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Sachs J, Perry HB. Needed: a financing breakthrough at the UN High-level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage. Lancet 2023; 402:1403-1404. [PMID: 37734397 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
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O'Callaghan KM, Shin J, Cheung AS, Cheema T, Judge C, Ranger A, Huet HA, Ettenberg SA, Sachs J, Vasconcelles M, Motz G. Abstract OT2-07-06: Antibody-coupled T cell receptor (ACTR) engineered autologous T cells in combination with trastuzumab for the treatment of HER2-positive malignancies. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-ot2-07-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibody-Coupled T cell Receptor (ACTR) is an autologous engineered T cell therapy developed to combine with tumor-targeting antibodies to exert potent anti-tumor immune responses and tumor cell killing. The ACTR construct is composed of the extracellular domain of CD16 fused to CD3ζ signaling and T cell co-stimulatory domains. ACTR-expressing T cells are universal in that they can be paired with a therapeutic antibody to target specific antigens on tumors. Unum has two ACTR constructs, ACTR087 and ACTR707, currently in clinical testing. ACTR087 and ACTR707 are being tested in combination with rituximab in subjects with CD20+ B cell lymphoma in two separate trials (NCT02776813 and NCT03189836, respectively). Preliminary data with ACTR087 + rituximab has demonstrated clinical proof-of-concept and a dose-response relationship in subjects with relapsed/refractory B cell lymphoma. ACTR087 is also being tested in combination with a novel BCMA-targeting antibody in subjects with multiple myeloma (NCT03266692).
While T cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have demonstrated clinical activity in hematological cancers, the therapeutic potential of this approach has yet to be established in solid tumors. Challenges associated with targeting solid tumors with CAR-T cells include tumor antigen heterogeneity and antigen expression on normal tissues. HER2 is a well-established therapeutic target that is over-expressed in a number of cancer indications. HER2 is also expressed at low levels on normal epithelial cells, creating a risk for on-target/off-tumor toxicities of HER2-targeted CAR-T cells. Here we present nonclinical studies demonstrating that ACTR T cells in combination with trastuzumab have antigen density-dependent activity on HER2-expressing tumor cell lines, while trastuzumab-based CAR-T cells do not. We observed that ACTR + trastuzumab had robust activity against HER2-amplified tumor cells and more modest activity against non-amplified tumor cells, whereas HER2-targeting CAR-T cells had comparable activity against HER2-amplified and non-amplified tumor cells. On normal human primary cells, ACTR + trastuzumab had minimal activity in comparison to HER2 CAR-T cells, suggesting that ACTR + trastuzumab may exhibit a superior clinical therapeutic index. Furthermore, the activity of ACTR T cells against HER2-amplified tumor cells was titratable with antibody concentration, allowing for control of ACTR activity by modulation of trastuzumab concentration. Together, these data demonstrate the specificity of the ACTR T cell therapeutic approach to target HER2-amplified tumors and support clinical testing in combination with trastuzumab.
A phase 1, multicenter, single-arm, open-label dose escalation study, ATTCK-34-01, is proposed to evaluate ACTR T cells in combination with trastuzumab in subjects with advanced HER2-positive malignancies. The primary study objectives are to assess the safety and tolerability of the combination, and to define the recommended phase 2 dose combination for further study. Additional objectives include assessment of anti-tumor activity, ACTR T cell persistence and trastuzumab pharmacokinetics. Enrollment is expected to commence in early 2019.
