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Cornwell GC, McCluskey CS, Hill TC, Levin ET, Rothfuss NE, Tai SL, Petters MD, DeMott PJ, Kreidenweis S, Prather KA, Burrows SM. Bioaerosols are the dominant source of warm-temperature immersion-mode INPs and drive uncertainties in INP predictability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3715. [PMID: 37713488 PMCID: PMC10881078 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are rare atmospheric aerosols that initiate primary ice formation, but accurately simulating their concentrations and variability in large-scale climate models remains a challenge. Doing so requires both simulating major particle sources and parameterizing their ice nucleation (IN) efficiency. Validating and improving model predictions of INP concentrations requires measuring their concentrations delineated by particle type. We present a method to speciate INP concentrations into contributions from dust, sea spray aerosol (SSA), and bioaerosol. Field campaign data from Bodega Bay, California, showed that bioaerosols were the primary source of INPs between -12° and -20°C, while dust was a minor source and SSA had little impact. We found that recent parameterizations for dust and SSA accurately predicted ambient INP concentrations. However, the model did not skillfully simulate bioaerosol INPs, suggesting a need for further research to identify major factors controlling their emissions and INP efficiency for improved representation in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C. Cornwell
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina S. McCluskey
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Thomas C. J. Hill
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ezra T. Levin
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Rothfuss
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27605, USA
| | - Sheng-Lun Tai
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Markus D. Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27605, USA
| | - Paul J. DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sonia Kreidenweis
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susannah M. Burrows
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Nickovic S, Cvetkovic B, Petković S, Amiridis V, Pejanović G, Solomos S, Marinou E, Nikolic J. Cloud icing by mineral dust and impacts to aviation safety. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6411. [PMID: 33742004 PMCID: PMC7979792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice particles in high-altitude cold clouds can obstruct aircraft functioning. Over the last 20 years, there have been more than 150 recorded cases with engine power-loss and damage caused by tiny cloud ice crystals, which are difficult to detect with aircraft radars. Herein, we examine two aircraft accidents for which icing linked to convective weather conditions has been officially reported as the most likely reason for catastrophic consequences. We analyze whether desert mineral dust, known to be very efficient ice nuclei and present along both aircraft routes, could further augment the icing process. Using numerical simulations performed by a coupled atmosphere-dust model with an included parameterization for ice nucleation triggered by dust aerosols, we show that the predicted ice particle number sharply increases at approximate locations and times of accidents where desert dust was brought by convective circulation to the upper troposphere. We propose a new icing parameter which, unlike existing icing indices, for the first time includes in its calculation the predicted dust concentration. This study opens up the opportunity to use integrated atmospheric-dust forecasts as warnings for ice formation enhanced by mineral dust presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Nickovic
- Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojan Cvetkovic
- Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavko Petković
- Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Goran Pejanović
- Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stavros Solomos
- National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Marinou
- National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Weßling, Germany
| | - Jugoslav Nikolic
- Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Shestakov V, Sagidullin A, Stoporev A, Grachev E, Manakov A. Analysis of methane hydrate nucleation in water-in-oil emulsions: Isothermal vs constant cooling ramp method and new method for data treatment. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kanji ZA, Ladino LA, Wex H, Boose Y, Burkert-Kohn M, Cziczo DJ, Krämer M. Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Ladino
- Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Wex
- Department of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Burkert-Kohn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Krämer
- f Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Freitas SR, Panetta J, Longo KM, Rodrigues LF, Moreira DS, Rosário NE, Silva Dias PL, Silva Dias MAF, Souza EP, Freitas ED, Longo M, Frassoni A, Fazenda AL, Santos E Silva CM, Pavani CAB, Eiras D, França DA, Massaru D, Silva FB, Cavalcante F, Pereira G, Camponogara G, Ferrada GA, Campos Velho HF, Menezes I, Freire JL, Alonso MF, Gácita MS, Zarzur M, Fonseca RM, Lima RS, Siqueira RA, Braz R, Tomita S, Oliveira V, Martins LD. The Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS 5.2): an integrated environmental model tuned for tropical areas. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 10:189-222. [PMID: 32818049 PMCID: PMC7430531 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-10-189-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a new version of the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System where different previous versions for weather, chemistry and carbon cycle were unified in a single integrated software system. The new version also has a new set of state-of-the-art physical parameterizations and greater computational parallel and memory usage efficiency. Together with the description of the main features are examples of the quality of the transport scheme for scalars, radiative fluxes on surface and model simulation of rainfall systems over South America in different spatial resolutions using a scale-aware convective parameterization. Besides, the simulation of the diurnal cycle of the convection and carbon dioxide concentration over the Amazon Basin, as well as carbon dioxide fluxes from biogenic processes over a large portion of South America are shown. Atmospheric chemistry examples present model performance in simulating near-surface carbon monoxide and ozone in Amazon Basin and Rio de Janeiro megacity. For tracer transport and dispersion, it is demonstrated the model capabilities to simulate the volcanic ash 3-d redistribution associated with the eruption of a Chilean volcano. Then, the gain of computational efficiency is described with some details. BRAMS has been applied for research and operational forecasting mainly in South America. Model results from the operational weather forecast of BRAMS on 5 km grid spacing in the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, INPE/Brazil, since 2013 are used to quantify the model skill of near surface variables and rainfall. The scores show the reliability of BRAMS for the tropical and subtropical areas of South America. Requirements for keeping this modeling system competitive regarding on its functionalities and skills are discussed. At last, we highlight the relevant contribution of this work on the building up of a South American community of model developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo R Freitas
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo Panetta
- Divisão de Ciência da Computação, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla M Longo
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Rodrigues
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Demerval S Moreira
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Meteorologia de Bauru (IPMet), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton E Rosário
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Diadema, SP, Brasil
| | - Pedro L Silva Dias
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A F Silva Dias
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enio P Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Edmilson D Freitas
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Longo
- Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariane Frassoni
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Alvaro L Fazenda
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio A B Pavani
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Eiras
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela A França
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Massaru
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Silva
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cavalcante
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gonzalo A Ferrada
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Haroldo F Campos Velho
- Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isilda Menezes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Desenvolvimento em Ambiente, Gestão Aplicada e Espaço, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Julliana L Freire
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Alonso
- Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Madeleine S Gácita
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Zarzur
- Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Fonseca
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Lima
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Siqueira
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Braz
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Tomita
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Valter Oliveira
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Leila D Martins
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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7
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Wheeler MJ, Mason RH, Steunenberg K, Wagstaff M, Chou C, Bertram AK. Immersion freezing of supermicron mineral dust particles: freezing results, testing different schemes for describing ice nucleation, and ice nucleation active site densities. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4358-72. [PMID: 25345526 DOI: 10.1021/jp507875q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles is known to be an important process in the atmosphere. To accurately implement ice nucleation on mineral dust particles in atmospheric simulations, a suitable theory or scheme is desirable to describe laboratory freezing data in atmospheric models. In the following, we investigated ice nucleation by supermicron mineral dust particles [kaolinite and Arizona Test Dust (ATD)] in the immersion mode. The median freezing temperature for ATD was measured to be approximately -30 °C compared with approximately -36 °C for kaolinite. The freezing results were then used to test four different schemes previously used to describe ice nucleation in atmospheric models. In terms of ability to fit the data (quantified by calculating the reduced chi-squared values), the following order was found for ATD (from best to worst): active site, pdf-α, deterministic, single-α. For kaolinite, the following order was found (from best to worst): active site, deterministic, pdf-α, single-α. The variation in the predicted median freezing temperature per decade change in the cooling rate for each of the schemes was also compared with experimental results from other studies. The deterministic model predicts the median freezing temperature to be independent of cooling rate, while experimental results show a weak dependence on cooling rate. The single-α, pdf-α, and active site schemes all agree with the experimental results within roughly a factor of 2. On the basis of our results and previous results where different schemes were tested, the active site scheme is recommended for describing the freezing of ATD and kaolinite particles. We also used our ice nucleation results to determine the ice nucleation active site (INAS) density for the supermicron dust particles tested. Using the data, we show that the INAS densities of supermicron kaolinite and ATD particles studied here are smaller than the INAS densities of submicron kaolinite and ATD particles previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - R H Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - K Steunenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - M Wagstaff
