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Li EY, Yazdani A, Dillner AM, Shen G, Champion WM, Jetter JJ, Preston WT, Russell LM, Hays MD, Takahama S. Quantifying functional group compositions of household fuel-burning emissions. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2024; 17:2401-2413. [PMID: 38845819 PMCID: PMC11151727 DOI: 10.5194/amt-17-2401-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Globally, billions of people burn fuels indoors for cooking and heating, which contributes to millions of chronic illnesses and premature deaths annually. Additionally, residential burning contributes significantly to black carbon emissions, which have the highest global warming impacts after carbon dioxide and methane. In this study, we use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze fine-particulate emissions collected on Teflon membrane filters from 15 cookstove types and 5 fuel types. Emissions from three fuel types (charcoal, kerosene, and red oak wood) were found to have enough FTIR spectral response for functional group (FG) analysis. We present distinct spectral profiles for particulate emissions of these three fuel types. We highlight the influential FGs constituting organic carbon (OC) using a multivariate statistical method and show that OC estimates by collocated FTIR and thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) are highly correlated, with a coefficient determination of 82.5 %. As FTIR analysis is fast and non-destructive and provides complementary FG information, the analysis method demonstrated herein can substantially reduce the need for thermal-optical measurements for source emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y. Li
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Amir Yazdani
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ann M. Dillner
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Wyatt M. Champion
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - James J. Jetter
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Satoshi Takahama
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Gao P, Deng R, Jia S, Li Y, Wang X, Xing Q. Effects of combustion temperature on the optical properties of brown carbon from biomass burning. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:302-309. [PMID: 37980017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning has been known as one of main sources of Brown Carbon (BrC) in atmosphere. In this study, by controlling the combustion temperature at 250°C, 350°C, and 450°C, the methanol soluble organic carbon (MSOC) and methanol insoluble carbon (MISC) from pine wood burning was collected by impinger. UV-Vis, excitation emission matrix (EEM), TEM and FTIR spectra were applied to investigate the properties of BrC collected. For MSOC at 250°C and 350°C, all the spectral profiles of UV-Vis absorption and excitation emission matrix are almost the same, while the EEM of MSOC at 450°C are different from that of the other two. For MISC fluorescence was observed only in the case of 450°C. In the FTIR spectra, with the temperature increasing the peaks associated to the oxygen-contained functions was weakened, indicating the formation of the fluorophores with larger conjugated system, especially aromatic hydrocarbons. Our results show that biomass combustion at low temperature produces more oxygen-riched BrC, which possesses relatively lower light absorption, while at high temperature produces more aromatics hydrocarbons with relatively strong light absorption. The results of this work are helpful to trace the source of brown carbon and optimize biomass energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- School of Chemistry Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rule Deng
- School of Chemistry Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Jia
- School of Chemistry Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Chemistry Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- School of Chemistry Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qian Xing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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3
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Zhou S, Guo F, Chao CY, Yoon S, Alvarez SL, Shrestha S, Flynn JH, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ, Griffin RJ. Marine Submicron Aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico: Polluted and Acidic with Rapid Production of Sulfate and Organosulfates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5149-5159. [PMID: 36939598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We measured submicron aerosols (PM1) at a beachfront site in Texas in Spring 2021 to characterize the "background" aerosol chemical composition advecting into Texas and the factors controlling this composition. Observations show that marine "background" aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were highly processed and acidic; sulfate was the most abundant component (on average 57% of total PM1 mass), followed by organic material (26%). These chemical characteristics are similar to those observed at other marine locations globally. However, Gulf "background" aerosols were much more polluted; the average non-refractory (NR-) PM1 mass concentration was 3-70 times higher than that observed in other clean marine atmospheres. Anthropogenic shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico explain 78.3% of the total measured "background" sulfate in the Gulf air. We frequently observed haze pollution in the air mass from the Gulf, with significantly elevated concentrations of sulfate, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol associated with sulfuric acid. Analysis suggests that aqueous oxidation of shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico by peroxides in the particles might potentially be an important pathway for the rapid production of acidic sulfate and organosulfates during the haze episodes under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chun-Ying Chao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island 02809, United States
