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Schulze BC, Charan SM, Kenseth CM, Kong W, Bates KH, Williams W, Metcalf AR, Jonsson HH, Woods R, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001098. [PMID: 33225018 PMCID: PMC7676499 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the Marine Aerosol Cloud and Wildfire Study (MACAWS) in June and July of 2018, aerosol composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties were measured over the N.E. Pacific to characterize the influence of aerosol hygroscopicity on predictions of ambient CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). Three vertical regions were characterized, corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), an above-cloud organic aerosol layer (AC-OAL), and the free troposphere (FT) above the AC-OAL. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was calculated from CCN measurements (κ CCN) and bulk aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements (κ AMS). Within the MBL, measured hygroscopicities varied between values typical of both continental environments (~0.2) and remote marine locations (~0.7). For most flights, CCN closure was achieved within 20% in the MBL. For five of the seven flights, assuming a constant aerosol size distribution produced similar or better CCN closure than assuming a constant "marine" hygroscopicity (κ = 0.72). An aerosol-cloud parcel model was used to characterize the sensitivity of predicted stratocumulus CDNC to aerosol hygroscopicity, size distribution properties, and updraft velocity. Average CDNC sensitivity to accumulation mode aerosol hygroscopicity is 39% as large as the sensitivity to the geometric median diameter in this environment. Simulations suggest CDNC sensitivity to hygroscopicity is largest in marine stratocumulus with low updraft velocities (<0.2 m s-1), where accumulation mode particles are most relevant to CDNC, and in marine stratocumulus or cumulus with large updraft velocities (>0.6 m s-1), where hygroscopic properties of the Aitken mode dominate hygroscopicity sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Charan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - W. Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K. H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W. Williams
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | - A. R. Metcalf
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | | | - R. Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R. C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Suto N, Kawashima H. Online wet oxidation/isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for determination of stable carbon isotope ratios of water-soluble organic carbon in particulate matter. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1668-1674. [PMID: 30030920 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is formed by oxidation of organic compounds in particulate matter (PM) and accounts for 25-80% of the organic carbon in PM. Stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13 C) analysis is widely used to identify the sources of PM, but determining the δ13 C values of WSOC is complicated and requires a time-consuming pretreatment process. METHODS We have developed an online wet oxidation/isotope ratio mass spectrometry method with a reduced pretreatment time. We have measured the δ13 C values of WSOC by using this method. RESULTS The method showed high accuracy (0.1‰) and precision (0.1‰) for levoglucosan, and the limit of detection was sufficiently low for WSOC analysis. Using this method, we determined δ13 C values of WSOC in PM2.5 samples collected in Japan during the period from July to November 2017 and found that the values ranged from -26.5‰ to -25.0‰ (average, -25.8‰). CONCLUSIONS Our simple, low-blank method could be used for rapid quantitative analysis of the δ13 C values of WSOC in PM2.5 . We propose that this online method be used as a standard method for δ13 C analysis of WSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Suto
- Energy and Environment Research Division, Japan Automobile Research Institute, 2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tuchiya, Yuri-Honjyo, Akita, Japan
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Influence of Common Assumptions Regarding Aerosol Composition and Mixing State on Predicted CCN Concentration. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang S, Pavuluri CM, Ren L, Fu P, Zhang YL, Liu CQ. Implications for biomass/coal combustion emissions and secondary formation of carbonaceous aerosols in North China. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38108-38117. [PMID: 35558616 PMCID: PMC9089841 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Origins and secondary formation processes of carbonaceous aerosols are different in winter and summer in Tianjin region, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | | | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
- Nanjing 10044
- China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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Vu D, Short D, Karavalakis G, Durbin TD, Asa-Awuku A. Will Aerosol Hygroscopicity Change with Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel Fuels and Emission Control Technologies? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1580-1586. [PMID: 28045504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels in compression ignition engines and aftertreatment technologies may affect vehicle exhaust emissions. In this study two 2012 light-duty vehicles equipped with direct injection diesel engines, diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), diesel particulate filter (DPF), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) were tested on a chassis dynamometer. One vehicle was tested over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle on seven biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blends. Both vehicles were exercised over double Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Highway fuel economy test (HWFET) cycles on ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) and a soy-based biodiesel blend to investigate the aerosol hygroscopicity during the regeneration of the DPF. Overall, the apparent hygroscopicity of emissions during nonregeneration events is consistently low (κ < 0.1) for all fuels over the FTP cycle. Aerosol emitted during filter regeneration is significantly more CCN active and hygroscopic; average κ values range from 0.242 to 0.439 and are as high as 0.843. Regardless of fuel, the current classification of "fresh" tailpipe emissions as nonhygroscopic remains true during nonregeneration operation. However, aftertreatment technologies such as DPF, will produce significantly more hygroscopic particles during regeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show a significant enhancement of hygroscopic materials emitted during DPF regeneration of on-road diesel vehicles. As such, the contribution of regeneration emissions from a growing fleet of diesel vehicles will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep Vu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Daniel Short
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , Riverside, California 92507, United States
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Enrichment of 13C in diacids and related compounds during photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols: New proxy for organic aerosols aging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36467. [PMID: 27811980 PMCID: PMC5095555 DOI: 10.1038/srep36467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the applicability of compound specific stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of organics in assessment of their photochemical aging in the atmosphere, batch UV irradiation experiments were conducted on two ambient (anthropogenic and biogenic) aerosol samples in aqueous phase for 0.5–120 h. The irradiated samples were analyzed for δ13C of diacids, glyoxylic acid (ωC2) and glyoxal. δ13C of diacids and related compounds became larger with irradiation time (i.e., aging), except for few cases. In general, δ13C of C2-C4 diacids showed an increasing trend with decreasing chain length. Based on δ13C of diacids and related compounds and their relations to their concentrations, we found that C2 and C3 are enriched with 13C during the photochemical decomposition and production from their higher homologues and oxoacids. Photochemical breakdown of higher (≥C3) to lower diacids is also important in the enrichment of 13C in C3-C9 diacids whereas their production from primary precursors causes depletion of 13C. In case of ωC2 and glyoxal, their photochemical production and further oxidation to highly oxygenated compounds both cause the enrichment of 13C. This study reveals that δ13C of diacids and related compounds can be used as a proxy to trace the aging of organic aerosols during long-range atmospheric transport.
