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Rocchi A, von Jackowski A, Welti A, Li G, Kanji ZA, Povazhnyy V, Engel A, Schmale J, Nenes A, Berdalet E, Simó R, Dall Osto M. Glucose Enhances Salinity-Driven Sea Spray Aerosol Production in Eastern Arctic Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38709019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosols (SSA) greatly affect the climate system by scattering solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud droplet formation. The ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing due to global warming, and the effects these changes have on the generation of SSA, and thereby clouds and fog formation in this region, are unknown. During the ship-based Arctic Century Expedition, we examined the dependency of forced SSA production on the biogeochemical characteristics of seawater using an on-board temperature-controlled aerosol generation chamber with a plunging jet system. Our results indicate that mainly seawater salinity and organic content influence the production and size distribution of SSA. However, we observed a 2-fold higher SSA production from waters with similar salinity collected north of 81°N compared to samples collected south of this latitude. This variability was not explained by phytoplankton and bacterial abundances or Chlorophyll-a concentration but by the presence of glucose in seawater. The synergic action of sea salt (essential component) and glucose or glucose-rich saccharides (enhancer) accounts for >80% of SSA predictability throughout the cruise. Our results suggest that besides wind speed and salinity, SSA production in Arctic waters is also affected by specific organics released by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rocchi
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès, s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel von Jackowski
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio, 1. 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guangyu Li
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliy Povazhnyy
- The Otto Schmidt Laboratory, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Beringa, 38. 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Schmale
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall Osto
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Kong X, Gladich I, Fauré N, Thomson ES, Chen J, Artiglia L, Ammann M, Bartels-Rausch T, Kanji ZA, Pettersson JBC. Adsorbed Water Promotes Chemically Active Environments on the Surface of Sodium Chloride. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6151-6156. [PMID: 37382368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Gas-particle interfaces are chemically active environments. This study investigates the reactivity of SO2 on NaCl surfaces using advanced experimental and theoretical methods with a NH4Cl substrate also examined for cation effects. Results show that NaCl surfaces rapidly convert to Na2SO4 with a new chlorine component when exposed to SO2 under low humidity. In contrast, NH4Cl surfaces have limited SO2 uptake and do not change significantly. Depth profiles reveal transformed layers and elemental ratios at the crystal surfaces. The chlorine species detected originates from Cl- expelled from the NaCl crystal structure, as determined by atomistic density functional theory calculations. Molecular dynamics simulations highlight the chemically active NaCl surface environment, driven by a strong interfacial electric field and the presence of sub-monolayer water coverage. These findings underscore the chemical activity of salt surfaces and the unexpected chemistry that arises from their interaction with interfacial water, even under very dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Gladich
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Dorsoduro, Calle Crosera, 30124 Venice, Italy
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Post Office Box 31110 Doha, Qatar
| | - Nicolas Fauré
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik S Thomson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A Kanji
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan B C Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Aeschlimann M, Li G, Kanji ZA, Mitrano DM. Microplastics and nanoplastics in the atmosphere: the potential impacts on cloud formation processes. Nat Geosci 2022; 15:967-975. [PMID: 36532143 PMCID: PMC7613933 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-01051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MnPs) in the atmosphere and their transport on a global scale has previously been demonstrated. However, little is known about their environmental impacts. MnPs could act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or ice nucleating particles (INPs), affecting cloud formation processes. In sufficient quantities, they could change the cloud albedo, precipitation, and lifetime, collectively impacting the Earth's radiation balance and climate. In this perspective, we evaluate the potential impact of MnPs on cloud formation by assessing their ability to act as CCN or INPs. Based on an analysis of their physicochemical properties, we propose that MnPs can act as INPs and potentially as CCN, after environmental ageing processes, such as photochemical weathering, sorption of macromolecules or trace soluble species onto the particle surface. The actual climate impact(s) of MnPs depend on their abundance relative to other aerosols. The concentration of MnPs in the atmosphere is currently low, so they are unlikely to make a significant contribution to radiative forcing in regions exposed to other anthropogenic aerosol pollution. Nevertheless, MnPs will potentially cause non-negligible perturbations in unpolluted remote/marine clouds and generate local climate impacts, particularly in view of increased MnPs release to the environment in future. Further measurements coupled with better characterization of the physiochemical properties of MnPs will enable a more accurate assessment of climate impacts of MnPs to act as INP and CCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Aeschlimann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A. Kanji
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding Authors: Statement Authors to whom correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed: Dr. Zamin Kanji () and Prof. Dr. Denise M. Mitrano ()
| | - Denise M. Mitrano
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding Authors: Statement Authors to whom correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed: Dr. Zamin Kanji () and Prof. Dr. Denise M. Mitrano ()
