH, Lin L, Jiang X, Liang M. Distribution of CO 2 in Western Pacific, Studied Using Isotope Data Made in Taiwan, OCO-2 Satellite Retrievals, and CarbonTracker Products. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2018; 5:827-842. [PMID: 30775410 PMCID: PMC6360507 DOI: 10.1029/2018ea000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess sources and processes that affect the variability of CO2 at local to regional scales, we have analyzed the mixing ratio [CO2] and stable isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of atmospheric CO2 for three years (2014-2016) in urban and sub-urban areas in Taipei, Taiwan. The data are compared with those from some background sites, viz., Lulin, Mauna Loa, and Minamitorishima, to evaluate how local emissions affect CO2 level regionally. [CO2] over the urban and sub-urban stations are significantly higher than that observed at the three aforementioned remote sites mainly due to local emissions, which partly mask the seasonal cycle caused by photosynthesis and respiration. Likewise, significantly low δ13C and δ18O values observed at two Taipei stations also point to anthropogenic emissions. The seasonal cycles in [CO2] and in the isotopic compositions are retrieved using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Regional impact is assessed using CO2 products from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite, the NOAA/EARL CarbonTracker project, and meteorological data from European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast-Interim. We found that besides local emissions, Taiwan is largely affected by external CO2 in winter and spring originated from north, west and southwest landmasses. In winter air masses with elevated CO2 concentrations, originated in eastern China influence Taipei. In spring season, about 2 ppmv enhancement in CO2 observed at the top of Lulin, a high mountain station (2.8 km), could be linked to CO2 produced by biomass burning in the southeast Asian countries and transported to the region by easterly winds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H. Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Now at Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Li‐Ching Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Now at Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Mao‐Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Now at Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mitchell LE, Lin JC, Bowling DR, Pataki DE, Strong C, Schauer AJ, Bares R, Bush SE, Stephens BB, Mendoza D, Mallia D, Holland L, Gurney KR, Ehleringer JR. Long-term urban carbon dioxide observations reveal spatial and temporal dynamics related to urban characteristics and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2912-2917. [PMID: 29507190 PMCID: PMC5866532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702393115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities are concentrated areas of CO2 emissions and have become the foci of policies for mitigation actions. However, atmospheric measurement networks suitable for evaluating urban emissions over time are scarce. Here we present a unique long-term (decadal) record of CO2 mole fractions from five sites across Utah's metropolitan Salt Lake Valley. We examine "excess" CO2 above background conditions resulting from local emissions and meteorological conditions. We ascribe CO2 trends to changes in emissions, since we did not find long-term trends in atmospheric mixing proxies. Three contrasting CO2 trends emerged across urban types: negative trends at a residential-industrial site, positive trends at a site surrounded by rapid suburban growth, and relatively constant CO2 over time at multiple sites in the established, residential, and commercial urban core. Analysis of population within the atmospheric footprints of the different sites reveals approximately equal increases in population influencing the observed CO2, implying a nonlinear relationship with CO2 emissions: Population growth in rural areas that experienced suburban development was associated with increasing emissions while population growth in the developed urban core was associated with stable emissions. Four state-of-the-art global-scale emission inventories also have a nonlinear relationship with population density across the city; however, in contrast to our observations, they all have nearly constant emissions over time. Our results indicate that decadal scale changes in urban CO2 emissions are detectable through monitoring networks and constitute a valuable approach to evaluate emission inventories and studies of urban carbon cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan E Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
| | - John C Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - David R Bowling
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Diane E Pataki
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Courtenay Strong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Andrew J Schauer
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ryan Bares
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Susan E Bush
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | | | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Derek Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Lacey Holland
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Kevin R Gurney
