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Venkatesan S, Zare A, Stevanovic S. Pollen and sub-pollen particles: External interactions shaping the allergic potential of pollen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171593. [PMID: 38479525 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Pollen allergies, such as allergic rhinitis, are triggered by exposure to airborne pollen. They are a considerable global health burden, with their numbers expected to rise in the coming decades due to the advent of climate change and air pollution. The relationships that exist between pollens, meteorological, and environmental conditions are complex due to a lack of clarity on the nature and conditions associated with these interactions; therefore, it is challenging to describe their direct impacts on allergenic potential clearly. This article attempts to review evidence pertaining to the possible influence of meteorological factors and air pollutants on the allergic potential of pollen by studying the interactions that pollen undergoes, from its inception to atmospheric traversal to human exposure. This study classifies the evidence based on the nature of these interactions as physical, chemical, source, and biological, thereby simplifying the complexities in describing these interactions. Physical conditions facilitating pollen rupturing for tree, grass, and weed pollen, along with their mechanisms, are studied. The effects of pollen exposure to air pollutants and their impact on pollen allergenic potential are presented along with the possible outcomes following these interactions, such as pollen fragmentation (SPP generation), deposition of particulate matter on pollen exine, and modification of protein levels in-situ of pollen. This study also delves into evidence on plant-based (source and biological) interactions, which could indirectly influence the allergic potential of pollen. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and a brief overview of future research directions are outlined and discussed. We suggest that future studies should utilise a multi-disciplinary approach to better understand this complex system of pollen interactions that occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Zare
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, VIC 3216, Australia
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2
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Mao YH, Shang Y, Liao H, Cao H, Qu Z, Henze DK. Sensitivities of ozone to its precursors during heavy ozone pollution events in the Yangtze River Delta using the adjoint method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171585. [PMID: 38462008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Although the concentrations of five basic ambient air pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) have been reduced since the implementation of the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" in 2013, the ozone concentrations still increase. In order to explore the causes of ozone pollution in YRD, we use the GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model to study the sensitivities of ozone to its precursor emissions from different source regions and emission sectors during heavy ozone pollution events under typical circulation patterns. The Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) of Tsinghua University and 0.25° × 0.3125° nested grids are adopted in the model. By using the T-mode principal component analysis (T-PCA), the circulation patterns of heavy ozone pollution days (observed MDA8 O3 concentrations ≥160 μg m-3) in Nanjing located in the center area of YRD from 2013 to 2019 are divided into four types, with the main features of Siberian Low, Lake Balkhash High, Northeast China Low, Yellow Sea High, and southeast wind at the surface. The adjoint results show that the contributions of emissions emitted from Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the largest to heavy ozone pollution in Nanjing. The 10 % reduction of anthropogenic NOx and NMVOCs emissions in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai could reduce the ozone concentrations in Nanjing by up to 3.40 μg m-3 and 0.96 μg m-3, respectively. However, the reduction of local NMVOCs emissions has little effect on ozone concentrations in Nanjing, and the reduction of local NOx emissions would even increase ozone pollution. For different emissions sectors, industry emissions account for 31 %-74 % of ozone pollution in Nanjing, followed by transportation emissions (18 %-49 %). This study could provide the scientific basis for forecasting ozone pollution events and formulating accurate strategies of emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education(KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/International Joint Research Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yongjie Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education(KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/International Joint Research Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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3
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Ye X, Zhang L, Wang X, Lu X, Jiang Z, Lu N, Li D, Xu J. Spatial and temporal variations of surface background ozone in China analyzed with the grid-stretching capability of GEOS-Chem High Performance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169909. [PMID: 38185162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Surface background ozone, defined as the ozone in the absence of domestic anthropogenic emissions, is important for developing emission reduction strategies. Here we apply the recently developed GEOS-Chem High Performance (GCHP) global atmospheric chemistry model with ∼0.5° stretched resolution over China to understand the sources of Chinese background ozone (CNB) in the metric of daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) and to identify the drivers of its interannual variability (IAV) from 2015 to 2019. The GCHP ozone simulations over China are evaluated with an ensemble of surface and aircraft measurements. The five-year national-mean CNB ozone is estimated as 37.9 ppbv, with a spatially west-to-southeast downward gradient (55 to 25 ppbv) and a summer peak (42.5 ppbv). High background levels in western China are due to abundant transport from the free troposphere and adjacent foreign regions, while in eastern China, domestic formation from surface natural precursors is also important. We find greater importance of soil nitric oxides (NOx) than biogenic volatile organic compound emissions to CNB ozone in summer (6.4 vs. 3.9 ppbv), as ozone formation becomes increasingly NOx-sensitive when suppressing anthropogenic emissions. The percentage of daily CNB ozone to total surface ozone generally decreases with increasing daily total ozone, indicating an increased contribution of domestic anthropogenic emissions on polluted days. CNB ozone shows the largest IAV in summer, with standard deviations (seasonal means) of ∼5 ppbv over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and >3.5 ppbv in eastern China. CNB values in QTP are strongly correlated with horizontal circulation anomalies in the middle troposphere, while soil NOx emissions largely drive the IAV in the east. El Nino can inhibit CNB ozone formation in Southeast China by increased precipitation and lower temperature locally in spring, but enhance CNB in Southwest China through increased biomass burning emissions in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpei Ye
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongjing Jiang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, United States of America