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4
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Arangio A, Delval C, Ruggeri G, Dudani N, Yazdani A, Takahama S. Electrospray Film Deposition for Solvent-Elimination Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:638-652. [PMID: 30987430 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818821330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of electrospray (ES) for quantitative transfer of analytes from solution to an internal reflection element for analysis by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy has been developed in this work. The ES ATR FT-IR method is evaluated with non-volatile and semi-volatile organic and inorganic compounds dissolved in pure organic solvents or organics in a mixture with water. The technique demonstrates the capability for rapid solvent evaporation from dilute solutions, facilitating the creation of thin films that allow ATR FT-IR to generate transmission-mode-like spectra. Electrospray ATR FT-IR with multiple reflections displays a linear response ( R2 = 0.95-0.99) in absorbance with the deposited mass and instrumental detection limit < 100 ng, which demonstrates potential for quantitative applications. The method is applicable when crystalline substances are present, even though the formation of particles restricts the upper limit of mass loadings relative to substances forming homogeneous films. In addition to the solvent, semi-volatile compounds can evaporate during the ES process; the magnitude of losses will depend on solution composition and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arangio
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Delval
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2 Current affiliation: European Patent Office, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Ruggeri
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 3 Current affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikunj Dudani
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amir Yazdani
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Takahama
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Sanchez KJ, Chen CL, Russell LM, Betha R, Liu J, Price DJ, Massoli P, Ziemba LD, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Müller M, Schiller SA, Wisthaler A, Lee AKY, Quinn PK, Bates TS, Porter J, Bell TG, Saltzman ES, Vaillancourt RD, Behrenfeld MJ. Substantial Seasonal Contribution of Observed Biogenic Sulfate Particles to Cloud Condensation Nuclei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3235. [PMID: 29459666 PMCID: PMC5818515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic sources contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the clean marine atmosphere, but few measurements exist to constrain climate model simulations of their importance. The chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosol particles showed two types of sulfate-containing particles in clean marine air masses in addition to mass-based Estimated Salt particles. Both types of sulfate particles lack combustion tracers and correlate, for some conditions, to atmospheric or seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations, which means their source was largely biogenic. The first type is identified as New Sulfate because their large sulfate mass fraction (63% sulfate) and association with entrainment conditions means they could have formed by nucleation in the free troposphere. The second type is Added Sulfate particles (38% sulfate), because they are preexisting particles onto which additional sulfate condensed. New Sulfate particles accounted for 31% (7 cm-3) and 33% (36 cm-3) CCN at 0.1% supersaturation in late-autumn and late-spring, respectively, whereas sea spray provided 55% (13 cm-3) in late-autumn but only 4% (4 cm-3) in late-spring. Our results show a clear seasonal difference in the marine CCN budget, which illustrates how important phytoplankton-produced DMS emissions are for CCN in the North Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sanchez
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Li Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Raghu Betha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sven A Schiller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy S Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Porter
- The Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Bell
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Saltzman
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mike J Behrenfeld
- The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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6
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Abstract
