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Kessenich HE, Seppälä A, Rodger CJ. Potential drivers of the recent large Antarctic ozone holes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7259. [PMID: 37989734 PMCID: PMC10663519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The past three years (2020-2022) have witnessed the re-emergence of large, long-lived ozone holes over Antarctica. Understanding ozone variability remains of high importance due to the major role Antarctic stratospheric ozone plays in climate variability across the Southern Hemisphere. Climate change has already incited new sources of ozone depletion, and the atmospheric abundance of several chlorofluorocarbons has recently been on the rise. In this work, we take a comprehensive look at the monthly and daily ozone changes at different altitudes and latitudes within the Antarctic ozone hole. Following indications of early-spring recovery, the October middle stratosphere is dominated by continued, significant ozone reduction since 2004, amounting to 26% loss in the core of the ozone hole. We link the declines in mid-spring Antarctic ozone to dynamical changes in mesospheric descent within the polar vortex, highlighting the importance of continued monitoring of the state of the ozone layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Seppälä
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Craig J Rodger
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Souza AMDE, Peres LV, Bittencourt GD, Pinheiro DK, Lopes BC, Anabor V, Leme NMP, Martins MPP, Silva RDA, Reis GCGD, Reis MAGD, Bageston JV, Bencherif H. Impacts of the antartic ozone hole influence events over southern Brazil in October 2015. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20210528. [PMID: 37820118 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320210528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the Antarctic Ozone Hole Influence over Southern Brazil in October 2015 was analyzed using daily mean data of the Total Column Ozone (TCO), Ultraviolet Index (UVI) and Radiative Cloud Fraction (RCF) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument satellite instrument. Vertical profiles and fields of ozone content and Potential Vorticity available from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast reanalysis, air masses backward trajectories from the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model and channel 3 water vapor images from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOES-13 were also analyzed. The five identified events showed an -7.4±2.3% average TCO reduction, leading to an +16.6±54.6% UVI increase even with a predominance of partly cloudy days. Other impacts were observed in the ozone profiles, where the most significant anomalies occurred from 650 K reaching 1.2 ppmv at the 850 K level. In the ozone fields at 700 K, the presence of a polar origin tongue was observed causing negatives anomalies between -0.2 and 0.4 ppmv in a transient system format forced with eastward-traveling Rossby waves passing through the Southern of Brazil and Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna M DE Souza
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Lucas V Peres
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Gabriela D Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meteorologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Damaris K Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meteorologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana C Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meteorologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vagner Anabor
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meteorologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Neusa M P Leme
- Coordenação Espacial do Nordeste, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rua Carlos Serrano, 2073, Lagoa Nova, 59076-740 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Paulete P Martins
- Coordenação Geral de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Ciências Espaciais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Av. Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo DA Silva
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C G Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio G Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - José V Bageston
- Coordenação Espacial do Sul, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, 97105-340 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones - LACy, Université de La Réunion, UMR 8105, 97744, Reunion Island, France
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Stone KA, Solomon S, Kinnison DE, Mills MJ. On Recent Large Antarctic Ozone Holes and Ozone Recovery Metrics. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL095232. [PMID: 35864979 PMCID: PMC9286815 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl095232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2015 and 2020 ozone holes set record sizes in October-December. We show that these years, as well as other recent large ozone holes, still adhere to a fundamental recovery metric: the later onset of early spring ozone depletion as chlorine and bromine diminishes. This behavior is also captured in the Whole Atmosphere Chemistry Climate Model. We quantify observed recovery trends of the onset of the ozone hole and in the size of the September ozone hole, with good model agreement. A substantial reduction in ozone hole depth during September over the past decade is also seen. Our results indicate that, due to dynamical phenomena, it is likely that large ozone holes will continue to occur intermittently in October-December, but ozone recovery will still be detectable through the later onset, smaller, and less deep September ozone holes: metrics that are governed more by chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Stone
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary ScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary ScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - D. E. Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchAtmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - Michael J. Mills