| | - Ni Lu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Zhang X, Deng T, Wu D, Chen L, He G, Yang H, Zou Y, Pei C, Yue D, Tao L, Ouyang S, Wang Q, Zhang Z. The influence of lightning activity on NO x and O 3 in the Pearl River Delta region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166001. [PMID: 37536585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high-temperature lightning generates NOx by electrolyzing nitrogen and oxygen molecules, regulating ozone concentration. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is located in the world's high-value area of lightning density, and lightning-generated NOx (LNOx) cannot be ignored. Using the flash data from Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Lightning Location System and multi-site atmospheric composition data, we estimate the NOx variations in lightning activity and its impact on O3 across the PRD region. The cloud-to-groud (CG) frequency from 2013 to 2021 shows a decreasing trend driven by urban regions. We observe that the lightning density is steadily decreasing from the south-central part of Guangzhou City to the surrounding area. A comparison of the different sites with lightning days and non-lightning days shows that a significant amount (13. 84-20. 47 %) of ground-level NOx concentration at urban stations can be attributed to lightning NOx emissions. A lower lightning frequency and low background concentration observed at suburban sites indicated a limited contribution of LNOx. The average decrease in O3 concentration at urban stations (15.92-25.06 %) was significantly higher than that at suburban stations (5.34-8.95 %) due to the influence of titration and lower actinic radiation. There was a greater fluctuation in NOx and O3 concentrations during the cases, and the surface NOx concentration displayed the most significant responsiveness to LNOx under direct lightning striking in the tall tower. This phenomenon has not been reported, however, it is consistent with the laboratory-based observations suggesting the amount of LNO increases with peak current. LNOx significantly impacts air quality in the PRD during the high convective season. Further in situ and vertical distribution observations are necessary to explore the ground-level impact of LNOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Dui Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lüwen Chen
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guowen He
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Atmospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Honglong Yang
- Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liping Tao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shanshan Ouyang
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China; Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zebiao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
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5
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Zhang X, van der A R, Ding J, Eskes H, van Geffen J, Yin Y, Anema J, Vagasky C, L Lapierre J, Kuang X. Spaceborne Observations of Lightning NO 2 in the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2322-2332. [PMID: 36724410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic region is experiencing notable warming as well as more lightning. Lightning is the dominant source of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are precursors for ozone and hydroxyl radicals. In this study, we combine the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) with Vaisala Global Lightning Dataset 360 to evaluate lightning NO2 (LNO2) production in the Arctic. By analyzing consecutive TROPOMI NO2 observations, we determine the lifetime and production efficiency of LNO2 during the summers of 2019-2021. Our results show that the LNO2 production efficiency over the ocean is ∼6 times higher than over continental regions. Additionally, we find that a higher LNO2 production efficiency is often correlated with lower lightning rates. The summertime lightning NOx emission in the Arctic (north of 70° N) is estimated to be 219 ± 116 Mg of N, which is equal to 5% of anthropogenic NOx emissions. However, for the span of a few hours, the Arctic LNO2 density can even be comparable to anthropogenic NO2 emissions in the region. These new findings suggest that LNO2 can play an important role in the upper-troposphere/lower-stratosphere atmospheric chemical processes in the Arctic, particularly during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- KNMI-NUIST Center for Atmospheric Composition, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing210044, China
- Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GADe Bilt, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing210044, China
| | - Ronald van der A
- KNMI-NUIST Center for Atmospheric Composition, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing210044, China
- Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GADe Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Jieying Ding
- Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GADe Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Eskes
- Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GADe Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Jos van Geffen
- Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GADe Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Yin
- KNMI-NUIST Center for Atmospheric Composition, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing210044, China
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing210044, China
| | - Juliëtte Anema
- Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GADe Bilt, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Meteorology and Air Quality, 6708 PBWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Vagasky
- Vaisala Inc., Louisville, Colorado80027, United States
| | | | - Xiang Kuang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing210044, China
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6
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Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang J, Li M, Li H, Wang P, Zhu J, Li K, Liao H. Summer ozone pollution in China affected by the intensity of Asian monsoon systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157785. [PMID: 35931145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ozone in the troposphere is harmful to human health and ecosystems. It has become the most severe air pollutant in China. Here, based on global atmospheric chemistry model simulations during 1981-2019 and nation-wide surface observations, the impacts of interannual variations in Asian summer monsoon (ASM), including East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), on surface O3 concentrations during June-July-August (JJA) in China are investigated. EASM intensity has a significant positive correlation with the surface O3 concentration in south-central China (97.5°-117.5°E, 20°-35°N) with a correlation coefficient of 0.6. Relative to the weak EASM years, O3 concentrations in strong EASM years increased by up to 5 ppb (10 % relative to the average) due to the weakened transboundary transport of O3 resulting from the decrease in prevailing southwesterlies. SASM can be divided into two components. The one near East Asia has a similar relation with O3 in southern China (100°-117.5°E, 22°-32°N) as that of EASM. The other component of SASM is negatively correlated with surface O3 concentration in eastern China (110°-117.5°E, 22°-34°N) and the maximum difference in O3 concentrations exceeded 5 ppb (10 %) between the strong and weak monsoon years, which can be explained by the O3 divergence caused by the anomalous southerlies blowing pollutants away from the northern boundary of eastern China. This study shows that the ASM has an important impact on the O3 concentrations in China, primarily through changing transboundary transport related to the variability of large-scale circulations, which has great implications for air pollution prevention and mitigation in China. Future projections of ASM suggests that the sustainable and medium development scenarios are the perfect pathways that can help to mitigate O3 pollution, while high social vulnerability and radiative forcing scenarios could enhance future O3 pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology, Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pinya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Pai SJ, Heald CL, Coe H, Brooks J, Shephard MW, Dammers E, Apte JS, Luo G, Yu F, Holmes CD, Venkataraman C, Sadavarte P, Tibrewal K. Compositional Constraints are Vital for Atmospheric PM 2.5 Source Attribution over India. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2432-2445. [PMID: 36303716 PMCID: PMC9590233 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
