1
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Clifton OE, Schwede D, Hogrefe C, Bash JO, Bland S, Cheung P, Coyle M, Emberson L, Flemming J, Fredj E, Galmarini S, Ganzeveld L, Gazetas O, Goded I, Holmes CD, Horváth L, Huijnen V, Li Q, Makar PA, Mammarella I, Manca G, Munger JW, Pérez-Camanyo JL, Pleim J, Ran L, Jose RS, Silva SJ, Staebler R, Sun S, Tai APK, Tas E, Vesala T, Weidinger T, Wu Z, Zhang L. A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4). Atmos Chem Phys 2023; 23:9911-9961. [PMID: 37990693 PMCID: PMC10659075 DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A primary sink of air pollutants and their precursors is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across chemical transport models, yet an understanding of the model spread is incomplete. Here, we introduce Activity 2 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative Phase 4 (AQMEII4). We examine 18 dry deposition schemes from regional and global chemical transport models as well as standalone models used for impact assessments or process understanding. We configure the schemes as single-point models at eight Northern Hemisphere locations with observed ozone fluxes. Single-point models are driven by a common set of site-specific meteorological and environmental conditions. Five of eight sites have at least 3 years and up to 12 years of ozone fluxes. The interquartile range across models in multiyear mean ozone deposition velocities ranges from a factor of 1.2 to 1.9 annually across sites and tends to be highest during winter compared with summer. No model is within 50 % of observed multiyear averages across all sites and seasons, but some models perform well for some sites and seasons. For the first time, we demonstrate how contributions from depositional pathways vary across models. Models can disagree with respect to relative contributions from the pathways, even when they predict similar deposition velocities, or agree with respect to the relative contributions but predict different deposition velocities. Both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake contribute to the large model spread across sites. Our findings are the beginning of results from AQMEII4 Activity 2, which brings scientists who model air quality and dry deposition together with scientists who measure ozone fluxes to evaluate and improve dry deposition schemes in the chemical transport models used for research, planning, and regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E. Clifton
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia Climate School, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna Schwede
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam Bland
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Philip Cheung
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mhairi Coyle
- United Kingdom Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, The Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Laurens Ganzeveld
- Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Orestis Gazetas
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - László Horváth
- ELKH-SZTE Photoacoustic Research Group, Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vincent Huijnen
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | - Qian Li
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul A. Makar
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - J. William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Limei Ran
- Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Roberto San Jose
- Computer Science School, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam J. Silva
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Staebler
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shihan Sun
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P. K. Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eran Tas
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- ORISE Fellow at Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Fu JS, Carmichael GR, Dentener F, Aas W, Andersson C, Barrie LA, Cole A, Galy-Lacaux C, Geddes J, Itahashi S, Kanakidou M, Labrador L, Paulot F, Schwede D, Tan J, Vet R. Improving Estimates of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Ozone Total Deposition through Multi-Model and Measurement-Model Fusion Approaches. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:2134-2142. [PMID: 35081307 PMCID: PMC8962501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth system and environmental impact studies need high quality and up-to-date estimates of atmospheric deposition. This study demonstrates the methodological benefits of multimodel ensemble and measurement-model fusion mapping approaches for atmospheric deposition focusing on 2010, a year for which several studies were conducted. Global model-only deposition assessment can be further improved by integrating new model-measurement techniques, including expanded capabilities of satellite observations of atmospheric composition. We identify research and implementation priorities for timely estimates of deposition globally as implemented by the World Meteorological Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Computational Earth Sciences Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37380, United States
| | - Gregory R Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra VA Italy
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Camilla Andersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Leonard A Barrie
- Department of Atmosphere and Ocean Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Amanda Cole
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Corinne Galy-Lacaux
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeffrey Geddes
