1
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Thiele S, Vader A, Øvreås L. The mystery of the ice cold rose-Microbiome of an Arctic winter frost flower. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1345. [PMID: 36825884 PMCID: PMC9898838 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Under very cold conditions, delicate ice-crystal structures called frost flowers emerge on the surface of newly formed sea ice. These understudied, ephemeral structures include saline brine, organic material, inorganic nutrients, and bacterial and archaeal communities in their brine channels. Hitherto, only a few frost flowers have been studied during spring and these have been reported to be dominated by Rhizobia or members of the SAR11 clade. Here we report on the microbiome of frost flowers sampled during the winter and polar night in the Barents Sea. There was a distinct difference in community profile between the extracted DNA and RNA, but both were dominated by members of the SAR11 clade (78% relative abundance and 41.5% relative activity). The data further suggested the abundance and activity of Cand. Nitrosopumilus, Nitrospinia, and Nitrosomonas. Combined with the inference of marker genes based on the 16S rRNA gene data, this indicates that sulfur and nitrogen cycling are likely the major metabolism in these ephemeral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thiele
- Department of Biological ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway,Polar Climate research groupBjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Anna Vader
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Center in Svalbard, UNISLongyearbyenNorway
| | - Lise Øvreås
- Department of Biological ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway,Polar Climate research groupBjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchBergenNorway,Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Center in Svalbard, UNISLongyearbyenNorway
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2
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Garnett J, Halsall C, Thomas M, Crabeck O, France J, Joerss H, Ebinghaus R, Kaiser J, Leeson A, Wynn PM. Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9601-9608. [PMID: 34080838 PMCID: PMC8296678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C4-C12) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r2 = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C8-C12), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C4-C7) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, εbrine = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Garnett
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Max Thomas
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9054, New Zealand
| | - Odile Crabeck
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - James France
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- British
Antarctic Survey, High
Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University
of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, United
Kingdom
| | - Hanna Joerss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jan Kaiser
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Leeson
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Wynn
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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3
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Hara K, Osada K, Yabuki M, Matoba S, Hirabayashi M, Fujita S, Nakazawa F, Yamanouchi T. Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2003-2022. [PMID: 32749425 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles play important roles in atmospheric science and chemistry including cloud processes and oxidation capacity in the Antarctic troposphere. This paper presents a review and summarizes current knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry in the Antarctic. First, presented are the seasonal variations and size distribution of sea-salt aerosols (SSAs). Second, SSA origins and sea-salt fractionation on sea-ice and ice sheets on the Antarctic continent are presented and discussed. Third, we discuss SSA release from the cryosphere. Fourth, we present SSA dispersion in the Antarctic troposphere and transport into inland areas. Fifth, heterogeneous reactions on SSAs as a source of reactive halogen species and their relationship with atmospheric chemistry are shown and discussed. Finally, we attempt to propose an outlook for obtaining better knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry and their effects on the Antarctic and the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jyonan, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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4
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Kirpes R, Bonanno D, May NW, Fraund M, Barget AJ, Moffet RC, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1760-1767. [PMID: 31807677 PMCID: PMC6891865 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing the greatest warming on Earth, as most evident by rapid sea ice loss. Delayed sea ice freeze-up in the Alaskan Arctic is decreasing wintertime sea ice extent and changing marine biological activity. However, the impacts of newly open water on wintertime sea spray aerosol (SSA) production and atmospheric composition are unknown. Herein, we identify SSA, produced locally from open sea ice fractures (leads), as the dominant aerosol source in the coastal Alaskan Arctic during winter, highlighting the year-round nature of Arctic SSA emissions. Nearly all of the individual SSA featured thick organic coatings, consisting of marine saccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and divalent cations, consistent with exopolymeric secretions produced as cryoprotectants by sea ice algae and bacteria. In contrast, local summertime SSA lacked these organic carbon coatings, or featured thin coatings, with only open water nearby. The individual SSA composition was not consistent with frost flowers or surface snow above sea ice, suggesting that neither hypothesized frost flower aerosolization nor blowing snow sublimation resulted in the observed SSA. These results further demonstrate the need for inclusion of lead-based SSA production in modeling of Arctic atmospheric composition. The identified connections between changing sea ice, microbiology, and SSA point to the significance of sea ice lead biogeochemistry in altering Arctic atmospheric composition, clouds, and climate feedbacks during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Bonanno