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wada R, Matsumi Y, Nakayama T, Hiyama T, Fujiyoshi Y, Kurita N, Muramoto K, Takanashi S, Kodama N, Takahashi Y. Continuous measurements of stable isotopes of carbon dioxide and water vapour in an urban atmosphere: isotopic variations associated with meteorological conditions. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:646-659. [PMID: 28756690 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2017.1348351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isotope ratios of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the near-surface air were continuously measured for one month in an urban area of the city of Nagoya in central Japan in September 2010 using laser spectroscopic techniques. During the passages of a typhoon and a stationary front in the observation period, remarkable changes in the isotope ratios of CO2 and water vapour were observed. The isotope ratios of both CO2 and water vapour decreased during the typhoon passage. The decreases can be attributed to the air coming from an industrial area and the rainout effects of the typhoon, respectively. During the passage of the stationary front, δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2 increased, while δ2H-H2Ov and δ18O-H2Ov decreased. These changes can be attributed to the air coming from rural areas and the air surrounding the observational site changing from a subtropical air mass to a subpolar air mass during the passage of the stationary front. A clear relationship was observed between the isotopic CO2 and water vapour and the meteorological phenomena. Therefore, isotopic information of CO2 and H2Ov could be used as a tracer of meteorological information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Wada
- a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
- b Department of Natural and Environmental Science , Teikyo University of Science , Uenohara , Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsumi
- a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
- c Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakayama
- a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
- c Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiyama
- a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujiyoshi
- d Institute of Low Temperature Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kurita
- a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Kenichiro Muramoto
- e Graduate School of Natural Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- f Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Naomi Kodama
- g National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences , Tsukuba , Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Verhulst KR, Karion A, Kim J, Salameh PK, Keeling RF, Newman S, Miller J, Sloop C, Pongetti T, Rao P, Wong C, Hopkins FM, Yadav V, Weiss RF, Duren RM, Miller CE. Carbon dioxide and methane measurements from the Los Angeles Megacity Carbon Project - Part 1: calibration, urban enhancements, and uncertainty estimates. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017. [PMID: 30984251 DOI: 10.5194/acp-2016-850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report continuous surface observations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from the Los Angeles (LA) Megacity Carbon Project during 2015. We devised a calibration strategy, methods for selection of background air masses, calculation of urban enhancements, and a detailed algorithm for estimating uncertainties in urban-scale CO2 and CH4 measurements. These methods are essential for understanding carbon fluxes from the LA megacity and other complex urban environments globally. We estimate background mole fractions entering LA using observations from four "extra-urban" sites including two "marine" sites located south of LA in La Jolla (LJO) and offshore on San Clemente Island (SCI), one "continental" site located in Victorville (VIC), in the high desert northeast of LA, and one "continental/mid-troposphere" site located on Mount Wilson (MWO) in the San Gabriel Mountains. We find that a local marine background can be established to within ~1 ppm CO2 and ~10 ppb CH4 using these local measurement sites. Overall, atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane levels are highly variable across Los Angeles. "Urban" and "suburban" sites show moderate to large CO2 and CH4 enhancements relative to a marine background estimate. The USC (University of Southern California) site near downtown LA exhibits median hourly enhancements of ~20 ppm CO2 and ~150 ppb CH4 during 2015 as well as ~15 ppm CO2 and ~80 ppb CH4 during mid-afternoon hours (12:00-16:00 LT, local time), which is the typical period of focus for flux inversions. The estimated measurement uncertainty is typically better than 0.1 ppm CO2 and 1 ppb CH4 based on the repeated standard gas measurements from the LA sites during the last 2 years, similar to Andrews et al. (2014). The largest component of the measurement uncertainty is due to the single-point calibration method; however, the uncertainty in the background mole fraction is much larger than the measurement uncertainty. The background uncertainty for the marine background estimate is ~10 and ~15 % of the median mid-afternoon enhancement near downtown LA for CO2 and CH4, respectively. Overall, analytical and background uncertainties are small relative to the local CO2 and CH4 enhancements; however, our results suggest that reducing the uncertainty to less than 5 % of the median mid-afternoon enhancement will require detailed assessment of the impact of meteorology on background conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristal R Verhulst
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Karion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter K Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John Miller
- NOAA/ESRL/GMD, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Pongetti
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Preeti Rao
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Clare Wong
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Francesca M Hopkins
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vineet Yadav
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Riley M Duren
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles E Miller