Citation Format: O'Callaghan KM, Shin J, Cheung AS, Cheema T, Judge C, Ranger A, Huet HA, Ettenberg SA, Sachs J, Vasconcelles M, Motz G. Antibody-coupled T cell receptor (ACTR) engineered autologous T cells in combination with trastuzumab for the treatment of HER2-positive malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT2-07-06.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Shin
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - AS Cheung
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - T Cheema
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - C Judge
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - A Ranger
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - HA Huet
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - J Sachs
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - G Motz
- Unum Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA
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Locatelli F, Mauz-Koerholz C, Neville K, Llort A, Beishuizen A, Daw S, Pillon M, Aladjidi N, Klingebiel T, Landman-Parker J, Medina-Sanson A, August K, Huebner D, Sachs J, Hoffman K, Kinley J, Song S, Song G, Zhang S, Gore L. A PHASE 1/2 STUDY OF BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY (R/R) SYSTEMIC ANAPLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA (SALCL) OR R/R HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (HL). Hematol Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2438_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Haematology-Oncology; University of Pavia; Rome Italy
| | - C. Mauz-Koerholz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Giessen, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - K. Neville
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock USA
| | - A. Llort
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Pediatric Cancer; Vall d'Hebron Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Beishuizen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology; Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital; Rotterdam Netherlands
| | - S. Daw
- Department Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology; University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - M. Pillon
- Clinic of Paediatric Haemato-Oncology, Department of Women's and Children's Health; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - N. Aladjidi
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, CIC 1401 Inserm CICP, Centre de Référence National des Cytopénies Auto-immunes de l'Enfant (CEREVANCE) Hôpital des Enfants; Hôpital Pellegrin; CHU Bordeaux France
| | - T. Klingebiel
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine; University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - J. Landman-Parker
- Service d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hopital A, Trousseau; University of Paris; Paris France
| | - A. Medina-Sanson
- Departamento de Hemato-Oncología; Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaria de Salud (SS); Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - K. August
- Pediatrics; Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics; Kansas City USA
| | - D. Huebner
- Oncology; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - J. Sachs
- Oncology Clinical Research; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - K. Hoffman
- Clinical Operations; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - J. Kinley
- Oncology Clinical Research; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - S. Song
- Translational Medicine, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - G. Song
- Oncology Statistics; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - S. Zhang
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Inc.; Cambridge USA
| | - L. Gore
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado School of Medicine and Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Childrens Hospital Colorado; Aurora USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sachs
- Jeffrey Sachs, 475 Riverside Drive, 1040 Interchurch, New York, NY 10115
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Ley S, Helbig M, Sachs J. Preliminary investigations of magnetic modulated nanoparticles for microwave breast cancer detection. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2015-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This paper investigates the potential of magnetic modulated iron oxide nanoparticles in terms of a contrast enhancement for Ultra-wideband (UWB) breast imaging. The work is motivated by the low dielectric contrast between tumor and normal glandular/fibroconnective tissue. The influence of an external polarizing magnetic field on pure and coated magnetite nanoparticles is investigated in this contribution. Measurements were conducted using M-sequence UWB technology and an oil-gelatin phantom. It is shown that a coating, which is necessary for clinical use, results in a lower signal response, and thus leads to a lower detectability of magnetic modulated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ley
- Biosignal Processing Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau
| | - M. Helbig
- Biosignal Processing Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau
| | - J. Sachs
- Electronic Measurement Engineering Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau
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Locatelli F, Neville K, Rosolen A, Landman-Parker J, Aladjidi N, Beishuizen A, Daw S, Gore L, Franklin ARK, Fasanmade A, Wang J, Sachs J, Mauz-Körholz C. Phase 1/2 Study of Brentuximab Vedotin in Pediatric Pts with Relapsed/Refractory (R/R) Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) or Systemic Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (sALCL): Preliminary Phase 2 HL Data. Klin Padiatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hansen J, Kharecha P, Sato M, Masson-Delmotte V, Ackerman F, Beerling DJ, Hearty PJ, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hsu SL, Parmesan C, Rockstrom J, Rohling EJ, Sachs J, Smith P, Steffen K, Van Susteren L, von Schuckmann K, Zachos JC. Assessing "dangerous climate change": required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81648. [PMID: 24312568 PMCID: PMC3849278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate data. We use Earth's measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate data, and simple representations of the global carbon cycle and temperature to define emission reductions needed to stabilize climate and avoid potentially disastrous impacts on today's young people, future generations, and nature. A cumulative industrial-era limit of ∼500 GtC fossil fuel emissions and 100 GtC storage in the biosphere and soil would keep climate close to the Holocene range to which humanity and other species are adapted. Cumulative emissions of ∼1000 GtC, sometimes associated with 2°C global warming, would spur "slow" feedbacks and eventual warming of 3-4°C with disastrous consequences. Rapid emissions reduction is required to restore Earth's energy balance and avoid ocean heat uptake that would practically guarantee irreversible effects. Continuation of high fossil fuel emissions, given current knowledge of the consequences, would be an act of extraordinary witting intergenerational injustice. Responsible policymaking requires a rising price on carbon emissions that would preclude emissions from most remaining coal and unconventional fossil fuels and phase down emissions from conventional fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hansen
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pushker Kharecha
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Makiko Sato
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Valerie Masson-Delmotte
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frank Ackerman
- Synapse Energy Economics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Hearty
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shi-Ling Hsu
- College of Law, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Camille Parmesan
- Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Johan Rockstrom
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eelco J. Rohling
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Sachs
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pete Smith
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Steffen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lise Van Susteren
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, Advisory Board, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karina von Schuckmann
- L’Institut Francais de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Ifremer, Toulon, France
| | - James C. Zachos
- Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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Gubbels JAA, Hultgren EM, Johnson J, Johnson E, Sachs J, Hirsch MS, Liu J, Drapkin R, Egland KA. Abstract A71: Expression of Sushi Domain Containing 2 (SUSD2) in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma correlated with increased longevity of patients. Clin Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ovca13-a71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite research in therapeutic strategies, ovarian cancer (OvCa) remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The anatomical location of the ovaries within the peritoneal cavity facilitates metastasis by allowing tumor cells sloughed from the main tumor on the ovary to bind to the peritoneum or organs within the peritoneal cavity. These tumor cells are released from the main tumor either as single cells or as spheroids, the latter of which have been shown to be more effective at metastasizing and invading into the mesothelial lining. To identify novel tumor markers and therapeutic targets for epithelial cancers, a cDNA library enriched for cancer genes that encode membrane and secreted proteins was generated. The 18th most abundant gene represented in this library was Sushi Domain Containing 2 (SUSD2), which encodes an 822 amino acid membrane surface protein. To begin defining the role of SUSD2 in OvCa, stable SUSD2-expressing and vector control A2780 cell lines were generated. To examine whether SUSD2 affects the growth of OvCa cells, cellular proliferation assays were performed. There was no significant difference in growth rates with SUSD2 over-expression compared to the vector control cell lines. A Boyden chamber assay was performed to analyze the effect of SUSD2 on cell migration. A2780-SUSD2 cell lines and vector-only controls were plated on membranes and allowed to migrate toward a chemoattractant in a lower chamber. SUSD2 over-expression significantly increased migration by greater than 2-fold. In addition, a scratch wound-healing assay was performed, and after 24 hours the A2780-SUSD2 cell line had 2-fold more cells within the wound compared to the A2780-vector control cells (P<0.05). Consistently, agarose beads containing either A2780-SUSD2 or vector cells were grown in chemoattractant containing media. The distance the escaped cells traveled from the bead was measured. A2780-SUSD2 cells traveled farther away from the bead compared to the vector control (717 μm compared to 125 μm, respectively, P<0.05). Spheroid-forming ability was analyzed, and A2780-SUSD2 cells formed smaller and looser spheroids (length and width average of 933 μm) compared to A2780-vector control cells (length and width average of 1237 μm, P=0.025). To correlate OvCa patient outcome with the presence of SUSD2 in the corresponding tumor, a tissue microarray containing high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma core samples from 128 patients was stained with an anti-SUSD2 antibody. The intensity of SUSD2 staining was scored by a pathologist, and results were correlated with patient outcome. A Kaplan-Meier curve indicated a significant separation for patients with low SUSD2 levels, median survival 31.7 months, versus patients with strong SUSD2 staining, median survival 49.1 months (P=0.0083). This data suggests that low SUSD2 levels in OvCa tumors are associated with a poorer prognosis for the patient. Our in vitro assays indicate that expression of SUSD2 in A2780 cells increased the ability of the cells to migrate and caused the formation of smaller spheroids. Because spheroids are better able to resist chemotherapy and invade the mesothelium, the decreased spheroid size of SUSD2-expressing cells may allow for a better patient prognosis.