The role of marine bioaerosols in cloud formation and climate is currently so uncertain that even the sign of the climate forcing is unclear. Marine aerosols form through direct emissions and through the conversion of gas-phase emissions to aerosols in the atmosphere. The composition and size of aerosols determine how effective they are in catalyzing the formation of water droplets and ice crystals in clouds by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles, respectively. Marine organic aerosols may be sourced both from recent regional phytoplankton blooms that add labile organic matter to the surface ocean and from long-term global processes, such as the upwelling of old refractory dissolved organic matter from the deep ocean. Understanding the formation of marine aerosols and their propensity to catalyze cloud formation processes are challenges that must be addressed given the major uncertainties associated with aerosols in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
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7
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Bondy AL, Craig RL, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates: Vibrational Mode Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy, Acidity-Dependent Spectral Modes, and Observation in Individual Atmospheric Particles. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:303-315. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Bondy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Rebecca L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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8
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Leong YJ, Sanchez NP, Wallace HW, Karakurt Cevik B, Hernandez CS, Han Y, Flynn JH, Massoli P, Floerchinger C, Fortner EC, Herndon S, Bean JK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jeon W, Choi Y, Lefer B, Griffin RJ. Overview of surface measurements and spatial characterization of submicrometer particulate matter during the DISCOVER-AQ 2013 campaign in Houston, TX. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:854-872. [PMID: 28278029 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1296502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sources of submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) remain poorly characterized in the industrialized city of Houston, TX. A mobile sampling approach was used to characterize PM1 composition and concentration across Houston based on high-time-resolution measurements of nonrefractory PM1 and trace gases during the DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013 campaign. Two pollution zones with marked differences in PM1 levels, character, and dynamics were established based on cluster analysis of organic aerosol mass loadings sampled at 16 sites. The highest PM1 mass concentrations (average 11.6 ± 5.7 µg/m3) were observed to the northwest of Houston (zone 1), dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass likely driven by nighttime biogenic organonitrate formation. Zone 2, an industrial/urban area south/east of Houston, exhibited lower concentrations of PM1 (average 4.4 ± 3.3 µg/m3), significant organic aerosol (OA) aging, and evidence of primary sulfate emissions. Diurnal patterns and backward-trajectory analyses enable the classification of airmass clusters characterized by distinct PM sources: biogenic SOA, photochemical aged SOA, and primary sulfate emissions from the Houston Ship Channel. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that secondary biogenic organonitrates primarily related with monoterpenes are predominant in zone 1 (accounting for 34% of the variability in the data set). The relevance of photochemical processes and industrial and traffic emission sources in zone 2 also is highlighted by PCA, which identifies three factors related with these processes/sources (~50% of the aerosol/trace gas concentration variability). PCA reveals a relatively minor contribution of isoprene to SOA formation in zone 1 and the absence of isoprene-derived aerosol in zone 2. The relevance of industrial amine emissions and the likely contribution of chloride-displaced sea salt aerosol to the observed variability in pollution levels in zone 2 also are captured by PCA. IMPLICATIONS This article describes an urban-scale mobile study to characterize spatial variations in submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) in greater Houston. The data set indicates substantial spatial variations in PM1 sources/chemistry and elucidates the importance of photochemistry and nighttime oxidant chemistry in producing secondary PM1. These results emphasize the potential benefits of effective control strategies throughout the region, not only to reduce primary emissions of PM1 from automobiles and industry but also to reduce the emissions of important secondary PM1 precursors, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. Such efforts also could aid in efforts to reduce mixing ratios of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Leong
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - N P Sanchez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - H W Wallace
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Karakurt Cevik
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - C S Hernandez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Han
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - J H Flynn
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - P Massoli
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | | | - E C Fortner
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - S Herndon
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - J K Bean
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - L Hildebrandt Ruiz
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - W Jeon