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Gao K, Koch HC, Zhou CW, Kanji ZA. The dependence of soot particle ice nucleation ability on its volatile content. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:2043-2069. [PMID: 36043854 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aviation soot can affect contrail and cirrus cloud formation and impact climate. A product of incomplete combustion, soot particles, are fractal and hydrophobic aggregates comprising carbonaceous spheres with complex physicochemical properties. In the cirrus cloud regime, the surface wettability and pore abundance of soot particles are important determinants for their ice nucleation ability via pore condensation and freezing. In the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo various ageing processes which modify their surface chemistry and porosity, thus acting as ice nucleating particles with varying abilities as a function of ageing. In this study, size-selected soot particles were treated by thermal denuding at 573 K in a pure nitrogen (N2) or synthetic air (N2 + O2) flow and then exposed to varying relative humidity conditions at a fixed temperature in the range from 218 to 243 K, to investigate the role of volatile content in the ice nucleation ability. Both organic-lean and organic-rich propane (C3H8) flame soot particles, as well as two types of commercially available carbon black soot particles with high and low surface wettability, were tested. The size and mass distribution of soot aerosol were monitored during the ice nucleation experiments. Bulk soot samples also prepared in pure N2 or synthetic air environments at 573 K were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic vapour sorption measurements, to reveal the relation between denuding volatile content, associated soot particle property modifications and the ice nucleation ability. Our study shows that thermal denuding induces a change in soot particle porosity playing a dominant role in regulating its ice nucleation via the pore condensation and freezing mechanism. The enrichment in mesopore (2-50 nm) availability may enhance soot ice nucleation. The presence of O2 in the thermal denuding process may introduce new active sites on soot particles for water interaction and increase soot surface wettability. However, these active sites only facilitate soot ice nucleation when mesopore structures are available. We conclude that a change in volatile content modifies both morphological properties and surface chemistry for soot particles, but porosity change plays the dominant role in regulating soot particle ice nucleation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Gao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
- Shenyuan Honours College of Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | | | - Chong-Wen Zhou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zamin A Kanji
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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Shardt N, Isenrich FN, Waser B, Marcolli C, Kanji ZA, deMello A, Lohmann U. Homogeneous freezing of water droplets for different volumes and cooling rates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28213-28221. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To understand the crystallization of aqueous solutions in the atmosphere, biological specimens, or pharmaceutical formulations, the rate at which ice nucleates from pure liquid water must be quantified. There is...
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Mahrt F, Alpert PA, Dou J, Grönquist P, Arroyo PC, Ammann M, Lohmann U, Kanji ZA. Aging induced changes in ice nucleation activity of combustion aerosol as determined by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:895-907. [PMID: 32188960 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fresh soot particles are generally hydrophobic, however, particle hydrophilicity can be increased through atmospheric aging processes. At present little is known on how particle chemical composition and hydrophilicity change upon atmospheric aging and associated uncertainties governing the ice cloud formation potential of soot. Here we sampled two propane flame soots referred to as brown and black soot, characterized as organic carbon rich and poor, respectively. We investigated how the ice nucleation activity of these particles changed through aging in water and aqueous acidic solutions, using a continuous flow diffusion chamber operated at cirrus cloud temperatures (T ≤ 233 K). Single aggregates of both unaged and aged soot were chemically characterized by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM/NEXAFS) measurements. Particle wettability was determined through water sorption measurements. Unaged black and brown soot particles exhibited significantly different ice nucleation activities. Our experiments revealed significantly enhanced ice nucleation activity of the aged soot particles compared to the fresh samples, lowering the required relative humidities at which ice formation can take place at T = 218 K by up to 15% with respect to water (ΔRHi ≈ 25%). We observed an enhanced water uptake capacity for the aged compared to the unaged samples, which was more pronounced for the black soot. From these measurements we concluded that there is a change in ice nucleation mechanism when aging brown soot. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged soot samples revealed a unique spectral feature around 287.5 eV in the case of black soot that was absent for the brown soot, indicative of carbon with hydroxyl functionalities. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged and aged soot particles indicates changes in organic functional groups, and the aged spectra were found to be largely similar across soot types, with the exception of the water aged brown soot. Overall, we conclude that atmospheric aging is important to representatively assess the ice cloud formation activity of soot particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Ladino
- Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Wex
- Department of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Burkert-Kohn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Krämer
- f Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
It has been known that aerosol particles act as nuclei for ice formation for over a century and a half (see Dufour). Initial attempts to understand the nature of these ice nucleating particles were optical and electron microscope inspection of inclusions at the center of a crystal (see Isono; Kumai). Only within the last few decades has instrumentation to extract ice crystals from clouds and analyze the residual material after sublimation of condensed-phase water been available (see Cziczo and Froyd). Techniques to ascertain the ice nucleating potential of atmospheric aerosols have only been in place for a similar amount of time (see DeMott et al.). In this chapter the history of measurements of ice nucleating particles, both in the field and complementary studies in the laboratory, are reviewed. Remaining uncertainties and artifacts associated with measurements are described and suggestions for future areas of improvement are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Luis Ladino
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sara Lance
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Stephan Mertes
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Wex
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
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Kanji ZA, Abbatt JPD. Laboratory studies of ice formation via deposition mode nucleation onto mineral dust and n-hexane soot samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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