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Anav A, De Marco A, Collalti A, Emberson L, Feng Z, Lombardozzi D, Sicard P, Verbeke T, Viovy N, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for ozone risk assessment to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118690. [PMID: 34921939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a threat to forests by decreasing photosynthesis and, consequently, influencing the strength of land carbon sink. However, due to the lack of continuous surface O3 measurements, observational-based assessments of O3 impacts on forests are largely missing at hemispheric to global scales. Currently, some metrics are used for regulatory purposes by governments or national agencies to protect forests against the negative impacts of ozone: in particular, both Europe and United States (US) makes use of two different exposure-based metrics, i.e. AOT40 and W126, respectively. However, because of some limitations in these metrics, a new standard is under consideration by the European Union (EU) to replace the current exposure metric. We analyse here the different air quality standards set or proposed for use in Europe and in the US to protect forests from O3 and to evaluate their spatial and temporal consistency while assessing their effectiveness in protecting northern-hemisphere forests. Then, we compare their results with the information obtained from a complex land surface model (ORCHIDEE). We find that present O3 uptake decreases gross primary production (GPP) in 37.7% of the NH forested area of northern hemisphere with a mean loss of 2.4% year-1. We show how the proposed US (W126) and the currently used European (AOT40) air quality standards substantially overestimate the extension of potential vulnerable regions, predicting that 46% and 61% of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forested area are at risk of O3 pollution. Conversely, the new proposed European standard (POD1) identifies lower extension of vulnerability regions (39.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Laboratory. Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Verbeke
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology, ENS Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratory for Sciences of Climate and Environment (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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2
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Wang X, Fu TM, Zhang L, Cao H, Zhang Q, Ma H, Shen L, Evans MJ, Ivatt PD, Lu X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Feng X, Yang X, Zhu L, Henze DK. Sensitivities of Ozone Air Pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area to Local and Upwind Precursor Emissions Using Adjoint Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5752-5762. [PMID: 33890767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective mitigation of surface ozone pollution entails detailed knowledge of the contributing precursors' sources. We use the GEOS-Chem adjoint model to analyze the precursors contributing to surface ozone in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area (BTH) of China on days of different ozone pollution severities in June 2019. We find that BTH ozone on heavily polluted days is sensitive to local emissions, as well as to precursors emitted from the provinces south of BTH (Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu, collectively the SHJ area). Heavy ozone pollution in BTH can be mitigated effectively by reducing NOx (from industrial processes and transportation), ≥C3 alkenes (from on-road gasoline vehicles and industrial processes), and xylenes (from paint use) emitted from both BTH and SHJ, as well as by reducing CO (from industrial processes, transportation, and power generation) and ≥C4 alkanes (from industrial processes, paint and solvent use, and on-road gasoline vehicles) emissions from SHJ. In addition, reduction of NOx, xylene, and ≥C3 alkene emissions within BTH would effectively decrease the number of BTH ozone-exceedance days. Our analysis pinpoint the key areas and activities for locally and regionally coordinated emission control efforts to improve surface ozone air quality in BTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanchen Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mathew J Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Peter D Ivatt
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Xiao Lu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Youfan Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental policy and planning, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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3
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Qu Z, Wu D, Henze DK, Li Y, Sonenberg M, Mao F. Transboundary transport of ozone pollution to a US border region: A case study of Yuma. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116421. [PMID: 33460873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of ground-level ozone affect human health, plants, and animals. Reducing ozone pollution in rural regions, where local emissions are already low, poses challenge. We use meteorological back-trajectories, air quality model sensitivity analysis, and satellite remote sensing data to investigate the ozone sources in Yuma, Arizona and find strong international influences from Northern Mexico on 12 out of 16 ozone exceedance days. We find that such exceedances could not be mitigated by reducing emissions in Arizona; complete removal of state emissions would reduce the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone in Yuma by only 0.7% on exceeding days. In contrast, emissions in Mexico are estimated to contribute to 11% of the ozone during these exceedances, and their reduction would reduce MDA8 ozone in Yuma to below the standard. Using satellite-based remote sensing measurements, we find that emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx, a key photochemical precursor of ozone) increase slightly in Mexico from 2005 to 2016, opposite to decreases shown in the bottom-up inventory. In comparison, a decrease of NOx emissions in the US and meteorological factors lead to an overall of summer mean and annual MDA8 ozone in Yuma (by ∼1-4% and ∼3%, respectively). Analysis of meteorological back-trajectories also shows similar transboundary transport of ozone at the US-Mexico border in California and New Mexico, where strong influences from Northern Mexico coincide with 11 out of 17 and 6 out of 8 ozone exceedances. 2020 is the final year of the U.S.-Mexico Border 2020 Program, which aimed to reduce pollution at border regions of the US and Mexico. Our results indicate the importance of sustaining a substantial cooperative program to improve air quality at the border area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Dien Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA.