India experiences some of the highest levels of ambient PM2.5 aerosol pollution in the world. However, due to the historical dearth of in situ measurements, chemical transport models that are often used to estimate PM2.5 exposure over the region are rarely evaluated. Here, we conduct a novel model comparison with speciated airborne measurements of fine aerosol, revealing large biases in the ammonium and nitrate simulations. To address this, we incorporate process-level changes to the model and use satellite observations from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to constrain ammonia and nitrogen oxide emissions. The resulting simulation demonstrates significantly lower bias (NMBModified: 0.19; NMBBase: 0.61) when validated against the airborne aerosol measurements, particularly for the nitrate (NMBModified: 0.08; NMBBase: 1.64) and ammonium simulation (NMBModified: 0.49; NMBBase: 0.90). We use this validated simulation to estimate a population-weighted annual PM2.5 exposure of 61.4 μg m-3, with the RCO (residential, commercial, and other) and energy sectors contributing 21% and 19%, respectively, resulting in an estimated 961,000 annual PM2.5-attributable deaths. Regional exposure and sectoral source contributions differ meaningfully in the improved simulation (compared to the baseline simulation). Our work highlights the critical role of speciated observational constraints in developing accurate model-based PM2.5 aerosol source attribution for health assessments and air quality management in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant J. Pai
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hugh Coe
- Centre
for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James Brooks
- Centre
for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mark W. Shephard
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., North York, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Enrico Dammers
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., North York, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- Climate,
Air and Sustainability, Netherlands Organization
for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joshua S. Apte
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School
of Public Health, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric
Sciences Research Center, University at
Albany, 1220 Washington Ave., Albany, New York 12226, United
States
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric
Sciences Research Center, University at
Albany, 1220 Washington Ave., Albany, New York 12226, United
States
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department
of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, 1011 Academic Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32304, United
States
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Main Building, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Sadavarte
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability
Studies (IASS), Berliner
Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kushal Tibrewal
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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8
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Li M, Mao J, Chen S, Bian J, Bai Z, Wang X, Chen W, Yu P. Significant contribution of lightning NO x to summertime surface O 3 on the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154639. [PMID: 35314240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lightning generates nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the troposphere, an important precursor of tropospheric ozone (O3). The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is considered to be a global atmospheric background location with limited anthropogenic influences. However, the observed summertime surface O3 concentration on the TP is 25% higher than that in highly polluted regions (e.g., southern China). Previous studies have suggested that lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) can affect the concentration of surface O3. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model combined with satellite, ground-based, and airborne observations to evaluate the contribution of LNOx to the surface O3 budget on the TP. Our results showed that LNOx contributed approximately 15% of the surface NOx emission on the TP in summer. Accordingly, the contribution of LNOx to the summertime surface daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) O3 on the TP was 9.3 ± 7.1 ppb, which was 17.5% ± 14.5% of the total concentration of the surface MDA8 O3. In addition, our study found that the number of moles of NO produced per lightning flash (LNOx production efficiency) significantly affected the surface concentration of NOx, OH, and MDA8 O3. Increasing the LNOx production efficiency (PE) from 0 to 330 mol NO flash-1 increased the concentration of MDA8 O3 by up to 20% on the TP. Our study revealed that lightning significantly affects the atmospheric chemical processes involving O3 on the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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9
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Palmer PI, Marvin MR, Siddans R, Kerridge BJ, Moore DP. Nocturnal survival of isoprene linked to formation of upper tropospheric organic aerosol. Science 2022; 375:562-566. [PMID: 35113698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted mainly by terrestrial vegetation and is the dominant volatile organic compound (VOC) in Earth's atmosphere. It plays key roles in determining the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and the formation of organic aerosol. Daytime infrared satellite observations of isoprene reported here broadly agree with emission inventories, but we found substantial differences in the locations and magnitudes of isoprene hotspots, consistent with a recent study. The corresponding nighttime infrared observations reveal unexpected hotspots over tropical South America, the Congo basin, and Southeast Asia. We used an atmospheric chemistry model to link these nighttime isoprene measurements to low-NOx regions with high biogenic VOC emissions; at sunrise the remaining isoprene can lead to the production of epoxydiols and subsequently to the widespread seasonal production of organic aerosol in the tropical upper troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I Palmer
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret R Marvin
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Siddans
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - Brian J Kerridge
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - David P Moore
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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10