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion - Crete Greece
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Labrador
- Global Atmosphere Watch Programme, Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization, Case postale 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Paulot
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Donna Schwede
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Calonia 27709, United States
| | - Jiani Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Jiani Tan is now in Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Vet
- Unaffiliated, Markham, Ontario L3R 1P5, Canada
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3
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Galmarini S, Makar P, Clifton OE, Hogrefe C, Bash JO, Bellasio R, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Butler T, Ducker J, Flemming J, Hodzic A, Holmes CD, Kioutsioukis I, Kranenburg R, Lupascu A, Perez-Camanyo JL, Pleim J, Ryu YH, Jose RS, Schwede D, Silva S, Wolke R. Technical note: AQMEII4 Activity 1: evaluation of wet and dry deposition schemes as an integral part of regional-scale air quality models. Atmos Chem Phys 2021; 21:1-15663. [PMID: 34824572 PMCID: PMC8609478 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-15663-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present in this technical note the research protocol for phase 4 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII4). This research initiative is divided into two activities, collectively having three goals: (i) to define the current state of the science with respect to representations of wet and especially dry deposition in regional models, (ii) to quantify the extent to which different dry deposition parameterizations influence retrospective air pollutant concentration and flux predictions, and (iii) to identify, through the use of a common set of detailed diagnostics, sensitivity simulations, model evaluation, and reduction of input uncertainty, the specific causes for the current range of these predictions. Activity 1 is dedicated to the diagnostic evaluation of wet and dry deposition processes in regional air quality models (described in this paper), and Activity 2 to the evaluation of dry deposition point models against ozone flux measurements at multiple towers with multiyear observations (to be described in future submissions as part of the special issue on AQMEII4). The scope of this paper is to present the scientific protocols for Activity 1, as well as to summarize the technical information associated with the different dry deposition approaches used by the participating research groups of AQMEII4. In addition to describing all common aspects and data used for this multi-model evaluation activity, most importantly, we present the strategy devised to allow a common process-level comparison of dry deposition obtained from models using sometimes very different dry deposition schemes. The strategy is based on adding detailed diagnostics to the algorithms used in the dry deposition modules of existing regional air quality models, in particular archiving diagnostics specific to land use-land cover (LULC) and creating standardized LULC categories to facilitate cross-comparison of LULC-specific dry deposition parameters and processes, as well as archiving effective conductance and effective flux as means for comparing the relative influence of different pathways towards the net or total dry deposition. This new approach, along with an analysis of precipitation and wet deposition fields, will provide an unprecedented process-oriented comparison of deposition in regional air quality models. Examples of how specific dry deposition schemes used in participating models have been reduced to the common set of comparable diagnostics defined for AQMEII4 are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Makar
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Clifton
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Ducker
- Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Alma Hodzic
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ioannis Kioutsioukis
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Richard Kranenburg
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurelia Lupascu
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Pleim
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Young-Hee Ryu
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | | | - Donna Schwede
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam Silva
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ralf Wolke
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Lin J, Compton JE, Clark C, Bittman S, Schwede D, Homann PS, Kiffney P, Hooper D, Bahr G, Baron JS. Key components and contrasts in the nitrogen budget across a US-Canadian transboundary watershed. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jg005577. [PMID: 34336541 PMCID: PMC8318187 DOI: 10.1029/2019jg005577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Watershed nitrogen (N) budgets provide insights into drivers and solutions for groundwater and surface water N contamination. We constructed a comprehensive N budget for the transboundary Nooksack River Watershed (British Columbia, Canada and Washington, US) using locally-derived data, national statistics and standard parameters. Feed imports for dairy (mainly in the US) and poultry (mainly in Canada) accounted for 30 and 29% of the total N input to the watershed, respectively. Synthetic fertilizer was the next largest source contributing 21% of inputs. Food imports for humans and pets together accounted for 9% of total inputs, lower than atmospheric deposition (10%). N imported by returning salmon representing