Citation Format: Jennifer A. A. Gubbels, Elizabeth M. Hultgren, Jessica Johnson, Emily Johnson, Jeffrey Sachs, Michelle S. Hirsch, Joyce Liu, Ronny Drapkin, Kristi A. Egland. Expression of Sushi Domain Containing 2 (SUSD2) in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma correlated with increased longevity of patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A71.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth M. Hultgren
- 2Sanford Research, Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD,
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Sachs
- 2Sanford Research, Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD,
| | | | - Joyce Liu
- 3Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- 3Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristi A. Egland
- 2Sanford Research, Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD,
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Helbig
- Institute for Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - K. Dahlke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital – FSU Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - I. Hilger
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital – FSU Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Kmec
- Institute for Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - J. Sachs
- Institute for Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
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Hendrickson RC, Paweletz C, Liaw A, Song Q, Lee A, Li J, Meng F, Deyanova EG, Mazur M, Settlage RE, Wiener M, Zhao X, Seeburger JL, Sachs J, Modur V, King E, Joachim C, Shearman M, Soper K, Smith DA, Potter W, Koblan K, Yates NA. P3‐234: Differential mass spectrometry identifies candidate markers for Alzheimer's disease in humans. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kurpisz M, Mapp P, Łukaszyk A, Ogilvie J, Festenstein H, Sachs J. Characterization of Two Monoclonal Antibodies Raised Against Human Testicular Cells/Charakterisierung von zwei monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen menschliche Hodenzellen. Andrologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1988.tb00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Thiel F, Hein M, Schwarz U, Sachs J, Seifert F. Combining magnetic resonance imaging and ultrawideband radar: a new concept for multimodal biomedical imaging. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:014302. [PMID: 19191450 DOI: 10.1063/1.3065095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to the recent advances in ultrawideband (UWB) radar technologies, there has been widespread interest in the medical applications of this technology. We propose the multimodal combination of magnetic resonance (MR) and UWB radar for improved functional diagnosis and imaging. A demonstrator was established to prove the feasibility of the simultaneous acquisition of physiological events by magnetic resonance imaging and UWB radar. Furthermore, first in vivo experiments have been carried out, utilizing this new approach. Correlating the reconstructed UWB signals with physiological signatures acquired by simultaneous MR measurements, representing respiratory and myocardial displacements, gave encouraging results which can be improved by optimization of the MR data acquisition technique or the use of UWB antenna arrays to localize the motion in a focused area.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Thiel
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Geyer C, Helbig M, Schwarz U, Sachs J, Hein MA, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Can ultra-wideband (UWB) radar be used for imaging purposes? Preliminary in vitro investigations. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1085912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Geyer C, Helbig M, Schwarz U, Sachs J, Hein MA, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Ultrabreitband (UWB)-Radar-Technologie in der Bildgebenden Tumordiagnostik – erste Untersuchungen. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1073932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Malaney P, Spielman A, Sachs J. The malaria gap. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71:141-6. [PMID: 15331830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the correlation between malaria and poverty is apparent, the nature of the linkages in terms of directions and mechanisms of causation is less so, and different methodologic approaches provide widely divergent perspectives concerning the impact of the disease. Certain macroeconomic studies find that in highly endemic countries, malaria may be responsible for reducing economic growth by more than one percentage point a year. Microeconomic studies, which aggregate the cost per case, find a considerably smaller impact, generally less than one percent of annual per capita gross domestic product. The large gap between these estimates suggests economic externalities associated with malaria that make the burden much greater than the sum of the costs of individual cases. Both the magnitude of the burden and the channels through which malaria affects reduces income are important for policymakers. We explore this gap, examining diverse mechanisms through which malaria can affect long-term economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Malaney
- Center for International Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Kiszewski A, Mellinger A, Spielman A, Malaney P, Sachs SE, Sachs J. A global index representing the stability of malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70:486-98. [PMID: 15155980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To relate stability of malaria transmission to biologic characteristics of vector mosquitoes throughout the world, we derived an index representing the contribution of regionally dominant vector mosquitoes to the force of transmission. This construct incorporated published estimates describing the proportion of blood meals taken from human hosts, daily survival of the vector, and duration of the transmission season and of extrinsic incubation. The result of the calculation was displayed globally on a 0.5 degrees grid. We found that these biologic characteristics of diverse vector mosquitoes interact with climate to explain much of the regional variation in the intensity of transmission. Due to the superior capacity of many tropical mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, antimalaria interventions conducted in the tropics face greater challenges than were faced by formerly endemic nations in more temperate climes.