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Galmarini S, Makar P, Clifton OE, Hogrefe C, Bash JO, Bellasio R, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Butler T, Ducker J, Flemming J, Hodzic A, Holmes CD, Kioutsioukis I, Kranenburg R, Lupascu A, Perez-Camanyo JL, Pleim J, Ryu YH, Jose RS, Schwede D, Silva S, Wolke R. Technical note: AQMEII4 Activity 1: evaluation of wet and dry deposition schemes as an integral part of regional-scale air quality models. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:1-15663. [PMID: 34824572 PMCID: PMC8609478 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-15663-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present in this technical note the research protocol for phase 4 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII4). This research initiative is divided into two activities, collectively having three goals: (i) to define the current state of the science with respect to representations of wet and especially dry deposition in regional models, (ii) to quantify the extent to which different dry deposition parameterizations influence retrospective air pollutant concentration and flux predictions, and (iii) to identify, through the use of a common set of detailed diagnostics, sensitivity simulations, model evaluation, and reduction of input uncertainty, the specific causes for the current range of these predictions. Activity 1 is dedicated to the diagnostic evaluation of wet and dry deposition processes in regional air quality models (described in this paper), and Activity 2 to the evaluation of dry deposition point models against ozone flux measurements at multiple towers with multiyear observations (to be described in future submissions as part of the special issue on AQMEII4). The scope of this paper is to present the scientific protocols for Activity 1, as well as to summarize the technical information associated with the different dry deposition approaches used by the participating research groups of AQMEII4. In addition to describing all common aspects and data used for this multi-model evaluation activity, most importantly, we present the strategy devised to allow a common process-level comparison of dry deposition obtained from models using sometimes very different dry deposition schemes. The strategy is based on adding detailed diagnostics to the algorithms used in the dry deposition modules of existing regional air quality models, in particular archiving diagnostics specific to land use-land cover (LULC) and creating standardized LULC categories to facilitate cross-comparison of LULC-specific dry deposition parameters and processes, as well as archiving effective conductance and effective flux as means for comparing the relative influence of different pathways towards the net or total dry deposition. This new approach, along with an analysis of precipitation and wet deposition fields, will provide an unprecedented process-oriented comparison of deposition in regional air quality models. Examples of how specific dry deposition schemes used in participating models have been reduced to the common set of comparable diagnostics defined for AQMEII4 are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Makar
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Clifton
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Ducker
- Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Alma Hodzic
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ioannis Kioutsioukis
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Richard Kranenburg
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurelia Lupascu
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Pleim
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Young-Hee Ryu
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | | | - Donna Schwede
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam Silva
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ralf Wolke
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are toxic air pollutants and play a significant role in tropospheric chemistry. Global NOx hotspots are the industrialised regions of the USA, Europe, Middle East, East Asia and eastern parts of South Africa. Lightning is one of the many natural and anthropogenic sources of NOx to the troposphere. It plays a role in the formation of particulate matter and tropospheric ozone, which are both linked to harmful health and climate effects. The discourse on NOx over the southern African continent has mainly focused on anthropogenic sources. However, lightning is known to be a main source of tropospheric NOx globally. It is therefore important to understand its contribution to the national and global NOx budget. Data from the South African Lightning Detection Network were used to approximate the influence of lightning on the NOx load over the country, and to develop a gridded data set of lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) emissions for the period 2008 2015. The Network monitors cloud-toground lightning strikes; and theoretically has a detection efficiency of 90% and a location accuracy of 0.5 km. An emission factor of 11.5 kg NO2/flash was employed to calculate the LNOx budget of ~270 kt NO2/year. The calculated LNOx was 14% of the total NOx emission estimates published in the EDGAR v4.2 data set for the year 2008. The LNOx emission inventory will improve model performance and prediction, and enhance the understanding of the contribution of lightning to ambient NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Feig
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Roelof Burger
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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12
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Brune WH, McFarland PJ, Bruning E, Waugh S, MacGorman D, Miller DO, Jenkins JM, Ren X, Mao J, Peischl J. Extreme oxidant amounts produced by lightning in storm clouds. Science 2021; 372:711-715. [PMID: 33927054 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lightning increases the atmosphere's ability to cleanse itself by producing nitric oxide (NO), leading to atmospheric chemistry that forms ozone (O3) and the atmosphere's primary oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH). Our analysis of a 2012 airborne study of deep convection and chemistry demonstrates that lightning also directly generates the oxidants OH and the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2). Extreme amounts of OH and HO2 were discovered and linked to visible flashes occurring in front of the aircraft and to subvisible discharges in electrified anvil regions. This enhanced OH and HO2 is orders of magnitude greater than any previous atmospheric observation. Lightning-generated OH in all storms happening at the same time globally can be responsible for a highly uncertain, but substantial, 2 to 16% of global atmospheric OH oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Brune
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - P J McFarland
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - E Bruning
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - S Waugh
- National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norman, OK, USA
| | - D MacGorman
- National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norman, OK, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.,School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - D O Miller
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - J M Jenkins
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - X Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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13
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Dang R, Liao H, Fu Y. Quantifying the anthropogenic and meteorological influences on summertime surface ozone in China over 2012-2017. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142394. [PMID: 33254879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We applied the global 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to examine the anthropogenic and meteorological contributions in driving summertime (JJA) surface ozone (O3) trend in China during the Clean Air Action period 2012-2017. The model captures the observed spatial distribution of summertime O3 concentrations in China (R = 0.78) and reproduces the observed increasing trends in two most populated city clusters: North China Plain (NCP) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Trend of simulated maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 concentration is 0.58 ppbv yr-1 in NCP and 1.74 ppbv yr-1 in YRD in JJA 2012-2017. Sensitivity studies show that both changes in anthropogenic emissions and meteorology favored the MDA8 O3 increases in these two regions with respective contributions of 39% and 49% in NCP, and 13% and 84% in YRD. In NCP, the 49% meteorology impact includes a considerable contribution from natural emissions (19%). Changes in biogenic VOCs, soil NOx, and lightning NOx emissions are estimated to enhance MDA8 O3 in NCP with a rate of 0.14, 0.10, and 0.14 ppbv yr-1, respectively. In YRD, natural emissions made small contributions to the MDA8 O3 trend. Statistical analysis shows that higher temperatures and anomalous southerlies at 850 hPa in 2017 relative to 2012 are the two major meteorological drivers in NCP that favored the O3 increases, while weaker wind speed and lower relative humidity are those for YRD. We further examined the trend of fourth highest daily maximum 8-h average (4MDA8) O3 among a specific month that linked with extreme pollution episodes. Trends of simulated 4MDA8 O3 in NCP and YRD are 34-46% higher than those of MDA8 O3 and are found more meteorology-induced. Our results suggest an important role of meteorology in driving summertime O3 increases in China in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yu Fu