marine derived nutrients accounted for <0.06 % of total N input. Quantified N export was 80% of total N input, driven by ammonia emission (32% of exports). Animal product export was the second largest output of N (31%) as milk and cattle in the US and poultry products in Canada. Riverine export of N was estimated at 28% of total N export. The commonly used crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) metric alone did not provide sufficient information on farming activities but in combination with other criteria such as farm-gate NUE may better represent management efficiency. Agriculture was the primary driver of N inputs to the environment as a result of its regional importance; the N budget information can inform management to minimize N losses. The N budget provides key information for stakeholders across sectors and borders to create environmentally and economically viable and effective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Lin
- The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis OR 97333
| | - Jana E. Compton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis OR 97333
| | | | | | - Donna Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, Research Triangle, NC
| | - Peter S. Homann
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA
| | - Peter Kiffney
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Hooper
- Dept. of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA
| | - Gary Bahr
- Natural Resources Assessment, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Olympia, WA
| | - Jill S. Baron
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO
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5
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Walker JT, Bell MD, Schwede D, Cole A, Beachley G, Lear G, Wu Z. Aspects of uncertainty in total reactive nitrogen deposition estimates for North American critical load applications. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:1005-1018. [PMID: 31302534 PMCID: PMC7724635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the amount of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition in excess of the ecosystem critical load (CL) requires an estimate of total deposition. Because the CL exceedance is used to inform policy decisions, uncertainty in both the CL and the exceedance itself must be understood. In this paper we review the state of the science with respect to the sources of uncertainty in total Nr deposition budgets used for CL assessments in North America and put forth recommendations for research and monitoring to improve deposition measurements and models. In the absence of methods to rigorously quantify uncertainty in total Nr deposition, a simple weighted deposition uncertainty metric (WDUM) is introduced as a tool for scientists and decision makers to use in assessing CL exceedances. Maps of the WDUM applied to National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Total Deposition (TDep) estimates show greater uncertainty in areas of the U.S. where dry deposition makes a larger contribution to the deposition budget, particularly ammonia (NH3) in agricultural areas and oxidized nitrogen (NOx) in urban areas. Organic N deposition is an important source of uncertainty over much of the U.S. Our analysis illustrates how the WDUM can be used to assess spatial patterns of deposition uncertainty and inform actions to improve deposition budgets for CL assessments at the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - Michael D Bell
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - Donna Schwede
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda Cole
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Greg Beachley
- U.S. EPA, Office of Air Programs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Gary Lear
- U.S. EPA, Office of Air Programs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
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6
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Schwede D, Cole A, Vet R, Lear G. Ongoing US-Canada collaborations on nitrogen and sulfur deposition. EM (Pittsburgh Pa) 2019; June:1-5. [PMID: 33658748 PMCID: PMC7923747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Amanda Cole
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON
| | - Robert Vet
- (Retired) Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON
| | - Gary Lear
- (Retired) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Clean Air Markets Division, Washington, DC
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7
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Chen X, Xie M, Hays MD, Edgerton E, Schwede D, Walker JT. Characterization of organic nitrogen in aerosols at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:6829-6846. [PMID: 32704249 PMCID: PMC7377252 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-6829-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the composition of organic particulate matter in PM2.5 in a remote montane forest in the southeastern US, focusing on the role of organic nitrogen (N) in sulfur-containing secondary organic aerosol (nitrooxy-organosulfates) and aerosols associated with biomass burning (nitro-aromatics). Bulk water-soluble organic N (WSON) represented ~ 14% w/w of water-soluble total N (WSTN) in PM2.5 on average across seasonal measurement campaigns conducted in the spring, summer, and fall of 2015. The largest contributions of WSON to WSTN were observed in spring (~ 18% w/w) and the lowest in the fall (~ 10% w/w). On average, identified nitro-aromatic and nitrooxy-organosulfate compounds accounted for a small fraction of WSON, ranging from ~ 1% in spring to ~ 4% in fall, though were observed to contribute as much as 28% w/w of WSON in individual