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Choi
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Lefer
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - R J Griffin
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
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9
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Saliba G, Saleh R, Zhao Y, Presto AA, Lambe AT, Frodin B, Sardar S, Maldonado H, Maddox C, May AA, Drozd GT, Goldstein AH, Russell LM, Hagen F, Robinson AL. Comparison of Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicle Emissions: Emission Certification Standards, Cold-Start, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential, and Potential Climate Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6542-6552. [PMID: 28441489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent increases in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards have led to widespread adoption of vehicles equipped with gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines. Changes in engine technologies can alter emissions. To quantify these effects, we measured gas- and particle-phase emissions from 82 light-duty gasoline vehicles recruited from the California in-use fleet tested on a chassis dynamometer using the cold-start unified cycle. The fleet included 15 GDI vehicles, including 8 GDIs certified to the most-stringent emissions standard, superultra-low-emission vehicles (SULEV). We quantified the effects of engine technology, emission certification standards, and cold-start on emissions. For vehicles certified to the same emissions standard, there is no statistical difference of regulated gas-phase pollutant emissions between PFIs and GDIs. However, GDIs had, on average, a factor of 2 higher particulate matter (PM) mass emissions than PFIs due to higher elemental carbon (EC) emissions. SULEV certified GDIs have a factor of 2 lower PM mass emissions than GDIs certified as ultralow-emission vehicles (3.0 ± 1.1 versus 6.3 ± 1.1 mg/mi), suggesting improvements in engine design and calibration. Comprehensive organic speciation revealed no statistically significant differences in the composition of the volatile organic compounds emissions between PFI and GDIs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Therefore, the secondary organic aerosol and ozone formation potential of the exhaust does not depend on engine technology. Cold-start contributes a larger fraction of the total unified cycle emissions for vehicles meeting more-stringent emission standards. Organic gas emissions were the most sensitive to cold-start compared to the other pollutants tested here. There were no statistically significant differences in the effects of cold-start on GDIs and PFIs. For our test fleet, the measured 14.5% decrease in CO2 emissions from GDIs was much greater than the potential climate forcing associated with higher black carbon emissions. Thus, switching from PFI to GDI vehicles will likely lead to a reduction in net global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Saliba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rawad Saleh
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yunliang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Albert A Presto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew T Lambe
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Bruce Frodin
- California Air Resource Board , Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Satya Sardar
- California Air Resource Board , Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Hector Maldonado
- California Air Resource Board , Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Christine Maddox
- California Air Resource Board , Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Andrew A May
- The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Greg T Drozd
- University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lynn M Russell
- University of California , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fabian Hagen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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10
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Chen Q, Ikemori F, Higo H, Asakawa D, Mochida M. Chemical Structural Characteristics of HULIS and Other Fractionated Organic Matter in Urban Aerosols: Results from Mass Spectral and FT-IR Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1721-1730. [PMID: 26771766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characteristics of complex organic matter in atmospheric aerosols remain poorly understood. Water-insoluble organic matter (WISOM) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in the total suspended particulates collected in the city of Nagoya in summer/early autumn and winter were extracted using multiple solvents. Two fractions of humic-like substances, showing neutral and acidic behavior (HULIS-n and HULIS-a, respectively), and the remaining highly polar part (HP-WSOM) were fractionated from WSOM using solid phase extraction. The chemical structural characteristics and concentrations of the organic matter were investigated using mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. WISOM and HULIS-n had low O/C ratios (0.1 and 0.4, respectively) and accounted for a large fraction of the organics in aerosols (70%). HULIS-a and HP-WSOM had higher O/C ratios (0.7 and 1.0, respectively), and their concentrations in summer and early autumn were on average ∼2 times higher than those in winter. The mass spectrum and FT-IR analyses suggest the following: (1) WISOM were high-molecular-weight aliphatics (primarily C27-C32) with small proportions of -CH3, -OH, and C═O groups; (2) HULIS-n was abundant in aliphatic structures and hydroxyl groups (primarily C9-C18) and by branched structures; (3) HULIS-a and HP-WSOM contained relatively large amounts of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids and alcohols (primarily C4-C10); and (4) WISOM and HULIS-n were relatively abundant in amines and organic nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Ikemori