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Abstract
Where malaria prospers most, human societies have prospered least. The global distribution of per-capita gross domestic product shows a striking correlation between malaria and poverty, and malaria-endemic countries also have lower rates of economic growth. There are multiple channels by which malaria impedes development, including effects on fertility, population growth, saving and investment, worker productivity, absenteeism, premature mortality and medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sachs
- Center for International Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Sachs J. An economist's view of health. Interview by John Maurice. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80:167-9. [PMID: 11953797 PMCID: PMC2567720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sachs
- Center for International Development, Harvard University, USA
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Farmer P, Léandre F, Mukherjee JS, Claude M, Nevil P, Smith-Fawzi MC, Koenig SP, Castro A, Becerra MC, Sachs J, Attaran A, Kim JY. Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings. Lancet 2001; 358:404-9. [PMID: 11502340 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Farmer
- Partners in Health and Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Israel O, Keidar Z, Iosilevsky G, Bettman L, Sachs J, Frenkel A. The fusion of anatomic and physiologic imaging in the management of patients with cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2001; 31:191-205. [PMID: 11430526 DOI: 10.1053/snuc.2001.23525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Imaging is of major clinical importance in the noninvasive evaluation and management of patients with cancer. Computed tomography (CT) and other anatomic imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound, have a high diagnostic ability by visualizing lesion morphology and by providing the exact localization of malignant sites. Nuclear medicine provides information on the function and metabolism of cancer. Over the last decade, there have been numerous attempts to combine data obtained from different imaging techniques. Fused images of nuclear medicine and CT (or to a lesser extent, MRI) overcome the inherent limitations of both modalities. Valuable physiologic information benefits from a precise topographic localization. Coregistered data have been shown to be useful in the evaluation of patients with cancer at diagnosis and staging, in monitoring the response to treatment, and during follow up, for early detection of recurrence. Time-consuming and difficult realignment and computation for fusion of independent studies have, until now, limited the use of registration techniques to pilot studies performed in a small number of patients. The development of the new technology of single photon emission computed tomography/CT and positron emission tomography/CT that allows for combined functional and anatomic data acquisition has the potential to make fusion an everyday clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Israel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J, Engel A, Bettman L, Gaitini D, Guralnik L, Werbin N, Iosilevsky G, Israel O. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:998-1004. [PMID: 11438618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The clinical value of a novel technology of combined transmission and emission tomography (TET) was assessed in patients with endocrine tumors. METHODS TET technology, which combines simultaneous acquisition of SPECT and CT images, using the same imaging device, allows correct fusion of images of both modalities. TET was performed on 27 patients with known or suspected endocrine tumors. The radiopharmaceuticals used for the emission part of the study were chosen according to the tumor type: (111)In-octreotide for patients with neuroendocrine tumors (n = 10), (99m)Tc-sestamibi for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 8), (131)I for patients with thyroid cancer (n = 4), and (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine and (75)Se-cholesterol for patients with adrenal masses (n = 3 and n = 2, respectively). The additional information provided by TET compared with scintigraphy was assessed for both image interpretation and clinical utility. RESULTS TET did not provide any additional data in 16 patients (59%), including 5 patients with normal scintigraphy. In 11 patients (41%) with abnormal SPECT findings, TET improved image interpretation by providing a better anatomic localization of SPECT-detected lesions. It showed unsuspected bone involvement in 4 patients, it identified the organs involved and the relationship of the lesions to neighboring structures in 5 patients, and it differentiated physiologic uptake from tumor uptake in 2 patients. TET provided additional information of clinical value in 9 patients (33%). It assisted in better planning of surgery in 2 patients with neuroendocrine tumors and in 2 patients with ectopic parathyroid adenomas. It changed the treatment approach in 2 patients with neuroendocrine tumors and 1 patient with thyroid carcinoma, and it altered prognosis in 2 patients with thyroid malignancy. CONCLUSION TET enhances the already unique role of nuclear medicine procedures in the assessment and management of patients with endocrine neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Even-Sapir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
