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Thompson AM, Smit HGJ, Witte JC, Stauffer RM, Johnson BJ, Morris G, von der Gathen P, Van Malderen R, Davies J, Piters A, Allaart M, Posny F, Kivi R, Cullis P, Anh NTH, Corrales E, Machinini T, da Silva FR, Paiman G, Thiong’o K, Zainal Z, Brothers GB, Wolff KR, Nakano T, Stübi R, Romanens G, Coetzee GJR, Diaz JA, Mitro S, ‘bt Mohamad M, Ogino SY. Ozonesonde Quality Assurance: The JOSIE-SHADOZ (2017) Experience. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019; 100:155-171. [PMID: 33005057 PMCID: PMC7526588 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-17-0311.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ozonesonde is a small balloon-borne instrument that is attached to a standard radiosonde to measure profiles of ozone from the surface to 35 km with ~100-m vertical resolution. Ozonesonde data constitute a mainstay of satellite calibration and are used for climatologies and analysis of trends, especially in the lower stratosphere where satellites are most uncertain. The electrochemical-concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde has been deployed at ~100 stations worldwide since the 1960s, with changes over time in manufacture and procedures, including details of the cell chemical solution and data processing. As a consequence, there are biases among different stations and discontinuities in profile time-series from individual site records. For 22 years the Jülich [Germany] Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE) has periodically tested ozonesondes in a simulation chamber designated the World Calibration Centre for Ozonesondes (WCCOS) by WMO. In October-November 2017 a JOSIE campaign evaluated the sondes and procedures used in SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes), a 14-station sonde network operating in the tropics and subtropics. A distinctive feature of the 2017 JOSIE was that the tests were conducted by operators from eight SHADOZ stations. Experimental protocols for the SHADOZ sonde configurations, which represent most of those in use today, are described, along with preliminary results. SHADOZ stations that follow WMO-recommended protocols record total ozone within 3% of the JOSIE reference instrument. These results and prior JOSIEs demonstrate that regular testing is essential to maintain best practices in ozonesonde operations and to ensure high-quality data for the satellite and ozone assessment communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herman G. J. Smit
- Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere: Troposphere, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jacquelyn C Witte
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Ryan M. Stauffer
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Bryan J. Johnson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO
| | - Gary Morris
- St. Edwards University, Natural Sciences, Austin, TX
| | | | | | - Jonathan Davies
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ankie Piters
- Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, de Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Allaart
- Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, de Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Posny
- Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR8105 (Université, Météo- France, CNRS), La Réunion, France
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Patrick Cullis
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | | | - Francisco R. da Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental and Tropical Variables, Brazilian Institute of Space Research, Natal, Brazil
| | - George Paiman
- Meteorological Service of Suriname, Paramaribo, Surinam
| | | | - Zamuna Zainal
- Malaysian Meteorological Department, Atmospheric Science and Cloud Seeding Division, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Katherine R. Wolff
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
- NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Is., VA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A. Diaz
- University of Costa Rica, San José, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Sukarni Mitro
- Meteorological Service of Suriname, Paramaribo, Surinam
| | - Maznorizan ‘bt Mohamad
- Malaysian Meteorological Department, Atmospheric Science and Cloud Seeding Division, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Ya Ogino
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Department of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Processes Research, Yokosuka, Japan
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Witte JC. Characterizing Global Ozonesonde Profile Variability from Surface to the UT/LS with a Clustering Technique and MERRA-2 Reanalysis. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:6213-6229. [PMID: 33101823 PMCID: PMC7580826 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies employing the self-organizing map (SOM) clustering technique to ozonesonde data have found significant links among meteorological and chemical regimes, and the shape of the ozone (O3) profile from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere. These studies, which focused on specific northern hemisphere mid-latitude geographical regions, demonstrated the advantages of SOM clustering by quantifying O3 profile variability and the O3/meteorological correspondence. We expand SOM to a global set of ozonesonde profiles spanning 1980-present from 30 sites to summarize the connections among O3 profiles, meteorology, and chemistry, using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis and other ancillary data. Four clusters of O3 mixing ratio profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) are generated for each site, which show dominant profile shapes and typical seasonality (or lack thereof) that generally correspond to latitude (i.e. Tropical, Subtropical, Mid-Latitude, Polar). Examination of MERRA-2 output reveals a clear relationship among SOM clusters and covarying meteorological fields (geopotential height, potential vorticity, and tropopause height) for Polar and Mid-latitude sites. However, these relationships break down within ±30° latitude. Carbon monoxide satellite data, along with velocity potential, a proxy for convection, calculated from MERRA-2 wind fields assist characterization of the Tropical and Subtropical sites, where biomass burning and convective transport linked to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) dominate O3 variability. In addition to geophysical characterization of O3 profile variability, these results can be used to evaluate chemical transport model output and satellite measurements of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Stauffer