| | - Mike Sonenberg
- Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA
| | - Feng Mao
- Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ, Araminiene V, Blande JD, Hayes F, Calatayud V, Domingos M, Veresoglou SD, Peñuelas J, Wardle DA, De Marco A, Li Z, Harmens H, Yuan X, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1176. [PMID: 32851188 PMCID: PMC7423369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys 53101 Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stavros D. Veresoglou
- Freie Universität Berlin-Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome I-00123, Italy
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Ancellet G, Daskalakis N, Raut JC, Quennehen B, Ravetta F, Hair J, Tarasick D, Schlager H, Weinheimer AJ, Thompson AM, Oltmans S, Thomas JL, Law KS. Analysis of the latitudinal variability of tropospheric ozone in the Arctic using the large number of aircraft and ozonesonde observations in early summer 2008. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; Volume 16:13341-13358. [PMID: 31708977 PMCID: PMC6839714 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13341-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the paper are to: (1) present tropospheric ozone (O3) climatologies in summer 2008 based on a large amount of measurements, during the International Polar Year when the Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements, and Models of Climate Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport (POLARCAT) campaigns were conducted (2) investigate the processes that determine O3 concentrations in two different regions (Canada and Greenland) that were thoroughly studied using measurements from 3 aircraft and 7 ozonesonde stations. This paper provides an integrated analysis of these observations and the discussion of the latitudinal and vertical variability of tropospheric ozone north of 55°N during this period is performed using a regional model (WFR-Chem). Ozone, CO and potential vorticity (PV) distributions are extracted from the simulation at the measurement locations. The model is able to reproduce the O3 latitudinal and vertical variability but a negative O3 bias of 6-15 ppbv is found in the free troposphere over 4 km, especially over Canada. Ozone average concentrations are of the order of 65 ppbv at altitudes above 4 km both over Canada and Greenland, while they are less than 50 ppbv in the lower troposphere. The relative influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) and of ozone production related to the local biomass burning (BB) emissions is discussed using differences between average values of O3, CO and PV for Southern and Northern Canada or Greenland and two vertical ranges in the troposphere: 0-4 km and 4-8 km. For Canada, the model CO distribution and the weak correlation (< 30%) of O3 and PV suggests that stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is not the major contribution to average tropospheric ozone at latitudes less than 70°N, due to the fact that local biomass burning (BB) emissions were significant during the 2008 summer period. Conversely over Greenland, significant STE is found according to the better O3 versus PV correlation (> 40%) and the higher 75th PV percentile. A weak negative latitudinal summer ozone gradient -6 to -8 ppbv is found over Canada in the mid troposphere between 4 and 8 km. This is attributed to an efficient O3 photochemical production due to the BB emissions at latitudes less than 65°N, while STE contribution is more homogeneous in the latitude range 55°N to 70°N. A positive ozone latitudinal gradient of 12 ppbv is observed in the same altitude range over Greenland not because of an increasing latitudinal influence of STE, but because of different long range transport from multiple mid-latitude sources (North America, Europe and even Asia for latitudes higher than 77°N).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ancellet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nikos Daskalakis
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean Christophe Raut
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Boris Quennehen
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - François Ravetta
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - David Tarasick
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada
| | - Hans Schlager
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sam Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jennie L. Thomas
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Katharine S. Law
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
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6
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Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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