1
|
Koren G, Schneider L, van der Velde IR, van Schaik E, Gromov SS, Adnew GA, Mrozek Martino DJ, Hofmann MEG, Liang M, Mahata S, Bergamaschi P, van der Laan‐Luijkx IT, Krol MC, Röckmann T, Peters W. Global 3-D Simulations of the Triple Oxygen Isotope Signature Δ 17O in Atmospheric CO 2. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:8808-8836. [PMID: 31598450 PMCID: PMC6774299 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The triple oxygen isotope signature Δ17O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its "17O excess," has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3-D model simulations for Δ17O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3-D model framework we include the stratospheric source of Δ17O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on Δ17O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean Δ17O (defined as Δ 17 O = ln ( δ 17 O + 1 ) - λ RL · ln ( δ 18 O + 1 ) with λ RL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500 m of the atmosphere is 39.6 per meg, which is ∼20 per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric Δ17O in CO2 profile from Sodankylä (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of Δ17O in CO2 from Göttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of Δ17O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of Δ17O in atmospheric CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Linda Schneider
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐TRO)Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
- Now at Zentrum für Sonnenenergie‐ und Wasserstoff‐Forschung Baden‐Württemberg (ZSW)StuttgartGermany
| | - Ivar R. van der Velde
- Earth System Research LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
- Now at Faculty of ScienceVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van Schaik
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sergey S. Gromov
- Atmospheric Chemistry DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and RASMoscowRussia
| | - Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Magdalena E. G. Hofmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at Picarro B.V. 's‐HertogenboschThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Institute of Global Environmental ChangeXian Jiaotong UniversityXianChina
| | | | | | - Maarten C. Krol
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Linz M, Plumb RA, Gerber EP, Haenel FJ, Stiller G, Kinnison DE, Ming A, Neu JL. The strength of the meridional overturning circulation of the stratosphere. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2017; 10:663-667. [PMID: 28966661 PMCID: PMC5619637 DOI: 10.1038/ngeo3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of gases such as ozone and water vapour in the stratosphere - which affect surface climate - is influenced by the meridional overturning of mass in the stratosphere, the Brewer-Dobson circulation. However, observation-based estimates of its global strength are difficult to obtain. Here we present two calculations of the mean strength of the meridional overturning of the stratosphere. We analyze satellite data that document the global diabatic circulation between 2007- 2011, and compare these to three re-analysis data sets and to simulations with a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model. Using measurements of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrous oxide, we calculate the global mean diabatic overturning mass flux throughout the stratosphere. In the lower stratosphere, these two estimates agree, and at a potential temperature level of 460 K (about 20 km or 60 hPa in tropics), the global circulation strength is 6.3-7.6 × 109 kg/s. Higher in the atmosphere, only the SF6-based estimate is available, and it diverges from the re-analysis data and simulations. Interpretation of the SF6 data-based estimate is limited because of a mesospheric sink of SF6; however, the reanalyses also differ substantially from each other. We conclude that the uncertainty in the mean meridional overturning circulation strength at upper levels of the stratosphere amounts to at least 100 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Linz
- Correspondence and material requests should be addressed to Marianna Linz,
| | - R. Alan Plumb
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edwin P. Gerber
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian J. Haenel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gabriele Stiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Douglas E. Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alison Ming
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica L. Neu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rollins AW, Thornberry TD, Watts LA, Yu P, Rosenlof KH, Mills M, Baumann E, Giorgetta FR, Bui TV, Höpfner M, Walker KA, Boone C, Bernath PF, Colarco PR, Newman PA, Fahey DW, Gao RS. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide in Stratospheric Aerosol Formation Evaluated Using In-Situ Measurements in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:4280-4286. [PMID: 29225384 PMCID: PMC5719884 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl072754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stratospheric aerosols (SAs) are a variable component of the Earth's albedo that may be intentionally enhanced in the future to offset greenhouse gases (geoengineering). The role of tropospheric-sourced sulfur dioxide (SO2) in maintaining background SAs has been debated for decades without in-situ measurements of SO2 at the tropical tropopause to inform this issue. Here we clarify the role of SO2 in maintaining SAs by using new in-situ SO2 measurements to evaluate climate models and satellite retrievals. We then use the observed tropical tropopause SO2 mixing ratios to estimate the global flux of SO2 across the tropical tropopause. These analyses show that the tropopause background SO2 is about 5 times smaller than reported by the average satellite observations that have been used recently to test atmospheric models. This shifts the view of SO2 as a dominant source of SAs to a near-negligible one, possibly revealing a significant gap in the SA budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Rollins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T D Thornberry
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L A Watts