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - C Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - A K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Knopf DA, Alpert PA. A water activity based model of heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics for freezing of water and aqueous solution droplets. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:513-34. [PMID: 24601020 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics can be described solely by temperature, T, and solution water activity, a(w), which is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the solution and the saturation water vapour pressure under the same conditions and, in equilibrium, equivalent to relative humidity (RH). This allows the freezing point and corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient, J(het), to be uniquely expressed by T and a(w), a result we term the a(w) based immersion freezing model (ABIFM). This method is independent of the nature of the solute and accounts for several varying parameters, including cooling rate and IN surface area, while providing a holistic description of immersion freezing and allowing prediction of freezing temperatures, J(het), frozen fractions, ice particle production rates and numbers. Our findings are based on experimental freezing data collected for various IN surface areas, A, and cooling rates, r, of droplets variously containing marine biogenic material, two soil humic acids, four mineral dusts, and one organic monolayer acting as IN. For all investigated IN types we demonstrate that droplet freezing temperatures increase as A increases. Similarly, droplet freezing temperatures increase as the cooling rate decreases. The log10(J(het)) values for the various IN types derived exclusively by Tand a(w), provide a complete description of the heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics. Thus, the ABIFM can be applied over the entire range of T, RH, total particulate surface area, and cloud activation timescales typical of atmospheric conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate that ABIFM can be used to derive frozen fractions of droplets and ice particle production for atmospheric models of cirrus and mixed phase cloud conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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Fan SM, Schwarz JP, Liu J, Fahey DW, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Ming Y, Spackman JR. Inferring ice formation processes from global-scale black carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Murray BJ, O'Sullivan D, Atkinson JD, Webb ME. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6519-54. [PMID: 22932664 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in determining the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atmospheric ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quantitative information on the ability of various atmospheric aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biological species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quantitative comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation in combination with typical atmospheric loadings, we estimate the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these estimates we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temperature the only materials known to nucleate ice are biological, with quantitative data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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11
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Yun Y, Penner JE. Global model comparison of heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations in mixed phase clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ervens B, Feingold G, Sulia K, Harrington J. The impact of microphysical parameters, ice nucleation mode, and habit growth on the ice/liquid partitioning in mixed-phase Arctic clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Barahona D, Rodriguez J, Nenes A. Sensitivity of the global distribution of cirrus ice crystal concentration to heterogeneous freezing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chernoff DI, Bertram AK. Effects of sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of a biological ice nucleus and several types of minerals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Spichtinger P, Cziczo DJ. Impact of heterogeneous ice nuclei on homogeneous freezing events in cirrus clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11217-22. [PMID: 20534566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of cloud and precipitation formation processes remains incomplete, yet global precipitation is predominantly produced by clouds containing the ice phase. Ice first forms in clouds warmer than -36 degrees C on particles termed ice nuclei. We combine observations from field studies over a 14-year period, from a variety of locations around the globe, to show that the concentrations of ice nuclei active in mixed-phase cloud conditions can be related to temperature and the number concentrations of particles larger than 0.5 microm in diameter. This new relationship reduces unexplained variability in ice nuclei concentrations at a given temperature from approximately 10(3) to less than a factor of 10, with the remaining variability apparently due to variations in aerosol chemical composition or other factors. When implemented in a global climate model, the new parameterization strongly alters cloud liquid and ice water distributions compared to the simple, temperature-only parameterizations currently widely used. The revised treatment indicates a global net cloud radiative forcing increase of approximately 1 W m(-2) for each order of magnitude increase in ice nuclei concentrations, demonstrating the strong sensitivity of climate simulations to assumptions regarding the initiation of cloud glaciation.
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Lauer A, Wang Y, Phillips VTJ, McNaughton CS, Bennartz R, Clarke AD. Simulating marine boundary layer clouds over the eastern Pacific in a regional climate model with double-moment cloud microphysics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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