samples that were impacted by local biomass burning. The highest concentrations of oxidized organic N species occurred during summer (average of 0.65 ng N m-3) along with a greater relative abundance of higher-generation oxygenated terpenoic acids, indicating an association with more aged aerosol. The highest concentrations of nitro-aromatics (e.g., nitrocatechol and methyl-nitrocatechol), levoglucosan, and aged SOA tracers were observed during fall, associated with aged biomass burning plumes. Nighttime nitrate radical chemistry is the most likely formation pathway for nitrooxy-organosulfates observed at this low NO x site (generally < 1 ppb). Isoprene-derived organosulfate (MW216, 2-methyltetrol derived), which is formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low NO x conditions, was the most abundant individual organosulfate. Concentration-weighted average WSON / WSOC ratios for nitro-aromatics + organosulfates + terpenoic acids were 1 order of magnitude lower than the overall aerosol WSON / WSOC ratio, indicating the presence of other uncharacterized higher-N-content species. Although nitrooxy-organosulfates and nitro-aromatics contributed a small fraction of WSON, our results provide new insight into the atmospheric formation processes and sources of these largely uncharacterized components of atmospheric organic N, which also helps to advance the atmospheric models to better understand the chemistry and deposition of reactive N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research and Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Donna Schwede
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - John T. Walker
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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8
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Matichuk R, Tonnesen G, Luecken D, Gilliam R, Napelenok SL, Baker KR, Schwede D, Murphy B, Helmig D, Lyman SN, Roselle S. Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model for Simulating Winter Ozone Formation in the Uinta Basin. J Geophys Res Atmos 2017; 122:13545-13572. [PMID: 30245953 PMCID: PMC6145463 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models were used to simulate a 10 day high-ozone episode observed during the 2013 Uinta Basin Winter Ozone Study (UBWOS). The baseline model had a large negative bias when compared to ozone (O3) and volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements across the basin. Contrary to other wintertime Uinta Basin studies, predicted nitrogen oxides (NO x ) were typically low compared to measurements. Increases to oil and gas VOC emissions resulted in O3 predictions closer to observations, and nighttime O3 improved when reducing the deposition velocity for all chemical species. Vertical structures of these pollutants were similar to observations on multiple days. However, the predicted surface layer VOC mixing ratios were generally found to be underestimated during the day and overestimated at night. While temperature profiles compared well to observations, WRF was found to have a warm temperature bias and too low nighttime mixing heights. Analyses of more realistic snow heat capacity in WRF to account for the warm bias and vertical mixing resulted in improved temperature profiles, although the improved temperature profiles seldom resulted in improved O3 profiles. While additional work is needed to investigate meteorological impacts, results suggest that the uncertainty in the oil and gas emissions contributes more to the underestimation of O3. Further, model adjustments based on a single site may not be suitable across all sites within the basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Matichuk
- Region 8 Office of Partnerships and Regulatory Assistance, Air Program, Indoor Air, Toxics, and Transportation Unit, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gail Tonnesen
- Region 8 Office of Partnerships and Regulatory Assistance, Air Program, Indoor Air, Toxics, and Transportation Unit, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Deborah Luecken
- Office of Research and Development, Computational Exposure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rob Gilliam
- Office of Research and Development, Computational Exposure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sergey L Napelenok
- Office of Research and Development, Computational Exposure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kirk R Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air Quality Assessment Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Donna Schwede
- Office of Research and Development, Computational Exposure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ben Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, Computational Exposure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Artic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Seth N Lyman
- Bingham Research Center, Utah State University, Vernal, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Vernal, UT, USA
| | - Shawn Roselle