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
- Nagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayato Higo
- Fukuoka City HAKATA Health & Welfare Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daichi Asakawa
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Sorooshian A, Crosbie E, Maudlin LC, Youn JS, Wang Z, Shingler T, Ortega AM, Hersey S, Woods RK. Surface and Airborne Measurements of Organosulfur and Methanesulfonate Over the Western United States and Coastal Areas. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:8535-8548. [PMID: 26413434 PMCID: PMC4581448 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on ambient measurements of organosulfur (OS) and methanesulfonate (MSA) over the western United States and coastal areas. Particulate OS levels are highest in summertime, and generally increase as a function of sulfate (a precursor) and sodium (a marine tracer) with peak levels at coastal sites. The ratio of OS to total sulfur (TS) is also highest at coastal sites, with increasing values as a function of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon. Correlative analysis points to significant relationships between OS and biogenic emissions from marine and continental sources, factors that coincide with secondary production, and vanadium due to a suspected catalytic role. A major OS species, methanesulfonate (MSA), was examined with intensive field measurements and the resulting data support the case for vanadium's catalytic influence. Mass size distributions reveal a dominant MSA peak between aerodynamic diameters of 0.32-0.56 μm at a desert and coastal site with nearly all MSA mass (≥ 84%) in sub-micrometer sizes; MSA:non-sea salt sulfate ratios vary widely as a function of particle size and proximity to the ocean. Airborne data indicate that relative to the marine boundary layer, particulate MSA levels are enhanced in urban and agricultural areas, and also the free troposphere when impacted by biomass burning. Some combination of fires and marine-derived emissions leads to higher MSA levels than either source alone. Finally, MSA differences in cloud water and out-of-cloud aerosol are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Amber M. Ortega
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott Hersey
- Olin College of Engineering, Needham, MA, United States
| | - Roy K. Woods
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
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He QF, Ding X, Wang XM, Yu JZ, Fu XX, Liu TY, Zhang Z, Xue J, Chen DH, Zhong LJ, Donahue NM. Organosulfates from pinene and isoprene over the Pearl River Delta, South China: seasonal variation and implication in formation mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9236-9245. [PMID: 25072510 DOI: 10.1021/es501299v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic organosulfates (OSs) are important markers of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation involving cross reactions of biogenic precursors (terpenoids) with anthropogenic pollutants. Until now, there has been rare information about biogenic OSs in the air of highly polluted areas. In this study, fine particle (PM2.5) samples were separately collected in daytime and nighttime from summer to fall 2010 at a site in the central Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Pinene-derived nitrooxy-organosulfates (pNOSs) and isoprene-derived OSs (iOSs) were quantified using a liquid chromatograph (LC) coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) operated in negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The pNOSs with MW 295 exhibited higher levels in fall (151 ± 86.9 ng m(-3)) than summer (52.4 ± 34.0 ng m(-3)), probably owing to the elevated levels of NOx and sulfate in fall when air masses mainly passed through city clusters in the PRD and biomass burning was enhanced. In contrast to observations elsewhere where higher levels occurred at nighttime, pNOS levels in the PRD were higher during the daytime in both seasons, indicating that pNOS formation was likely driven by photochemistry over the PRD. This conclusion is supported by several lines of evidence: the specific pNOS which could be formed through both daytime photochemistry and nighttime NO3 chemistry exhibited no day-night variation in abundance relative to other pNOS isomers; the production of the hydroxynitrate that is the key precursor for this specific pNOS was found to be significant through photochemistry but negligible through NO3 chemistry based on the mechanisms in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM). For iOSs, 2-methyltetrol sulfate ester which could be formed from isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low-NOx conditions showed low concentrations (below the detection limit to 2.09 ng m(-3)), largely due to the depression of IEPOX formation by the high NOx levels over the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fu He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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Barrett TE, Sheesley RJ. Urban impacts on regional carbonaceous aerosols: case study in central Texas. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:917-926. [PMID: 25185394 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.904252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rural and background sites provide valuable information on the concentration and optical properties of organic, elemental, and water-soluble organic carbon (OC, EC, and WSOC), which are relevant for understanding the climate forcing potential of regional atmospheric aerosols. To quantify climate- and air quality-relevant characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in the central United States, a regional background site in central Texas was chosen for long-term measurement. Back trajectory (BT) analysis, ambient OC, EC, and WSOC concentrations and absorption parameters are reported for the first 15 months of a long-term campaign (May 2011-August 2012). BT analysis indicates consistent north-south airflow connecting central Texas to the Central Plains. Central Texas aerosols exhibited seasonal trends with increased fine particulate matter (< 2.5 microm aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5) and OC during the summer (PM2.5 = 10.9 microg m(-3) and OC = 3.0 microg m(-3)) and elevated EC during the winter (0.22 microg m(-3)). When compared to measurements in Dallas and Houston, TX, central Texas OC appears to have mixed urban and rural sources. However central Texas EC appears to be dominated by transport of urban emissions. WSOC averaged 63% of the annual OC, with little seasonal variability in this ratio. To monitor brown carbon (BrC), absorption was measured for the aqueous WSOC extracts. Light absorption coefficients for EC and BrC were highest during summer (EC MAC = 11 m2 g(-1) and BRC MAE365 = 0.15 m2 g(-1)). Results from optical analysis indicate that regional aerosol absorption is mostly due to EC with summertime peaks in BrC attenuation. This study represents the first reported values of WSOC absorption, MAE365, for the central United States. Implications: Background concentration and absorption measurements are essential in determining regional potential radiative forcing due to atmospheric aerosols. Back trajectory, chemical, and optical analysis of PM2.5 was used to determine climatic and air quality implications of urban outflow to a regional receptor site, representative of the central United States. Results indicate that central Texas organic carbon has mixed urban and rural sources, while elemental carbon is controlled by the transport of urban emissions. Analysis of aerosol absorption showed black carbon as the dominant absorber, with less brown carbon absorption than regional studies in California and the southeastern United States.
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You Y, Smith ML, Song M, Martin ST, Bertram AK. Liquid–liquid phase separation in atmospherically relevant particles consisting of organic species and inorganic salts. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2014.890786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liu S, Ahlm L, Day DA, Russell LM, Zhao Y, Gentner DR, Weber RJ, Goldstein AH, Jaoui M, Offenberg JH, Kleindienst TE, Rubitschun C, Surratt JD, Sheesley RJ, Scheller S. Secondary organic aerosol formation from fossil fuel sources contribute majority of summertime organic mass at Bakersfield. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McNeill VF, Woo JL, Kim DD, Schwier AN, Wannell NJ, Sumner AJ, Barakat JM. Aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol and organosulfate formation in atmospheric aerosols: a modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8075-81. [PMID: 22788757 DOI: 10.1021/es3002986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have examined aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and organosulfate (OS) formation in atmospheric aerosols using a photochemical box model with coupled gas-phase chemistry and detailed aqueous aerosol chemistry. SOA formation in deliquesced ammonium sulfate aerosol is highest under low-NO(x) conditions, with acidic aerosol (pH = 1) and low ambient relative humidity (40%). Under these conditions, with an initial sulfate loading of 4.0 μg m(-3), 0.9 μg m(-3) SOA is predicted after 12 h. Low-NO(x) aqueous-aerosol SOA (aaSOA) and OS formation is dominated by isoprene-derived epoxydiol (IEPOX) pathways; 69% or more of aaSOA is composed of IEPOX, 2-methyltetrol, and 2-methyltetrol sulfate ester. 2-Methyltetrol sulfate ester comprises >99% of OS mass (66 ng m(-3) at 40% RH and pH 1). In urban (high-NO(x)) environments, aaSOA is primarily formed via reversible glyoxal uptake, with 0.12 μg m(-3) formed after 12 h at 80% RH, with 20 μg m(-3) initial sulfate. OS formation under all conditions studied is maximum at low pH and lower relative humidities (<60% RH), i.e., when the aerosol is more concentrated. Therefore, OS species are expected to be good tracer compounds for aqueous aerosol-phase chemistry (vs cloudwater processing).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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Bates TS, Quinn PK, Frossard AA, Russell LM, Hakala J, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Covert DS, Cappa CD, Li SM, Hayden KL, Nuaaman I, McLaren R, Massoli P, Canagaratna MR, Onasch TB, Sueper D, Worsnop DR, Keene WC. Measurements of ocean derived aerosol off the coast of California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Malm WC, Schichtel BA, Pitchford ML. Uncertainties in PM2.5 gravimetric and speciation measurements and what we can learn from them. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:1131-49. [PMID: 22168097 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.603998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the federal land management community (National Park Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management) operate extensive particle speciation monitoring networks that are similar in design but are operated for different objectives. Compliance (mass only) monitoring is also carried out using federal reference method (FRM) criteria at approximately 1000 sites. The Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) consists of approximately 50 long-term-trend sites, with about another 250 sites that have been or are currently operated by state and local agencies. The sites are located in urban or suburban settings. The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) monitoring network consists of about 181 sites, approximately 170 of which are in nonurban areas. Each monitoring approach has its own inherent monitoring limitations and biases. Determination of gravimetric mass has both negative and positive artifacts. Ammonium nitrate and other semivolatiles are lost during sampling, whereas, on the other hand, measured mass includes particle-bound water. Furthermore, some species may react with atmospheric gases, further increasing the positive mass artifact. Estimating aerosol species concentrations requires assumptions concerning the chemical form of various molecular compounds, such as nitrates and sulfates, and organic material and soil composition. Comparing data collected in the various monitoring networks allows for assessing uncertainties and biases associated with both negative and positive artifacts of gravimetric mass determinations, assumptions of chemical composition, and biases between different sampler technologies. All these biases are shown to have systematic seasonal characteristics. Unaccounted-for particle-bound water tends to be higher in the summer, as does nitrate volatilization. The ratio of particle organic mass divided by organic carbon mass (Roc) is higher during summer and lower during the winter seasons in both CSN and IMPROVE networks, and Roc is lower in urban than non-urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Malm
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1375, USA.
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Frossard AA, Shaw PM, Russell LM, Kroll JH, Canagaratna MR, Worsnop DR, Quinn PK, Bates TS. Springtime Arctic haze contributions of submicron organic particles from European and Asian combustion sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hawkins LN, Russell LM, Covert DS, Quinn PK, Bates TS. Carboxylic acids, sulfates, and organosulfates in processed continental organic aerosol over the southeast Pacific Ocean during VOCALS-REx 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Takahama S, Liu S, Russell LM. Coatings and clusters of carboxylic acids in carbon-containing atmospheric particles from spectromicroscopy and their implications for cloud-nucleating and optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Carbohydrate-like composition of submicron atmospheric particles and their production from ocean bubble bursting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:6652-7. [PMID: 20080571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908905107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceans cover over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, and the particles emitted to the atmosphere by waves breaking on sea surfaces provide an important contribution to the planetary albedo. During the International Chemistry Experiment in the Arctic LOwer Troposphere (ICEALOT) cruise on the R/V Knorr in March and April of 2008, organic mass accounted for 15-47% of the submicron particle mass in the air masses sampled over the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. A majority of this organic component (0.1-0.4 microm(-3)) consisted of organic hydroxyl (including polyol and other alcohol) groups characteristic of saccharides, similar to biogenic carbohydrates found in seawater. The large fraction of organic hydroxyl groups measured during ICEALOT in submicron atmospheric aerosol exceeded those measured in most previous campaigns but were similar to particles in marine air masses in the open ocean (Southeast Pacific Ocean) and coastal sites at northern Alaska (Barrow) and northeastern North America (Appledore Island and Chebogue Point). The ocean-derived organic hydroxyl mass concentration during ICEALOT correlated strongly to submicron Na concentration and wind speed. The observed submicron particle ratios of marine organic mass to Na were enriched by factors of approximately 10(2)-approximately 10(3) over reported sea surface organic to Na ratios, suggesting that the surface-controlled process of film bursting is influenced by the dissolved organic components present in the sea surface microlayer. Both marine organic components and Na increased with increasing number mean diameter of the accumulation mode, suggesting a possible link between organic components in the ocean surface and aerosol-cloud interactions.
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Parrish DD, Allen DT, Bates TS, Estes M, Fehsenfeld FC, Feingold G, Ferrare R, Hardesty RM, Meagher JF, Nielsen-Gammon JW, Pierce RB, Ryerson TB, Seinfeld JH, Williams EJ. Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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