- Climate Change Research Center, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Gharaylou M, Mahmoudian A, Bidokhti AA, Dadras PS. Mutual relationship between surface atmospheric pollutants and CG lightning in Tehran area. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:809. [PMID: 33263799 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mutual relationship between surface atmospheric pollutants and Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning is studied in the Tehran area for the first time. The impact of surface pollutant concentration of PM10 on CG lightning initiation, as well as the production of NO2 and surface ozone derived by lightning occurrence is investigated. To proceed, the reports of thunderstorm occurrence, including CG lightning in the Tehran area have been collected for years of study from the Iran meteorological organization (IRIMO). The surface pollution data are obtained from the Air Quality Control Center (AQCC) for several stations in the area of interest. The number of lightning (NoL) associated with the selected dates is obtained using the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The correlation coefficients associated with the CG lightning and the concentrations of PM10, NO2, and surface ozone are calculated. The hourly variations of accumulated NoL and NO2 and surface ozone are also compared for 24 hours before and after the lightning activity for four days of study during the years of 2009-2013. The results show that there is a positive correlation between PM10 concentration and lightning flash number, obtained from observational data of WWLLN. Moreover, the comparison of NoL and surface pollutant concentration indicates a clear positive contribution from CG lightning in NO2 and ozone production. In days with a considerable number of lightning occurrences, the comparison of the hourly average of NO2 and O3 concentrations with the lightning flash number reveals that NO2 decreases, and O3 increases due to the significant increases of lightning strikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gharaylou
- Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Post Box 14155-6466, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Mahmoudian
- Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Post Box 14155-6466, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - AbbasAli A Bidokhti
- Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Post Box 14155-6466, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Pegah Sadr Dadras
- Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Post Box 14155-6466, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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15
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Impact of Lightning NOx Emissions on Atmospheric Composition and Meteorology in Africa and Europe. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
NOx emissions from lightning have been added to the CHIMERE v2020r1 model using a parameterization based on convective clouds. In order to estimate the impact of these emissions on pollutant concentrations, two simulations, using the online coupled WRF-CHIMERE models with and without NOx emissions from lightning, have been carried out over the months of July and August 2013 and over a large area covering Europe and the northern part of Africa. The results show that these emissions modify the pollutant concentrations as well as the meteorology. The changes are most significant where the strongest emissions are located. Adding these emissions improves Aerosol Optical Depth in Africa but has a limited impact on the surface concentrations of pollutants in Europe. For the two-month average we find that the maximum changes are localized and may reach ±0.5 K for 2 m temperature, ±0.5 m s−1 for 10 m wind speed, 10 W m−2 for short wave radiation surface flux, and 50 and 2 μg m−3 for dust and sea salt surface concentrations, respectively. This leads to maximum changes of 1 μg m−3 for surface concentrations of PM2.5.
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16
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Kelley M, Schmidt GA, Nazarenko LS, Bauer SE, Ruedy R, Russell GL, Ackerman AS, Aleinov I, Bauer M, Bleck R, Canuto V, Cesana G, Cheng Y, Clune TL, Cook BI, Cruz CA, Del Genio AD, Elsaesser GS, Faluvegi G, Kiang NY, Kim D, Lacis AA, Leboissetier A, LeGrande AN, Lo KK, Marshall J, Matthews EE, McDermid S, Mezuman K, Miller RL, Murray LT, Oinas V, Orbe C, García‐Pando CP, Perlwitz JP, Puma MJ, Rind D, Romanou A, Shindell DT, Sun S, Tausnev N, Tsigaridis K, Tselioudis G, Weng E, Wu J, Yao M. GISS-E2.1: Configurations and Climatology. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2020; 12:e2019MS002025. [PMID: 32999704 PMCID: PMC7507764 DOI: 10.1029/2019ms002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the GISS-E2.1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS-E2) chiefly due to parameterization improvements to the atmospheric and ocean model components, while keeping atmospheric resolution the same. Model skill when compared to modern era climatologies is significantly higher than in previous versions. Additionally, updates in forcings have a material impact on the results. In particular, there have been specific improvements in representations of modes of variability (such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation and other modes in the Pacific) and significant improvements in the simulation of the climate of the Southern Oceans, including sea ice. The effective climate sensitivity to 2 × CO2 is slightly higher than previously at 2.7-3.1°C (depending on version) and is a result of lower CO2 radiative forcing and stronger positive feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Kelley
- SciSpace LLCNew YorkNYUSA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Larissa S. Nazarenko
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Reto Ruedy
- SciSpace LLCNew YorkNYUSA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Igor Aleinov
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael Bauer
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Rainer Bleck
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA/ESRL/Global Systems LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Grégory Cesana
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ye Cheng
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Ben I. Cook
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Carlos A. Cruz
- Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- SSAIGreenbeltMDUSA
| | | | - Gregory S. Elsaesser
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied MathematicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Greg Faluvegi
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Daehyun Kim
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Ken K. Lo
- SciSpace LLCNew YorkNYUSA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Sonali McDermid
- Department of Environmental StudiesNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Keren Mezuman