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Yu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K H Rosenlof
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Mills
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F R Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T V Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - M Höpfner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K A Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - C Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - P F Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - P R Colarco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Corresponding author: Andrew Rollins
| | - P A Newman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Corresponding author: Andrew Rollins
| | - D W Fahey
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R S Gao
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weigel K, Rozanov A, Azam F, Bramstedt K, Damadeo R, Eichmann KU, Gebhardt C, Hurst D, Kraemer M, Lossow S, Read W, Spelten N, Stiller GP, Walker KA, Weber M, Bovensmann H, Burrows JP. UTLS water vapour from SCIAMACHY limb measurementsV3.01 (2002-2012). ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:133-158. [PMID: 29263764 PMCID: PMC5734655 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-133-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) aboard the Envisat satellite provided measurements from August 2002 until April 2012. SCIAMACHY measured the scattered or direct sunlight using different observation geometries. The limb viewing geometry allows the retrieval of water vapour at about 10-25 km height from the near-infrared spectral range (1353-1410 nm). These data cover the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), a region in the atmosphere which is of special interest for a variety of dynamical and chemical processes as well as for the radiative forcing. Here, the latest data version of water vapour (V3.01) from SCIAMACHY limb measurements is presented and validated by comparisons with data sets from other satellite and in situ measurements. Considering retrieval tests and the results of these comparisons, the V3.01 data are reliable from about 11 to 23 km and the best results are found in the middle of the profiles between about 14 and 20 km. Above 20 km in the extra tropics V3.01 is drier than all other data sets. Additionally, for altitudes above about 19 km, the vertical resolution of the retrieved profile is not sufficient to resolve signals with a short vertical structure like the tape recorder. Below 14 km, SCIAMACHY water vapour V3.01 is wetter than most collocated data sets, but the high variability of water vapour in the troposphere complicates the comparison. For 14-20 km height, the expected errors from the retrieval and simulations and the mean differences to collocated data sets are usually smaller than 10 % when the resolution of the SCIAMACHY data is taken into account. In general, the temporal changes agree well with collocated data sets except for the Northern Hemisphere extratropical stratosphere, where larger differences are observed. This indicates a possible drift in V3.01 most probably caused by the incomplete treatment of volcanic aerosols in the retrieval. In all other regions a good temporal stability is shown. In the tropical stratosphere an increase in water vapour is found between 2002 and 2012, which is in agreement with other satellite data sets for overlapping time periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Weigel
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - A. Rozanov
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - F. Azam
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - K. Bramstedt
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - R. Damadeo
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - K.-U. Eichmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - C. Gebhardt
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - D. Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - M. Kraemer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research – Stratosphere IEK-7, Jülich, Germany
| | - S. Lossow
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research – IMK, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W. Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - N. Spelten
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research – Stratosphere IEK-7, Jülich, Germany
| | - G. P. Stiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research – IMK, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. A. Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Weber
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - H. Bovensmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J. P. Burrows
- Institute of Environmental Physics – IUP, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li F, Waugh DW, Douglass AR, Newman PA, Strahan SE, Ma J, Nielsen JE, Liang Q. Long-term changes in stratospheric age spectra in the 21st century in the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
Strahan SE, Douglass AR, Stolarski RS, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Butchart N, Chipperfield MP, Cugnet D, Dhomse S, Frith SM, Gettelman A, Hardiman SC, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Nakamura T, Olivié D, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Pyle JA, Scinocca JF, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W, Yamashita Y. Using transport diagnostics to understand chemistry climate model ozone simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Selkirk HB, Vömel H, Valverde Canossa JM, Pfister L, Diaz JA, Fernández W, Amador J, Stolz W, Peng GS. Detailed structure of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as revealed by balloon sonde observations of water vapor, ozone, temperature, and winds during the NASA TCSP and TC4 campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Toon OB, Starr DO, Jensen EJ, Newman PA, Platnick S, Schoeberl MR, Wennberg PO, Wofsy SC, Kurylo MJ, Maring H, Jucks KW, Craig MS, Vasques MF, Pfister L, Rosenlof KH, Selkirk HB, Colarco PR, Kawa SR, Mace GG, Minnis P, Pickering KE. Planning, implementation, and first results of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Konopka P, Grooß JU, Plöger F, Müller R. Annual cycle of horizontal in-mixing into the lower tropical stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|