- Universities Space Research Association c/o Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ. Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long-term U.S. monitoring sites: 2. Links between Trinidad Head, CA, profile clusters and inland surface ozone measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:1261-1280. [PMID: 29619290 PMCID: PMC5880040 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on the transport of ozone (O3) to the Western U.S., particularly given the latest revision of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) to 70 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) of O3. This makes defining a "background" O3 amount essential so that the effects of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange and pollution transport to this region can be quantified. To evaluate free-tropospheric and surface O3 in the Western U.S., we use self-organizing maps to cluster 18 years of ozonesonde profiles (940 samples) from Trinidad Head, CA. Two of nine O3 mixing ratio profile clusters exhibit thin laminae of high O3 above Trinidad Head. A third, consisting of background (~20 - 40 ppbv) O3, occurs in ~10% of profiles. The high O3 layers are located between 1 and 4 km amsl, and reside above a subsidence inversion associated with a northern location of the semi-permanent Pacific subtropical high. Several ancillary data sets are examined to identify the high O3 sources (reanalyses, trajectories, remotely-sensed carbon monoxide), but distinguishing chemical and stratospheric influences of the elevated O3 is difficult. There is marked and long-lasting impact of the elevated tropospheric O3 on high-altitude surface O3 monitors at Lassen Volcanic and Yosemite National Parks, and Truckee, CA. Days corresponding to the high O3 clusters exhibit hourly surface O3 anomalies of +5 - 10 ppbv compared to a climatology; the anomalies can last up to four days. The profile and surface O3 links demonstrate the importance of regular ozonesonde profiling at Trinidad Head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stauffer
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland - College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel J Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan J Johnson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Young GS. Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long-term U.S. monitoring sites: 1. A climatology based on self-organizing maps. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:1320-1339. [PMID: 29619288 PMCID: PMC5880212 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sonde-based climatologies of tropospheric ozone (O3) are vital for developing satellite retrieval algorithms and evaluating chemical transport model output. Typical O3 climatologies average measurements by latitude or region, and season. Recent analysis using self-organizing maps (SOM) to cluster ozonesondes from two tropical sites found clusters of O3 mixing ratio profiles are an excellent way to capture O3 variability and link meteorological influences to O3 profiles. Clusters correspond to distinct meteorological conditions, e.g. convection, subsidence, cloud cover, and transported pollution. Here, the SOM technique is extended to four long-term U.S. sites (Boulder, CO; Huntsville, AL; Trinidad Head, CA; Wallops Island, VA) with 4530 total profiles. Sensitivity tests on k-means algorithm and SOM justify use of 3×3 SOM (nine clusters). At each site, SOM clusters together O3 profiles with similar tropopause height, 500 hPa height/temperature, and amount of tropospheric and total column O3. Cluster means are compared to monthly O3 climatologies. For all four sites, near-tropopause O3 is double (over +100 parts per billion by volume; ppbv) the monthly climatological O3 mixing ratio in three clusters that contain 13 - 16% of profiles, mostly in winter and spring. Large mid-tropospheric deviations from monthly means (-6 ppbv, +7 - 10 ppbv O3 at 6 km) are found in two of the most populated clusters (combined 36 - 39% of profiles). These two clusters contain distinctly polluted (summer) and clean O3 (fall-winter, high tropopause) profiles, respectively. As for tropical profiles previously analyzed with SOM, O3 averages are often poor representations of U.S. O3 profile statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stauffer
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland - College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - George S Young
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang M, Ahmadia GN, Chollett I, Huang C, Fox H, Wijonarno A, Madden M. Delineating biophysical environments of the Sunda Banda Seascape, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1069-82. [PMID: 25648170 PMCID: PMC4344655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sunda Banda Seascape (SBS), located in the center of the Coral Triangle, is a global center of marine biodiversity and a conservation priority. We proposed the first biophysical environmental delineation of the SBS using globally available satellite remote sensing and model-assimilated data to categorize this area into unique and meaningful biophysical classes. Specifically, the SBS was partitioned into eight biophysical classes characterized by similar sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, currents, and salinity patterns. Areas within each class were expected to have similar habitat types and ecosystem functions. Our work supplemented prevailing global marine management schemes by focusing in on a regional scale with finer spatial resolution. It also provided a baseline for academic research, ecological assessments and will facilitate marine spatial planning and conservation activities in the area. In addition, the framework and methods of delineating biophysical environments we presented can be expanded throughout the whole Coral Triangle to support research and conservation activities in this important region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Wang
- Center for Geospatial Research, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA.
| | - Gabby N Ahmadia
- Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA.
| | - Iliana Chollett
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4SB, UK.
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Charles Huang
- Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA.
| | - Helen Fox
- Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA.
| | - Anton Wijonarno
- Coral Triangle Program, World Wildlife Fund-Indonesia, Jakarta Selatan 12540, Indonesia.
| | - Marguerite Madden
- Center for Geospatial Research, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Thompson AM, Miller SK, Tilmes S, Kollonige DW, Witte JC, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ, Fujiwara M, Schmidlin FJ, Coetzee GJR, Komala N, Maata M, bt Mohamad M, Nguyo J, Mutai C, Ogino SY, Da Silva FR, Leme NMP, Posny F, Scheele R, Selkirk HB, Shiotani M, Stübi R, Levrat G, Calpini B, Thouret V, Tsuruta H, Canossa JV, Vömel H, Yonemura S, Diaz JA, Tan Thanh NT, Thuy Ha HT. Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) ozone climatology (2005-2009): Tropospheric and tropical tropopause layer (TTL) profiles with comparisons to OMI-based ozone products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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