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ron L. Miller
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lee T. Murray
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Valdar Oinas
- SciSpace LLCNew YorkNYUSA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Clara Orbe
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Carlos Pérez García‐Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing CenterBarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jan P. Perlwitz
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Climate, Aerosol, and Pollution Research, LLCBronxNYUSA
| | - Michael J. Puma
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - David Rind
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Shan Sun
- NOAA/ESRL/Global Systems LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - Nick Tausnev
- SciSpace LLCNew YorkNYUSA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Ensheng Weng
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jingbo Wu
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied MathematicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Mao‐Sung Yao
- SciSpace LLCNew YorkNYUSA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
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17
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Kang D, Mathur R, Pouliot GA, Gilliam RC, Wong DC. Significant ground-level ozone attributed to lightning-induced nitrogen oxides during summertime over the Mountain West States. NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE 2020; 3:6. [PMID: 32181370 PMCID: PMC7075249 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-020-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using lightning flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network with an updated lightning nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission estimation algorithm in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, we estimate the hourly variations in lightning NOx emissions for the summer of 2011 and simulate its impact on distributions of tropospheric ozone (O3) across the continental United States. We find that typical summer-time lightning activity across the U.S. Mountain West States (MWS) injects NOx emissions comparable to those from anthropogenic sources into the troposphere over the region. Comparison of two model simulation cases with and without lightning NOx emissions show that significant amount of ground-level O3 in the MWS during the summer can be attributed to the lightning NOX emissions. The simulated surface-level O3 from a model configuration incorporating lightning NOx emissions showed better agreement with the observed values than the model configuration without lightning NOx emissions. The time periods of significant reduction in bias in simulated O3 between these two cases strongly correlate with the time periods when lightning activity occurred in the region. The inclusion of lightning NOx increased daily maximum 8 h O3 by up to 17 ppb and improved model performance relative to measured surface O3 mixing ratios in the MWS region. Analysis of model results in conjunction with lidar measurements at Boulder, Colorado during July 2014 corroborated similar impacts of lightning NOx emissions on O3 emissions estimated for other summers is comparable to the 2011 air quality. The magnitude of lightning NOx estimates suggesting that summertime surface-level O3 levels in the MWS region could be significantly influenced by lightning NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - George A. Pouliot
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert C. Gilliam
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David C. Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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18
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An Evaluation of Relationships between Radar-Inferred Kinematic and Microphysical Parameters and Lightning Flash Rates in Alabama Storms. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lightning flash rate parameterizations based on polarimetric and multi-Doppler radar inferred microphysical (e.g., graupel volume, graupel mass, 35 dBZ volume) and kinematic (e.g., updraft volume, maximum updraft velocity) parameters have important applications in atmospheric science. Although past studies have established relations between flash rate and storm parameters, their expected performance in a variety of storm and flash rate conditions is uncertain due to sample limitations. Radar network and lightning mapping array observations over Alabama of a large and diverse sample of 33 storms are input to hydrometeor identification, vertical velocity retrieval and flash rate algorithms to develop and test flash rate relations. When applied to this sample, prior flash rate linear relations result in larger errors overall, including often much larger bias (both over- and under-estimation) and root mean square errors compared to the new linear relations. At low flash rates, the new flash rate relations based on kinematic parameters have larger errors compared to those based on microphysical ones. Sensitivity of error to the functional form (e.g., zero or non-zero intercept) is also tested. When considering all factors (e.g., low errors including at low flash rate, consistency with past linear relations, and insensitivity to functional form), the flash rate parameterization based on graupel volume has the best overall performance.
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19
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Kang D, Pickering KE, Allen DJ, Foley KM, Wong DC, Mathur R, Roselle SJ. Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: evolution of scientific updates. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 12:3071-3083. [PMID: 32206207 PMCID: PMC7087390 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-3071-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the lightning nitric oxide (LNO) production schemes in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. We first document the existing LNO production scheme and vertical distribution algorithm. We then describe updates that were made to the scheme originally based on monthly National Lightning Detection Network (mNLDN) observations. The updated scheme uses hourly NLDN (hNLDN) observations. These NLDN-based schemes are good for retrospective model applications when historical lightning data are available. For applications when observed data are not available (i.e., air quality forecasts and climate studies that assume similar climate conditions), we have developed a scheme that is based on linear and log-linear parameters derived from regression of multiyear historical NLDN (pNLDN) observations and meteorological model simulations. Preliminary assessment for total column LNO production reveals that the mNLDN scheme overestimates LNO by over 40% during summer months compared with the updated hNLDN scheme that reflects the observed lightning activity more faithfully in time and space. The pNLDN performance varies with year, but it generally produced LNO columns that are comparable to hNLDN and mNLDN, and in most cases it outperformed mNLDN. Thus, when no observed lightning data are available, pNLDN can provide reasonable estimates of LNO emissions over time and space for this important natural NO source that influences air quality regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiwen Kang
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kenneth E Pickering
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dale J Allen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kristen M Foley
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David C Wong
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shawn J Roselle