The international aid effort against AIDS is greatly incommensurate with the severity of the epidemic. Drawing on the data that international aid donors self-reported to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), we find that, between 1996 and 1998, finance from all rich countries to sub-Saharan Africa for projects designated as AIDS control averaged US $69 million annually, and, assuming a safe margin for under-reporting and misreporting, we estimate that total donor spending on HIV/AIDS control was perhaps twice that at most. Since the late 1980s, aid levels have dropped relative to the prevalence of HIV infection, and stood recently at about $3 per HIV-infected person. Lack of finance is now the primary constraint on progress against AIDS, notwithstanding the widespread belief that a lack of interest from the goveements of poor countries is limiting. We argue that to produce a meaningful response to the pandemic, international assistance must be based on grants, not loans, for the poorest countries; be increased within the next 3 years to a minimum of $7.5 billion or more; be directed toward funding projects which are proposed and desired by the affected countries themselves, and which are judged as having epidemiological merit against the pandemic by a panel of independent scientific experts; and fund concurrent needs, including prevention, drug treatment (such as highly active antiretroviral therapy), and blocking mother-to-child HIV transmission. An effort of this scope and scale will both radically alter the prospects for intervention against AIDS in poor countries, and together with comparable efforts to control other infectious diseases, is easily afforded by the OECD donor economies, whose aggregate national income recently surpassed $21 trillion annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Attaran
- Center for International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Ridley RG, Lob-Levyt J, Sachs J, Johns D, Evans T, Bale HE, Quick JD, Orbinski J. Round table. A role for public-private partnerships in controlling neglected diseases? Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:771-7. [PMID: 11545335 PMCID: PMC2566498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R G Ridley
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
A dipole lattice model for lipid membranes and their interactions with peptides is presented. It uses the Langevin dipole method to calculate electrostatic interactions in the heterogeneous membrane environment. A series of test cases are presented, including spherical charges, dipoles, side chain analogs, and helical peptides. The model consistently produces qualitatively correct results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grossfield
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The learning process questionnaire (LPQ) has been the source of intensive cross-cultural study. However, an item-level factor analysis of all the LPQ items simultaneously has never been reported. Rather, items within each subscale have been factor analysed to establish subscale unidimensionality and justify the use of composite subscale scores. AIMS It was of major interest to see if the six logically constructed items groups of the LPQ would be supported by empirical evidence. Additionally, it was of interest to compare the consistency of the reliability and correlational structure of the LPQ subscales in our study with those of previous cross-cultural studies. METHODS Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the six-factor item level model and to fit five representative subscale level factor models. SAMPLE A total of 1070 students between the ages of 15 to 18 years was drawn from a representative selection of 29 classes from within 15 secondary schools in Guangzhou, China. Males and females were almost equally represented. RESULTS The six-factor item level model of the LPQ seemed to fit reasonably well, thus supporting the six dimensional structure of the LPQ and justifying the use of composite subscale scores for each LPQ dimension. However, the reliability of many of these subscales was low. Furthermore, only two subscale-level factor models showed marginally acceptable fit. Substantive considerations supported an oblique three-factor model. CONCLUSIONS Because the LPQ subscales often show low internal consistency reliability, experimental and correlational studies that have used these subscales as dependent measures have been disappointing. It is suggested that some LPQ items should be revised and other items added to improve the inventory's overall psychometric properties.