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Verhulst KR, Karion A, Kim J, Salameh PK, Keeling RF, Newman S, Miller J, Sloop C, Pongetti T, Rao P, Wong C, Hopkins FM, Yadav V, Weiss RF, Duren RM, Miller CE. Carbon dioxide and methane measurements from the Los Angeles Megacity Carbon Project - Part 1: calibration, urban enhancements, and uncertainty estimates. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:10.5194/acp-17-8313-2017. [PMID: 30984251 PMCID: PMC6459414 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8313-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report continuous surface observations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from the Los Angeles (LA) Megacity Carbon Project during 2015. We devised a calibration strategy, methods for selection of background air masses, calculation of urban enhancements, and a detailed algorithm for estimating uncertainties in urban-scale CO2 and CH4 measurements. These methods are essential for understanding carbon fluxes from the LA megacity and other complex urban environments globally. We estimate background mole fractions entering LA using observations from four "extra-urban" sites including two "marine" sites located south of LA in La Jolla (LJO) and offshore on San Clemente Island (SCI), one "continental" site located in Victorville (VIC), in the high desert northeast of LA, and one "continental/mid-troposphere" site located on Mount Wilson (MWO) in the San Gabriel Mountains. We find that a local marine background can be established to within ~1 ppm CO2 and ~10 ppb CH4 using these local measurement sites. Overall, atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane levels are highly variable across Los Angeles. "Urban" and "suburban" sites show moderate to large CO2 and CH4 enhancements relative to a marine background estimate. The USC (University of Southern California) site near downtown LA exhibits median hourly enhancements of ~20 ppm CO2 and ~150 ppb CH4 during 2015 as well as ~15 ppm CO2 and ~80 ppb CH4 during mid-afternoon hours (12:00-16:00 LT, local time), which is the typical period of focus for flux inversions. The estimated measurement uncertainty is typically better than 0.1 ppm CO2 and 1 ppb CH4 based on the repeated standard gas measurements from the LA sites during the last 2 years, similar to Andrews et al. (2014). The largest component of the measurement uncertainty is due to the single-point calibration method; however, the uncertainty in the background mole fraction is much larger than the measurement uncertainty. The background uncertainty for the marine background estimate is ~10 and ~15 % of the median mid-afternoon enhancement near downtown LA for CO2 and CH4, respectively. Overall, analytical and background uncertainties are small relative to the local CO2 and CH4 enhancements; however, our results suggest that reducing the uncertainty to less than 5 % of the median mid-afternoon enhancement will require detailed assessment of the impact of meteorology on background conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristal R. Verhulst
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Karion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter K. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ralph F. Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John Miller
- NOAA/ESRL/GMD, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Pongetti
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Preeti Rao
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Clare Wong
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Francesca M. Hopkins
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vineet Yadav
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ray F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Riley M. Duren
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles E. Miller
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Laskar AH, Mahata S, Liang MC. Identification of Anthropogenic CO 2 Using Triple Oxygen and Clumped Isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11806-11814. [PMID: 27690222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of contributions from various sources of CO2 is important for understanding the atmospheric CO2 budget. Considering the number and diversity of sources and sinks, the widely used proxies such as concentration and conventional isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) are not always sufficient to fully constrain the CO2 budget. Additional constraints may help in understanding the mechanisms of CO2 production and consumption. The anomaly in triple oxygen isotopes or 17O excess (denoted by Δ17O) and molecules containing two rare isotopes, called clumped isotopes, are two recently developed tracers with potentials to independently constrain some important processes that regulate CO2 in the atmosphere. The clumped isotope for CO2, denoted by Δ47, is the excess of 13C16O18O over a random distribution of isotopes in a CO2 molecule. We measured the concentrations of δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, and Δ47 in air CO2 samples collected from the Hsuehshan tunnel (length: 12.9 km), and applied linear and polynomial regressions to obtain the fossil fuel end-members for all these isotope proxies. The other end-members, the values of all these proxies for background air CO2, are either assumed or taken as the values obtained over the tunnel and ocean. The fossil fuel (anthropogenic) CO2 end-member values for δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, and Δ47 are estimated using the two component mixing approach: the derived values are -26.76 ± 0.25‰, 24.57 ± 0.33‰, -0.219 ± 0.021‰, and 0.267 ± 0.036‰, respectively. These four major CO2 isotope tracers along with the concentration were used to estimate the anthropogenic contribution in the atmospheric CO2 in urban and suburban locations. We demonstrate that Δ17O and Δ47 have the potential to independently estimate anthropogenic contribution, and the advantages of these two over the conventional isotope proxies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lauvaux T, Miles NL, Deng A, Richardson SJ, Cambaliza MO, Davis KJ, Gaudet