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Matthias V, Arndt JA, Aulinger A, Bieser J, Denier van der Gon H, Kranenburg R, Kuenen J, Neumann D, Pouliot G, Quante M. Modeling emissions for three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport models. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:763-800. [PMID: 29364776 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poor air quality is still a threat for human health in many parts of the world. In order to assess measures for emission reductions and improved air quality, three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems are used in numerous research institutions and public authorities. These models need accurate emission data in appropriate spatial and temporal resolution as input. This paper reviews the most widely used emission inventories on global and regional scales and looks into the methods used to make the inventory data model ready. Shortcomings of using standard temporal profiles for each emission sector are discussed, and new methods to improve the spatiotemporal distribution of the emissions are presented. These methods are often neither top-down nor bottom-up approaches but can be seen as hybrid methods that use detailed information about the emission process to derive spatially varying temporal emission profiles. These profiles are subsequently used to distribute bulk emissions such as national totals on appropriate grids. The wide area of natural emissions is also summarized, and the calculation methods are described. Almost all types of natural emissions depend on meteorological information, which is why they are highly variable in time and space and frequently calculated within the chemistry transport models themselves. The paper closes with an outlook for new ways to improve model ready emission data, for example, by using external databases about road traffic flow or satellite data to determine actual land use or leaf area. In a world where emission patterns change rapidly, it seems appropriate to use new types of statistical and observational data to create detailed emission data sets and keep emission inventories up-to-date. IMPLICATIONS Emission data are probably the most important input for chemistry transport model (CTM) systems. They need to be provided in high spatial and temporal resolution and on a grid that is in agreement with the CTM grid. Simple methods to distribute the emissions in time and space need to be replaced by sophisticated emission models in order to improve the CTM results. New methods, e.g., for ammonia emissions, provide grid cell-dependent temporal profiles. In the future, large data fields from traffic observations or satellite observations could be used for more detailed emission data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Matthias
- a Chemistry Transport Modelling Department, Institute of Coastal Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Jan A Arndt
- a Chemistry Transport Modelling Department, Institute of Coastal Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Armin Aulinger
- a Chemistry Transport Modelling Department, Institute of Coastal Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Johannes Bieser
- a Chemistry Transport Modelling Department, Institute of Coastal Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Hugo Denier van der Gon
- b Climate, Air, and Sustainability Department , TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Richard Kranenburg
- b Climate, Air, and Sustainability Department , TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuenen
- b Climate, Air, and Sustainability Department , TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Neumann
- c Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation , Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde , Rostock , Germany
| | - George Pouliot
- d Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Markus Quante
- a Chemistry Transport Modelling Department, Institute of Coastal Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht , Germany
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge of how anaerobic bacteria protect themselves against nitrosative stress. Nitric oxide (NO) is the primary source of this stress. Aerobically its removal is an oxidative process, whereas reduction is required anaerobically. Mechanisms required to protect aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are therefore different. Several themes recur in the review. First, how gene expression is regulated often provides clues to the physiological function of the gene products. Second, the physiological significance of reports based upon experiments under extreme conditions that bacteria do not encounter in their natural environment requires reassessment. Third, responses to the primary source of stress need to be distinguished from secondary consequences of chemical damage due to failure of repair mechanisms to cope with extreme conditions. NO is generated by many mechanisms, some of which remain undefined. An example is the recent demonstration that the hybrid cluster protein combines with YtfE (or RIC protein, for repair of iron centres damaged by nitrosative stress) in a new pathway to repair key iron-sulphur proteins damaged by nitrosative stress. The functions of many genes expressed in response to nitrosative stress remain either controversial or are completely unknown. The concentration of NO that accumulates in the bacterial cytoplasm is essentially unknown, so dogmatic statements cannot be made that damage to transcription factors (Fur, FNR, SoxRS, MelR, OxyR) occurs naturally as part of a physiologically relevant signalling mechanism. Such doubts can be resolved by simple experiments to meet six proposed criteria.
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ. Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long-term U.S. monitoring sites: 2. Links between Trinidad Head, CA, profile clusters and inland surface ozone measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:1261-1280. [PMID: 29619290 PMCID: PMC5880040 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on the transport of ozone (O3) to the Western U.S., particularly given the latest revision of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) to 70 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) of O3. This makes defining a "background" O3 amount essential so that the effects of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange and pollution transport to this region can be quantified. To evaluate free-tropospheric and surface O3 in the Western U.S., we use self-organizing maps to cluster 18 years of ozonesonde profiles (940 samples) from Trinidad Head, CA. Two of nine O3 mixing ratio profile clusters exhibit thin laminae of high O3 above Trinidad Head. A third, consisting of background (~20 - 40 ppbv) O3, occurs in ~10% of profiles. The high O3 layers are located between 1 and 4 km amsl, and reside above a subsidence inversion associated with a northern location of the semi-permanent Pacific subtropical high. Several ancillary data sets are examined to identify the high O3 sources (reanalyses, trajectories, remotely-sensed carbon monoxide), but distinguishing chemical and stratospheric influences of the elevated O3 is difficult. There is marked and long-lasting impact of the elevated tropospheric O3 on high-altitude surface O3 monitors at Lassen Volcanic and Yosemite National Parks, and Truckee, CA. Days corresponding to the high O3 clusters exhibit hourly surface O3 anomalies of +5 - 10 ppbv compared to a climatology; the anomalies can last up to four days. The profile and surface O3 links demonstrate the importance of regular ozonesonde profiling at Trinidad Head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stauffer