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CCN Properties of Organic Aerosol Collected Below and within Marine Stratocumulus Clouds near Monterey, California. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schill S, Collins DB, Lee C, Morris HS, Novak GA, Prather KA, Quinn P, Sultana CM, Tivanski AV, Zimmermann K, Cappa CD, Bertram TH. The Impact of Aerosol Particle Mixing State on the Hygroscopicity of Sea Spray Aerosol. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:132-41. [PMID: 27162963 PMCID: PMC4827553 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles influence global climate by determining cloud droplet number concentrations, brightness, and lifetime. Primary aerosol particles, such as those produced from breaking waves in the ocean, display large particle-particle variability in chemical composition, morphology, and physical phase state, all of which affect the ability of individual particles to accommodate water and grow into cloud droplets. Despite such diversity in molecular composition, there is a paucity of methods available to assess how particle-particle variability in chemistry translates to corresponding differences in aerosol hygroscopicity. Here, an approach has been developed that allows for characterization of the distribution of aerosol hygroscopicity within a chemically complex population of atmospheric particles. This methodology, when applied to the interpretation of nascent sea spray aerosol, provides a quantitative framework for connecting results obtained using molecular mimics generated in the laboratory with chemically complex ambient aerosol. We show that nascent sea spray aerosol, generated in situ in the Atlantic Ocean, displays a broad distribution of particle hygroscopicities, indicative of a correspondingly broad distribution of particle chemical compositions. Molecular mimics of sea spray aerosol organic material were used in the laboratory to assess the volume fractions and molecular functionality required to suppress sea spray aerosol hygroscopicity to the extent indicated by field observations. We show that proper accounting for the distribution and diversity in particle hygroscopicity and composition are important to the assessment of particle impacts on clouds and global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven
R. Schill
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Holly S. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gordon A. Novak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patricia
K. Quinn
- Pacific
Marine Environmental Laboratory, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Camille M. Sultana
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kathryn Zimmermann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- E-mail:
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Barrett TE, Sheesley RJ. Urban impacts on regional carbonaceous aerosols: case study in central Texas. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:917-926. [PMID: 25185394 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.904252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rural and background sites provide valuable information on the concentration and optical properties of organic, elemental, and water-soluble organic carbon (OC, EC, and WSOC), which are relevant for understanding the climate forcing potential of regional atmospheric aerosols. To quantify climate- and air quality-relevant characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in the central United States, a regional background site in central Texas was chosen for long-term measurement. Back trajectory (BT) analysis, ambient OC, EC, and WSOC concentrations and absorption parameters are reported for the first 15 months of a long-term campaign (May 2011-August 2012). BT analysis indicates consistent north-south airflow connecting central Texas to the Central Plains. Central Texas aerosols exhibited seasonal trends with increased fine particulate matter (< 2.5 microm aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5) and OC during the summer (PM2.5 = 10.9 microg m(-3) and OC = 3.0 microg m(-3)) and elevated EC during the winter (0.22 microg m(-3)). When compared to measurements in Dallas and Houston, TX, central Texas OC appears to have mixed urban and rural sources. However central Texas EC appears to be dominated by transport of urban emissions. WSOC averaged 63% of the annual OC, with little seasonal variability in this ratio. To monitor brown carbon (BrC), absorption was measured for the aqueous WSOC extracts. Light absorption coefficients for EC and BrC were highest during summer (EC MAC = 11 m2 g(-1) and BRC MAE365 = 0.15 m2 g(-1)). Results from optical analysis indicate that regional aerosol absorption is mostly due to EC with summertime peaks in BrC attenuation. This study represents the first reported values of WSOC absorption, MAE365, for the central United States. Implications: Background concentration and absorption measurements are essential in determining regional potential radiative forcing due to atmospheric aerosols. Back trajectory, chemical, and optical analysis of PM2.5 was used to determine climatic and air quality implications of urban outflow to a regional receptor site, representative of the central United States. Results indicate that central Texas organic carbon has mixed urban and rural sources, while elemental carbon is controlled by the transport of urban emissions. Analysis of aerosol absorption showed black carbon as the dominant absorber, with less brown carbon absorption than regional studies in California and the southeastern United States.
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Moore RH, Cerully K, Bahreini R, Brock CA, Middlebrook AM, Nenes A. Hygroscopicity and composition of California CCN during summer 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Markovic MZ, VandenBoer TC, Murphy JG. Characterization and optimization of an online system for the simultaneous measurement of atmospheric water-soluble constituents in the gas and particle phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1872-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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