B, Gurney KR, Huang J, O'Keefe D, Song Y, Karion A, Oda T, Patarasuk R, Razlivanov I, Sarmiento D, Shepson P, Sweeney C, Turnbull J, Wu K. High-resolution atmospheric inversion of urban CO 2 emissions during the dormant season of the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX). JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:5213-5236. [PMID: 32818124 PMCID: PMC7430513 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd024473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Based on a uniquely dense network of surface towers measuring continuously the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), we developed the first comprehensive monitoring systems of CO2 emissions at high resolution over the city of Indianapolis. The urban inversion evaluated over the 2012-2013 dormant season showed a statistically significant increase of about 20% (from 4.5 to 5.7 MtC ± 0.23 MtC) compared to the Hestia CO2 emission estimate, a state-of-the-art building-level emission product. Spatial structures in prior emission errors, mostly undetermined, appeared to affect the spatial pattern in the inverse solution and the total carbon budget over the entire area by up to 15%, while the inverse solution remains fairly insensitive to the CO2 boundary inflow and to the different prior emissions (i.e., ODIAC). Preceding the surface emission optimization, we improved the atmospheric simulations using a meteorological data assimilation system also informing our Bayesian inversion system through updated observations error variances. Finally, we estimated the uncertainties associated with undetermined parameters using an ensemble of inversions. The total CO2 emissions based on the ensemble mean and quartiles (5.26-5.91 MtC) were statistically different compared to the prior total emissions (4.1 to 4.5 MtC). Considering the relatively small sensitivity to the different parameters, we conclude that atmospheric inversions are potentially able to constrain the carbon budget of the city, assuming sufficient data to measure the inflow of GHG over the city, but additional information on prior emission error structures are required to determine the spatial structures of urban emissions at high resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lauvaux
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Natasha L Miles
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aijun Deng
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott J Richardson
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria O Cambaliza
- Department of Physics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
- Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila Campus, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Gaudet
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin R Gurney
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jianhua Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Darragh O'Keefe
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Yang Song
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Anna Karion
- CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technologies and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Risa Patarasuk
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Igor Razlivanov
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel Sarmiento
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Colm Sweeney
- CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jocelyn Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang CC, Wang JL, Chang CY, Liang MC, Lin MR. Development of a multicopter-carried whole air sampling apparatus and its applications in environmental studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:484-492. [PMID: 26386435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To advance the capabilities of probing chemical composition aloft, we designed a lightweight remote-controlled whole air sampling component (WASC) and integrated it into a multicopter drone with agile maneuverability to perform aerial whole air sampling. A field mission hovering over an exhaust shaft of a roadway tunnel to collect air samples was performed to demonstrate the applicability of the multicopter-carried WASC apparatus. Ten aerial air samples surrounding the shaft vent were collected by the multicopter-carried WASC. Additional five samples were collected manually inside the shaft for comparison. These samples were then analyzed in the laboratory for the chemical composition of 109 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CH4, CO, CO2, or CO2 isotopologues. Most of the VOCs in the upwind samples (the least affected by shaft exhaust) were low in concentrations (5.9 ppbv for total 109 VOCs), posting a strong contrast to those in the shaft exhaust (235.8 ppbv for total 109 VOCs). By comparing the aerial samples with the in-shaft samples for chemical compositions, the influence of the shaft exhaust on the surrounding natural air was estimated. Through the aerial measurements, three major advantages of the multicopter-carried WASC were demonstrated: 1. The highly maneuverable multicopter-carried WASC can be readily deployed for three-dimensional environmental studies at a local scale (0-1.5 km); 2. Aerial sampling with superior sample integrity and preservation conditions can now be performed with ease; and 3. Data with spatial resolution for a large array of gaseous species with high precision can be easily obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oxygen anomaly in near surface carbon dioxide reveals deep stratospheric intrusion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11352. [PMID: 26081178 PMCID: PMC4469951 DOI: 10.1038/srep11352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratosphere-troposphere exchange could be enhanced by tropopause folding, linked to variability in the subtropical jet stream. Relevant to tropospheric biogeochemistry is irreversible transport from the stratosphere, associated with deep