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Robust Estimation and Forecasting of Climate Change Using Score-Driven Ice-Age Models. ECONOMETRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/econometrics10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We use data on the following climate variables for the period of the last 798 thousand years: global ice volume (Icet), atmospheric carbon dioxide level (CO2,t), and Antarctic land surface temperature (Tempt). Those variables are cyclical and are driven by the following strongly exogenous orbital variables: eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit, obliquity, and precession of the equinox. We introduce score-driven ice-age models which use robust filters of the conditional mean and variance, generalizing the updating mechanism and solving the misspecification of a recent climate–econometric model (benchmark ice-age model). The score-driven models control for omitted exogenous variables and extreme events, using more general dynamic structures and heteroskedasticity. We find that the score-driven models improve the performance of the benchmark ice-age model. We provide out-of-sample forecasts of the climate variables for the last 100 thousand years. We show that during the last 10–15 thousand years of the forecasting period, for which humanity influenced the Earth’s climate, (i) the forecasts of Icet are above the observed Icet, (ii) the forecasts of CO2,t level are below the observed CO2,t, and (iii) the forecasts of Tempt are below the observed Tempt. The forecasts for the benchmark ice-age model are reinforced by the score-driven models.
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Maycock AC, Ineson S, Gray LJ, Scaife AA, Anstey JA, Lockwood M, Butchart N, Hardiman SC, Mitchell DM, Osprey SM. Possible impacts of a future grand solar minimum on climate: Stratospheric and global circulation changes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:9043-9058. [PMID: 26937327 PMCID: PMC4758621 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A future decline in solar activity would not offset projected global warmingA future decline in solar activity could have larger regional effects in winterTop-down mechanism contributes to Northern Hemisphere regional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Maycock
- Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUK
| | - S. Ineson
- Met Office Hadley CentreMet OfficeExeterUK
| | - L. J. Gray
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUK
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - J. A. Anstey
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - M. Lockwood
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | | | - D. M. Mitchell
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Hansen J, Kharecha P, Sato M, Masson-Delmotte V, Ackerman F, Beerling DJ, Hearty PJ, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hsu SL, Parmesan C, Rockstrom J, Rohling EJ, Sachs J, Smith P, Steffen K, Van Susteren L, von Schuckmann K, Zachos JC. Assessing "dangerous climate change": required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81648. [PMID: 24312568 PMCID: PMC3849278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate data. We use Earth's measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate data, and simple representations of the global carbon cycle and temperature to define emission reductions needed to stabilize climate and avoid potentially disastrous impacts on today's young people, future generations, and nature. A cumulative industrial-era limit of ∼500 GtC fossil fuel emissions and 100 GtC storage in the biosphere and soil would keep climate close to the Holocene range to which humanity and other species are adapted. Cumulative emissions of ∼1000 GtC, sometimes associated with 2°C global warming, would spur "slow" feedbacks and eventual warming of 3-4°C with disastrous consequences. Rapid emissions reduction is required to restore Earth's energy balance and avoid ocean heat uptake that would practically guarantee irreversible effects. Continuation of high fossil fuel emissions, given current knowledge of the consequences, would be an act of extraordinary witting intergenerational injustice. Responsible policymaking requires a rising price on carbon emissions that would preclude emissions from most remaining coal and unconventional fossil fuels and phase down emissions from conventional fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hansen
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pushker Kharecha
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Makiko Sato
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Valerie Masson-Delmotte
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frank Ackerman
- Synapse Energy Economics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Hearty
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shi-Ling Hsu
- College of Law, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Camille Parmesan
- Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Johan Rockstrom
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eelco J. Rohling
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Sachs
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pete Smith
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Steffen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lise Van Susteren
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, Advisory Board, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karina von Schuckmann
- L’Institut Francais de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Ifremer, Toulon, France
| | - James C. Zachos
- Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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