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland - College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel J Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan J Johnson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Vennam LP, Vizuete W, Talgo K, Omary M, Binkowski FS, Xing J, Mathur R, Arunachalam S. Modeled Full-Flight Aircraft Emissions Impacts on Air Quality and Their Sensitivity to Grid Resolution. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:13472-13494. [PMID: 29707471 PMCID: PMC5920554 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aviation is a unique anthropogenic source with four-dimensional varying emissions, peaking at cruise altitudes (9-12 km). Aircraft emission budgets in the upper troposphere lower stratosphere region and their potential impacts on upper troposphere and surface air quality are not well understood. Our key objective is to use chemical transport models (with prescribed meteorology) to predict aircraft emissions impacts on the troposphere and surface air quality. We quantified the importance of including full-flight intercontinental emissions and increased horizontal grid resolution. The full-flight aviation emissions in the Northern Hemisphere contributed ~1.3% (mean, min-max: 0.46, 0.3-0.5 ppbv) and 0.2% (0.013, 0.004-0.02 μg/m3) of total O3 and PM2.5 concentrations at the surface, with Europe showing slightly higher impacts (1.9% (O3 0.69, 0.5-0.85 ppbv) and 0.5% (PM2.5 0.03, 0.01-0.05 μg/m3)) than North America (NA) and East Asia. We computed seasonal aviation-attributable mass flux vertical profiles and aviation perturbations along isentropic surfaces to quantify the transport of cruise altitude emissions at the hemispheric scale. The comparison of coarse (108 × 108 km2) and fine (36 × 36 km2) grid resolutions in NA showed ~70 times and ~13 times higher aviation impacts for O3 and PM2.5 in coarser domain. These differences are mainly due to the inability of the coarse resolution simulation to capture nonlinearities in chemical processes near airport locations and other urban areas. Future global studies quantifying aircraft contributions should consider model resolution and perhaps use finer scales near major aviation source regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. P. Vennam
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W. Vizuete
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K. Talgo
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M. Omary
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - F. S. Binkowski
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J. Xing
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R. Mathur
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S. Arunachalam
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Travis KR, Jacob DJ, Fisher JA, Kim PS, Marais EA, Zhu L, Yu K, Miller CC, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Thompson AM, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, St Clair JM, Cohen RC, Laughner JL, Dibb JE, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Wolfe GM, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Neuman JA, Zhou X. Why do Models Overestimate Surface Ozone in the Southeastern United States? ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:13561-13577. [PMID: 29619045 PMCID: PMC5880041 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution in the Southeast US involves complex chemistry driven by emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) and biogenic isoprene. Model estimates of surface ozone concentrations tend to be biased high in the region and this is of concern for designing effective emission control strategies to meet air quality standards. We use detailed chemical observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign in August and September 2013, interpreted with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model at 0.25°×0.3125° horizontal resolution, to better understand the factors controlling surface ozone in the Southeast US. We find that the National Emission Inventory (NEI) for NOx from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is too high. This finding is based on SEAC4RS observations of NOx and its oxidation products, surface network observations of nitrate wet deposition fluxes, and OMI satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns. Our results indicate that NEI NOx emissions from mobile and industrial sources must be reduced by 30-60%, dependent on the assumption of the contribution by soil NOx emissions. Upper tropospheric NO2 from lightning makes a large contribution to satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 that must be accounted for when using these data to estimate surface NOx emissions. We find that only half of isoprene oxidation proceeds by the high-NOx pathway to produce ozone; this fraction is only moderately sensitive to changes in NOx emissions because isoprene and NOx emissions are spatially segregated. GEOS-Chem with reduced NOx emissions provides an unbiased simulation of ozone observations from the aircraft, and reproduces the observed ozone production efficiency in the boundary layer as derived from a regression of ozone and NOx oxidation products. However, the model is still biased high by 8±13 ppb relative to observed surface ozone in the Southeast US. Ozonesondes launched during midday hours show a 7 ppb ozone decrease from 1.5 km to the surface that GEOS-Chem does not capture. This bias may reflect a combination of excessive vertical mixing and net ozone production in the model boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny A. Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick S. Kim
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eloise A. Marais
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Yu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher C. Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jason M. St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack E. Dibb
- Earth System Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Illana B. Pollack
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA, Division of Chemical Science, Earth Systems Research Lab, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jonathan A. Neuman
- University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA, Division of Chemical Science, Earth Systems Research Lab, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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Impact of Coupled NOx/Aerosol Aircraft Emissions on Ozone Photochemistry and Radiative Forcing. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6060751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Murray LT, Jacob DJ, Logan JA, Hudman RC, Koshak WJ. Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yuan T, Remer LA, Bian H, Ziemke JR, Albrecht R, Pickering KE, Oreopoulos L, Goodman SJ, Yu H, Allen DJ. Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pawar V, Pawar SD, Beig G, Sahu SK. Effect of lightning activity on surface NOxand O3over a tropical station during premonsoon and monsoon seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martini M, Allen DJ, Pickering KE, Stenchikov GL, Richter A, Hyer EJ, Loughner CP. The impact of North American anthropogenic emissions and lightning on long-range transport of trace gases and their export from the continent during summers 2002 and 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barthe C, Deierling W, Barth MC. Estimation of total lightning from various storm parameters: A cloud-resolving model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Allen D, Pickering K, Duncan B, Damon M. Impact of lightning NO emissions on North American photochemistry as determined using the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Sensitivity of the NOybudget over the United States to anthropogenic and lightning NOxin summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bucsela EJ, Pickering KE, Huntemann TL, Cohen RC, Perring A, Gleason JF, Blakeslee RJ, Albrecht RI, Holzworth R, Cipriani JP, Vargas-Navarro D, Mora-Segura I, Pacheco-Hernández A, Laporte-Molina S. Lightning-generated NOxseen by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument during NASA's Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hansen AE, Fuelberg HE, Pickering KE. Vertical distributions of lightning sources and flashes over Kennedy Space Center, Florida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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