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Rao N, Moely BE, Sachs J. Motivational Beliefs, Study Strategies, and Mathematics Attainment in High- and Low-Achieving Chinese Secondary School Students. Contemp Educ Psychol 2000; 25:287-316. [PMID: 10873374 DOI: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the relationship between cognitive and motivational variables and their relationship to mathematics attainment, Hong Kong-Chinese students enrolled in schools for high-, average-, and low-achievers completed questionnaires in Year 10 and in Year 11. Low-achievers perceived academic learning as being less useful over time and reported spending less time studying in Year 10 than in Year 11 but high- and low-achievers did not differ on their use of self-regulated learning strategies. Performance on the public examination in mathematics was predicted by prior achievement and Self-Concept of Mathematics Ability. Results underscore the importance of considering cultural beliefs systems and educational systems in models of academic motivation. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rao
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
A small sample of 40 second-year university students in Hong Kong were asked to perform a Q sort on the 36 items of a questionnaire used to assess six dimensions of student approaches to learning, the Learning Process Questionnaire. Participants were instructed to sort the items into as many groups as they liked with the only conditions being that all items within a group be as similar as possible in perceived meaning and that no item be placed into more than one group. By treating participants' responses as a form of multiple-choice data and by applying optimal scaling, three solutions were obtained. A two-dimensional plot of the optimal item scores for the first two solutions yielded 10 clearly defined item clusters suggesting a possible ten-factor model as opposed to the six-factor model found in studies of this questionnaire. The implications of using this approach to identify potential competing factor models, especially within a cross-cultural context, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sachs
- Department of Education, University of Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Pelot MR, Pearson DA, Swenson K, Zhao G, Sachs J, Yang YG, Sykes M. Lymphohematopoietic graft-vs.-host reactions can be induced without graft-vs.-host disease in murine mixed chimeras established with a cyclophosphamide-based nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999; 5:133-43. [PMID: 10392959 DOI: 10.1053/bbmt.1999.v5.pm10392959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed hematopoietic chimerism can be induced in mice receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) after nonmyeloablative host conditioning with depletion T cells with of anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), low-dose (3 Gy) total-body irradiation (TBI), and local thymic irradiation (7 Gy). These mice are specifically tolerant to donor and host antigens. When nontolerant donor T cells are given to chimeras several months after BMT, full donor-type chimerism develops, but graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) does not occur. The induction of such lymphohematopoietic GVH reactions without GVHD could provide an approach to separating graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) from GVHD in patients with hematologic malignancies. To make the nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen described above more cytoreductive for such malignancies, we have now modified it by replacing TBI with cyclophosphamide (CP). Treatment with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAbs on day -5, 200 mg/kg CP on day -1, and 7 Gy thymic irradiation on day 0 was only slightly myelosuppressive and allowed fully major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched (with or without multiple minor antigen disparities) allogeneic bone marrow to engraft and establish long-term mixed chimerism in 40 to 82% of recipients in three different strain combinations. The administration of nontolerant donor spleen cells at 5 weeks or at 5, 8, and 11 weeks posttransplant was capable of eliminating host hematopoietic cells, leading to full or nearly full donor chimerism in six of six and two of four chimeric animals in two different strain combinations. No clinical evidence of GVHD was observed in any recipients of these donor leukocyte infusions (DLI). These studies demonstrate that induction of mixed chimerism with nonmyeloablative conditioning followed at appropriate times by DLI might allow lymphohematopoietic GVH reactions, and hence GVL effects, to eliminate chronic hematologic malignancies without causing clinically significant GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pelot