intrusions. Here, oxygen anomalies in near surface air CO2 are used to study the irreversible transport from the stratosphere, where the triple oxygen isotopes of CO2 are distinct from those originating from the Earth’s surface. We show that the oxygen anomaly in CO2 is observable at sea level and the magnitude of the signal increases during the course of our sampling period (September 2013-February 2014), concordant with the strengthening of the subtropical jet system and the East Asia winter monsoon. The trend of the anomaly is found to be 0.1‰/month (R2 = 0.6) during the jet development period in October. Implications for utilizing the oxygen anomaly in CO2 for CO2 biogeochemical cycle study and stratospheric intrusion flux at the surface are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Guha T, Ghosh P. Diurnal and seasonal variation of mixing ratio and δ¹³C of air CO₂ observed at an urban station Bangalore, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1877-1890. [PMID: 25292295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present here observations on diurnal and seasonal variation of mixing ratio and δ(13)C of air CO2, from an urban station-Bangalore (BLR), India, monitored between October 2008 and December 2011. On a diurnal scale, higher mixing ratio with depleted δ(13)C of air CO2 was found for the samples collected during early morning compared to the samples collected during late afternoon. On a seasonal scale, mixing ratio was found to be higher for dry summer months (April-May) and lower for southwest monsoon months (June-July). The maximum enrichment in δ(13)C of air CO2 (-8.04 ± 0.02‰) was seen in October, then δ(13)C started depleting and maximum depletion (-9.31 ± 0.07‰) was observed during dry summer months. Immediately after that an increasing trend in δ(13)C was monitored coincidental with the advancement of southwest monsoon months and maximum enrichment was seen again in October. Although a similar pattern in seasonal variation was observed for the three consecutive years, the dry summer months of 2011 captured distinctly lower amplitude in both the mixing ratio and δ(13)C of air CO2 compared to the dry summer months of 2009 and 2010. This was explained with reduced biomass burning and increased productivity associated with prominent La Nina condition. While compared with the observations from the nearest coastal and open ocean stations-Cabo de Rama (CRI) and Seychelles (SEY), BLR being located within an urban region captured higher amplitude of seasonal variation. The average δ(13)C value of the end member source CO2 was identified based on both diurnal and seasonal scale variation. The δ(13)C value of source CO2 (-24.9 ± 3‰) determined based on diurnal variation was found to differ drastically from the source value (-14.6 ± 0.7‰) identified based on seasonal scale variation. The source CO2 identified based on diurnal variation incorporated both early morning and late afternoon sample; whereas, the source CO2 identified based on seasonal variation included only afternoon samples. Thus, it is evident from the study that sampling timing is one of the important factors while characterizing the composition of end member source CO2 for a particular station. The difference in δ(13)C value of source CO2 obtained based on both diurnal and seasonal variation might be due to possible contribution from cement industry along with fossil fuel / biomass burning as predominant sources for the station along with differential meteorological conditions prevailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Guha
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India,
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Djuricin S, Xu X, Pataki DE. The radiocarbon composition of tree rings as a tracer of local fossil fuel emissions in the Los Angeles basin: 1980-2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Vay SA, Choi Y, Vadrevu KP, Blake DR, Tyler SC, Wisthaler A, Hecobian A, Kondo Y, Diskin GS, Sachse GW, Woo JH, Weinheimer AJ, Burkhart JF, Stohl A, Wennberg PO. Patterns of CO2and radiocarbon across high northern latitudes during International Polar Year 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Djuricin S, Pataki DE, Xu X. A comparison of tracer methods for quantifying CO2sources in an urban region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Jacobson MZ. Enhancement of local air pollution by urban CO(2) domes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2497-2502. [PMID: 20218542 DOI: 10.1021/es903018m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Data suggest that domes of high CO(2) levels form over cities. Despite our knowledge of these domes for over a decade, no study has contemplated their effects on air pollution or health. In fact, all air pollution regulations worldwide assume arbitrarily that such domes have no local health impact, and carbon policy proposals, such as "cap and trade", implicitly assume that CO(2) impacts are the same regardless of where emissions occur. Here, it is found through data-evaluated numerical modeling with telescoping domains from the globe to the U.S., California, and Los Angeles, that local CO(2) emissions in isolation may increase local ozone and particulate matter. Although health impacts of such changes are uncertain, they are of concern, and it is estimated that that local CO(2) emissions may increase premature mortality by 50-100 and 300-1000/yr in California and the U.S., respectively. As such, reducing locally emitted CO(2) may reduce local air pollution mortality even if CO(2) in adjacent regions is not controlled. If correct, this result contradicts the basis for air pollution regulations worldwide, none of which considers controlling local CO(2) based on its local health impacts. It also suggests that a "cap and trade" policy should consider the location of CO(2) emissions, as the underlying assumption of the policy is incorrect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA.
| |
Collapse
|