- Office of Research and Development, Computational Exposure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Gantt B, Sarwar G, Xing J, Simon H, Schwede D, Hutzell WT, Mathur R, Saiz-Lopez A. The Impact of Iodide-Mediated Ozone Deposition and Halogen Chemistry on Surface Ozone Concentrations Across the Continental United States. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1458-1466. [PMID: 28051851 PMCID: PMC6145082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The air quality of many large coastal areas in the United States is affected by the confluence of polluted urban and relatively clean marine airmasses, each with distinct atmospheric chemistry. In this context, the role of iodide-mediated ozone (O3) deposition over seawater and marine halogen chemistry accounted for in both the lateral boundary conditions and coastal waters surrounding the continental U.S. is examined using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Several nested simulations are conducted in which these halogen processes are implemented separately in the continental U.S. and hemispheric CMAQ domains, the latter providing lateral boundary conditions for the former. Overall, it is the combination of these processes within both the continental U.S. domain and from lateral boundary conditions that lead to the largest reductions in modeled surface O3 concentrations. Predicted reductions in surface O3 concentrations occur mainly along the coast where CMAQ typically has large overpredictions. These results suggest that a realistic representation of halogen processes in marine regions can improve model prediction of O3 concentrations near the coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Gantt
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jia Xing
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Donna Schwede
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - William T Hutzell
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC , Madrid 28006, Spain
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Sarwar G, Gantt B, Schwede D, Foley K, Mathur R, Saiz-Lopez A. Impact of Enhanced Ozone Deposition and Halogen Chemistry on Tropospheric Ozone over the Northern Hemisphere. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:9203-11. [PMID: 26151227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fate of ozone in marine environments has been receiving increased attention due to the tightening of ambient air quality standards. The role of deposition and halogen chemistry is examined through incorporation of an enhanced ozone deposition algorithm and inclusion of halogen chemistry in a comprehensive atmospheric modeling system. The enhanced ozone deposition treatment accounts for the interaction of iodide in seawater with ozone and increases deposition velocities by 1 order of magnitude. Halogen chemistry includes detailed chemical reactions of organic and inorganic bromine and iodine species. Two different simulations are completed with the halogen chemistry: without and with photochemical reactions of higher iodine oxides. Enhanced deposition reduces mean summer-time surface ozone by ∼3% over marine regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Halogen chemistry without the photochemical reactions of higher iodine oxides reduces surface ozone by ∼15% whereas simulations with the photochemical reactions of higher iodine oxides indicate ozone reductions of ∼48%. The model without these processes overpredicts ozone compared to observations whereas the inclusion of these processes improves predictions. The inclusion of photochemical reactions for higher iodine oxides leads to ozone predictions that are lower than observations, underscoring the need for further refinement of the halogen emissions and chemistry scheme in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Sarwar
- †National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Brett Gantt
- †National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Donna Schwede
- †National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Kristen Foley
- †National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rohit Mathur
- †National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- ‡Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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Cooter EJ, Rea A, Bruins R, Schwede D, Dennis R. The role of the atmosphere in the provision of ecosystem services. Sci Total Environ 2013; 448:197-208. [PMID: 22921509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solving the environmental problems that we are facing today requires holistic approaches to analysis and decision making that include social and economic aspects. The concept of ecosystem services, defined as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, is one potential tool to perform such assessments. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the need for an integrated approach that explicitly includes the contribution of atmospheric processes and functions to the quantification of air-ecosystem services. First, final and intermediate air-ecosystem services are defined. Next, an ecological production function for clean and clear air is described, and its numerical counterpart (the Community Multiscale Air Quality model) is introduced. An illustrative numerical example is developed that simulates potential changes in air-ecosystem services associated with the conversion of evergreen forest land in Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia to commercial crop land. This one-atmosphere approach captures a broad range of service increases and decreases. Results for the forest to cropland conversion scenario suggest that although such change could lead to increased biomass (food) production services, there could also be coincident, seasonally variable decreases in clean and clear air-ecosystem services (i.e., increased levels of ozone and particulate matter) associated with increased fertilizer application. Metrics that support the quantification of these regional air-ecosystem changes require regional ecosystem production functions that fully integrate biotic as well as abiotic components of terrestrial ecosystems, and do so on finer temporal scales than are used for the assessment of most ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Cooter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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