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Nathaniel W. May
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew Fraund
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Anna J. Barget
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Garnett J, Halsall C, Thomas M, France J, Kaiser J, Graf C, Leeson A, Wynn P. Mechanistic Insight into the Uptake and Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sea Ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6757-6764. [PMID: 31120243 PMCID: PMC7007207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The fate of persistent organic pollutants in sea ice is a poorly researched area and yet ice serves as an important habitat for organisms at the base of the marine foodweb. This study presents laboratory-controlled experiments to investigate the mechanisms governing the fate of organic contaminants in sea ice grown from artificial seawater. Sea ice formation was shown to result in the entrainment of chemicals from seawater, and concentration profiles in bulk ice generally showed the highest levels in both the upper (ice-atmosphere interface) and lower (ice-ocean interface) ice layers, suggesting their incorporation and distribution is influenced by brine advection. Results from a 1-D sea ice brine dynamics model supported this, but also indicated that other processes may be needed to accurately model low-polarity compounds in sea ice. This was reinforced by results from a melt experiment, which not only showed chemicals were more enriched in saltier brine, but also revealed that chemicals are released from sea ice at variable rates. We use our results to demonstrate the importance of processes related to the occurrence and movement of brine for controlling chemical fate in sea ice which provides a pathway for exposure to ice-associated biota at the base of the pelagic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Garnett
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K.
- E-mail:
| | - Max Thomas
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - James France
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- British
Antarctic Survey, High
Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K.
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University
of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20
0EX, U.K.
| | - Jan Kaiser
- Centre
for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Carola Graf
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Amber Leeson
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Peter Wynn
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K.
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6
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Douglas TA, Sturm M, Blum JD, Polashenski C, Stuefer S, Hiemstra C, Steffen A, Filhol S, Prevost R. A Pulse of Mercury and Major Ions in Snowmelt Runoff from a Small Arctic Alaska Watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11145-11155. [PMID: 28851224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric mercury (Hg) is deposited to Polar Regions during springtime atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) that require halogens and snow or ice surfaces. The fate of this Hg during and following snowmelt is largely unknown. We measured Hg, major ions, and stable water isotopes from the snowpack through the entire spring melt runoff period for two years. Our small (2.5 ha) watershed is near Barrow (now Utqiaġvik), Alaska. We measured discharge, made 10 000 snow depths, and collected over 100 samples of snow and meltwater for chemical analysis in 2008 and 2009 from the watershed snowpack and ephemeral stream channel. Results show an "ionic pulse" of mercury and major ions in runoff during both snowmelt seasons, but major ion and Hg runoff concentrations were roughly 50% higher in 2008 than in 2009. Though total discharge as a percent of total watershed snowpack water equivalent prior to the melt was similar in both years (36% in 2008 melt runoff and 34% in 2009), it is possible that record low precipitation in the summer of 2007 led to the higher major ion and Hg concentrations in 2008 melt runoff. Total dissolved Hg meltwater runoff of 14.3 (± 0.7) mg/ha in 2008 and 8.1 (± 0.4) mg/ha in 2009 is five to seven times higher than that reported from other arctic watersheds. We calculate 78% of snowpack Hg was exported with snowmelt runoff in 2008 and 41% in 2009. Our results suggest AMDE Hg complexed with Cl- or Br- may be less likely to be photochemically reduced and re-emitted to the atmosphere prior to snowmelt, and we estimate that roughly 25% of the Hg in snowmelt is attributable to AMDEs. Projected Arctic warming, with more open sea ice leads providing halogen sources that promote AMDEs, may provide enhanced Hg deposition, reduced Hg emission and, ultimately, an increase in snowpack and snowmelt runoff Hg concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Douglas
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory , PO Box 35170, Fort Wainwright, Alaska 99703, United States
| | - Matthew Sturm
- Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Joel D Blum
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, 48109, United States
| | - Christopher Polashenski
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory , PO Box 35170, Fort Wainwright, Alaska 99703, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Svetlana Stuefer
- College of Engineering and Mines, University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Christopher Hiemstra
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory , PO Box 35170, Fort Wainwright, Alaska 99703, United States
| | - Alexandra Steffen
- Environment and Climate Change Canada 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Simon Filhol
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory , PO Box 35170, Fort Wainwright, Alaska 99703, United States
- Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
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7
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Wind-driven distribution of bacteria in coastal Antarctica: evidence from the Ross Sea region. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Colangelo-Lillis J, Eicken H, Carpenter SD, Deming JW. Evidence for marine origin and microbial-viral habitability of sub-zero hypersaline aqueous inclusions within permafrost near Barrow, Alaska. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw053. [PMID: 26976841 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopegs are sub-surface hypersaline brines at sub-zero temperatures within permafrost; their global extent and distribution are unknown. The permafrost barrier to surface and groundwater advection maintains these brines as semi-isolated systems over geological time. A cryopeg 7 m below ground near Barrow, Alaska, was sampled for geochemical and microbiological analysis. Sub-surface brines (in situtemperature of -6 °C, salinity of 115 ppt), and an associated sediment-infused ice wedge (melt salinity of 0.04 ppt) were sampled using sterile technique. Major ionic concentrations in the brine corresponded more closely to other (Siberian) cryopegs than to Standard seawater or the ice wedge. Ionic ratios and stable isotope analysis of water conformed to a marine or brackish origin with subsequent Rayleigh fractionation. The brine contained ∼1000× more bacteria than surrounding ice, relatively high viral numbers suggestive of infection and reproduction, and an unusually high ratio of particulate to dissolved extracellular polysaccharide substances. A viral metagenome indicated a high frequency of temperate viruses and limited viral diversity compared to surface environments, with closest similarity to low water activity environments. Interpretations of the results underscore the isolation of these underexplored microbial ecosystems from past and present oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colangelo-Lillis
- School of Oceanography and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - H Eicken
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - S D Carpenter
- School of Oceanography and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - J W Deming
- School of Oceanography and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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9
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Grannas AM, Pagano LP, Pierce BC, Bobby R, Fede A. Role of dissolved organic matter in ice photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10725-10733. [PMID: 25157605 DOI: 10.1021/es5023834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence that dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in indirect photolysis processes in ice, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to the efficient photodegradation of a probe hydrophobic organic pollutant, aldrin. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are between 2 and 56 times faster in ice than in liquid water (depending on DOM source and concentration), likely due to a freeze-concentration effect that occurs when the water freezes, providing a mechanism to concentrate reactive components into smaller, liquid-like regions within or on the ice. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are also temperature dependent, with higher rates of loss as temperature decreases. This also illustrates the importance of the freeze-concentration effect in altering reaction kinetics for processes occurring in environmental ices. All DOM source types studied were able to mediate aldrin loss, including commercially available fulvic and humic acids and an authentic Arctic snow DOM sample isolated by solid phase extraction, indicating the ubiquity of DOM in indirect photochemistry in environmental ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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10
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Bowman JS, Berthiaume CT, Armbrust EV, Deming JW. The genetic potential for key biogeochemical processes in Arctic frost flowers and young sea ice revealed by metagenomic analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 89:376-87. [PMID: 24673287 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly formed sea ice is a vast and biogeochemically active environment. Recently, we reported an unusual microbial community dominated by members of the Rhizobiales in frost flowers at the surface of Arctic young sea ice based on the presence of 16S gene sequences related to these strains. Here, we use metagenomic analysis of two samples, from a field of frost flowers and the underlying young sea ice, to explore the metabolic potential of this surface ice community. The analysis links genes for key biogeochemical processes to the Rhizobiales, including dimethylsulfide uptake, betaine glycine turnover, and halocarbon production. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes characteristic of terrestrial root-nodulating Rhizobiales were generally lacking from these metagenomes. Non-Rhizobiales clades at the ice surface had genes that would enable additional biogeochemical processes, including mercury reduction and dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism. Although the ultimate source of the observed microbial community is not known, considerations of the possible role of eolian deposition or transport with particles entrained during ice formation favor a suspended particle source for this microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Bowman