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchAtmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
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von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3886. [PMID: 34162857 PMCID: PMC8222337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical loss of Arctic ozone due to anthropogenic halogens is driven by temperature, with more loss occurring during cold winters favourable for formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We show that a positive, statistically significant rise in the local maxima of PSC formation potential (PFPLM) for cold winters is apparent in meteorological data collected over the past half century. Output from numerous General Circulation Models (GCMs) also exhibits positive trends in PFPLM over 1950 to 2100, with highest values occurring at end of century, for simulations driven by a large rise in the radiative forcing of climate from greenhouse gases (GHGs). We combine projections of stratospheric halogen loading and humidity with GCM-based forecasts of temperature to suggest that conditions favourable for large, seasonal loss of Arctic column O3 could persist or even worsen until the end of this century, if future abundances of GHGs continue to steeply rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
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Strahan SE, Douglass AR, Damon MR. Why Do Antarctic Ozone Recovery Trends Vary? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:8837-8850. [PMID: 32071827 PMCID: PMC7027592 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We use satellite ozone records and Global Modeling Initiative chemistry transport model simulations integrated with Modern Era Retrospective for Research and Analysis 2 meteorology to identify a metric that accurately captures the trend in Antarctic ozone attributable to the decline in ozone depleting substances (ODSs). The GMI CTM Baseline simulation with realistically varying ODS levels closely matches observed interannual to decadal scale variations in Antarctic September ozone over the past four decades. The expected increase or recovery trend is obtained from the differences between the Baseline simulation and one with identical meteorology and fixed 1995 ODS levels. The differences show that vortex-averaged column O3 has the greatest sensitivity to ODS change from 1 to 20 September. The observed vortex-averaged column O3 during this period produces a trend consistent with the expected recovery attributable to ODS decline. Trends from dates after 20 September have smaller sensitivity to ODS decline and are more uncertain due to transport variability. Simulations show that the greatest decrease in O3 loss (i.e., recovery) occurs inside the vortex near the edge. The polar cap metrics have vortex size-dependent bias and do not consistently sample this region. Because the 60-90°S 220 Dobson unit O3 mass deficit metric does not sample the edge region, its trend is lower than the expected trend; this is improved by area weighting. The 250-Dobson unit O3 mass deficit metric samples more of the edge region, which increases its trend. Approximately 25% of the September Antarctic O3 increase is due to higher O3 levels in June prior to winter depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Strahan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Anne R Douglass
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Megan R Damon
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
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Kuttippurath J, Nair PJ. The signs of Antarctic ozone hole recovery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:585. [PMID: 28373709 PMCID: PMC5429648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption of solar radiation by stratospheric ozone affects atmospheric dynamics and chemistry, and sustains life on Earth by preventing harmful radiation from reaching the surface. Significant ozone losses due to increases in the abundances of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) were first observed in Antarctica in the 1980s. Losses deepened in following years but became nearly flat by around 2000, reflecting changes in global ODS emissions. Here we show robust evidence that Antarctic ozone has started to recover in both spring and summer, with a recovery signal identified in springtime ozone profile and total column measurements at 99% confidence for the first time. Continuing recovery is expected to impact the future climate of that region. Our results demonstrate that the Montreal Protocol has indeed begun to save the Antarctic ozone layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India. .,LATMOS/CNRS, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France.
| | - Prijitha J Nair
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Bernhard G, Aucamp PJ, Ilyas M, Madronich S, Tourpali K. Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:19-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Percentage changes in the UV Index (UVI) for 2090 relative to 2015 due to changes in ozone (left) and aerosols (right) only. Large decreases are projected over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone recovery. Increases are projected for parts of Asia due to decreases in aerosols, partly reversing the possible large reductions in UVI after the 1950s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - R. L. McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
- PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago
- New Zealand
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants
- Faerie Glen
- South Africa
| | - M. Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering
- University Malaysia Perlis
- Kangar
- Malaysia
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - K. Tourpali
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
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