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Müller-Tautges C, Eichler A, Schwikowski M, Hoffmann T. A new sensitive method for the quantification of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in snow and ice by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption-HPLC-ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2525-32. [PMID: 24510214 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the development of a new sensitive method for the analysis of alpha-dicarbonyls glyoxal (G) and methylglyoxal (MG) in environmental ice and snow is presented. Stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and liquid desorption (SBSE-LD) was used for sample extraction, enrichment, and derivatization. Measurements were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). As part of the method development, SBSE-LD parameters such as extraction time, derivatization reagent, desorption time and solvent, and the effect of NaCl addition on the SBSE efficiency as well as measurement parameters of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were evaluated. Calibration was performed in the range of 1-60 ng/mL using spiked ultrapure water samples, thus incorporating the complete SBSE and derivatization process. 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde was applied as internal standard. Inter-batch precision was <12 % RSD. Recoveries were determined by means of spiked snow samples and were 78.9 ± 5.6 % for G and 82.7 ± 7.5 % for MG, respectively. Instrumental detection limits of 0.242 and 0.213 ng/mL for G and MG were achieved using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Relative detection limits referred to a sample volume of 15 mL were 0.016 ng/mL for G and 0.014 ng/mL for MG. The optimized method was applied for the analysis of snow samples from Mount Hohenpeissenberg (close to the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg, Germany) and samples from an ice core from Upper Grenzgletscher (Monte Rosa massif, Switzerland). Resulting concentrations were 0.085-16.3 ng/mL for G and 0.126-3.6 ng/mL for MG. Concentrations of G and MG in snow were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in ice core samples. The described method represents a simple, green, and sensitive analytical approach to measure G and MG in aqueous environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Müller-Tautges
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Walker RL, Searles K, Willard JA, Michelsen RRH. Total reflection infrared spectroscopy of water-ice and frozen aqueous NaCl solutions. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4841835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Bowman JS, Larose C, Vogel TM, Deming JW. Selective occurrence of Rhizobiales in frost flowers on the surface of young sea ice near Barrow, Alaska and distribution in the polar marine rare biosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 5:575-582. [PMID: 23864572 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Frost flowers are highly saline ice structures that grow on the surface of young sea ice, a spatially extensive environment of increasing importance in the Arctic Ocean. In a previous study, we reported organic components of frost flowers in the form of elevated levels of bacteria and exopolymers relative to underlying ice. Here, DNA was extracted from frost flowers and young sea ice, collected in springtime from a frozen lead offshore of Barrow, Alaska, to identify bacteria in these understudied environments. Evaluation of the distribution of 16S rRNA genes via four methods (microarray analysis, T-RFLP, clone library and shotgun metagenomic sequencing) indicated distinctive bacterial assemblages between the two environments, with frost flowers appearing to select for Rhizobiales. A phylogenetic placement approach, used to evaluate the distribution of similar Rhizobiales sequences in other polar marine studies, indicated that some of the observed strains represent widely distributed members of the marine rare biosphere in both the Arctic and Antarctic.
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MESH Headings
- Alaska
- Alphaproteobacteria/classification
- Alphaproteobacteria/isolation & purification
- Arctic Regions
- Biodiversity
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Ice Cover/microbiology
- Microarray Analysis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bowman
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Stüeken EE, Anderson RE, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Colangelo-Lillis J, Goldman AD, Som SM, Baross JA. Did life originate from a global chemical reactor? GEOBIOLOGY 2013; 11:101-126. [PMID: 23331348 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many decades of experimental and theoretical research on the origin of life have yielded important discoveries regarding the chemical and physical conditions under which organic compounds can be synthesized and polymerized. However, such conditions often seem mutually exclusive, because they are rarely encountered in a single environmental setting. As such, no convincing models explain how living cells formed from abiotic constituents. Here, we propose a new approach that considers the origin of life within the global context of the Hadean Earth. We review previous ideas and synthesize them in four central hypotheses: (i) Multiple microenvironments contributed to the building blocks of life, and these niches were not necessarily inhabitable by the first organisms; (ii) Mineral catalysts were the backbone of prebiotic reaction networks that led to modern metabolism; (iii) Multiple local and global transport processes were essential for linking reactions occurring in separate locations; (iv) Global diversity and local selection of reactants and products provided mechanisms for the generation of most of the diverse building blocks necessary for life. We conclude that no single environmental setting can offer enough chemical and physical diversity for life to originate. Instead, any plausible model for the origin of life must acknowledge the geological complexity and diversity of the Hadean Earth. Future research may therefore benefit from identifying further linkages between organic precursors, minerals, and fluids in various environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Stüeken
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Beine H, Anastasio C, Domine F, Douglas T, Barret M, France J, King M, Hall S, Ullmann K. Soluble chromophores in marine snow, seawater, sea ice and frost flowers near Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sherman LS, Blum JD, Douglas TA, Steffen A. Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 2. Mercury exchange between the atmosphere, snow, and frost flowers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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