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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41
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Clay TM, Custer MC, Sachs J, Hwu P, Rosenberg SA, Nishimura MI. Efficient transfer of a tumor antigen-reactive TCR to human peripheral blood lymphocytes confers anti-tumor reactivity. J Immunol 1999; 163:507-13. [PMID: 10384155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-associated-Ag MART-1 is expressed by most human melanomas. The genes encoding an alphabeta TCR from a MART-1-specific, HLA-A2-restricted, human T cell clone have been efficiently transferred and expressed in human PBL. These retrovirally transduced PBL cultures were MART-1 peptide reactive, and most cultures recognized HLA-A2+ melanoma lines. Limiting dilution clones were generated from three bulk transduced PBL cultures to investigate the function of individual clones within the transduced cultures. Twenty-nine of 29 CD8+ clones specifically secreted IFN-gamma in response to T2 cells pulsed with MART-1(27-35) peptide, and 23 of 29 specifically secreted IFN-gamma in response to HLA-A2+ melanoma lines. Additionally, 23 of 29 CD8+ clones lysed T2 cells pulsed with the MART-1(27-35) peptide and 15 of 29 lysed the HLA-A2+ melanoma line 888. CD4+ clones specifically secreted IFN-gamma in response to T2 cells pulsed with the MART-1(27-35) peptide. TCR gene transfer to patient PBL can produce CTL with anti-tumor reactivity in vitro and could potentially offer a treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma. This approach could also be applied to the treatment of other tumors and viral infections. Additionally, TCR gene transfer offers unique opportunities to study the fate of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Clay
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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42
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Al-Jabri AA, McCloskey D, Addawee M, Bottazzo FG, Sachs J, Oxford JS. In vitro correlation between human leukocyte antigen class I and II phenotype and HIV infectivity of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. AIDS 1998; 12:217-8. [PMID: 9468372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Cohen
- Rockefeller University,
New York, NY 10021–6399, USA, and
Columbia University,
New York, NY 10027, USA,
| | - Christopher Small
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory,
Columbia University,
Palisades, NY 10964, USA,
| | - Andrew Mellinger
- Harvard Institute for International Development,
1 Eliot Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John Gallup
- Harvard Institute for International Development,
1 Eliot Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sachs
- Harvard Institute for International Development,
1 Eliot Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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44
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Funke M, Hermann KP, Breiter N, Hundertmark C, Sachs J, Gruhl T, Sperner W, Grabbe E. [Digital storage phosphor mammography in a magnification technic: experimental studies for spatial resolution and for detection of microcalcifications]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 1997; 167:174-9. [PMID: 9333359 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1015512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the routine use of storage phosphor systems for mammography has been limited by its inadequate spatial resolution of 5 linepairs/mm, a combination of a magnification mammography technique with storage phosphor plates was investigated to detect microcalcifications. MATERIAL AND METHODS A new mammography system with a microfocus tube using an anode of 0.05-0.12 mm allowed to obtain survey views of the breast with 1.7x magnification (m), and spot views with 4x magnification. The digital image receptor comprised a high resolution storage phosphor plate. To determine spatial resolution, contrast transfer curves were obtained, and the detection of microcalcifications was investigated by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis. RESULTS Spatial resolution for digital survey views (m = 1.7) was 8 linepairs/mm and for spot views (m = 4) was 18 linepairs/mm. ROC analysis demonstrated a significantly higher performance of the digital magnification technique compared to the conventional screen-film mammography technique. CONCLUSIONS The limitations of digital mammography with respect to spatial resolution can be overcome by using a high magnification technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Funke
- Abteilung Röntgendiagnostik I, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
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45
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Abstract
Peripheral blood concentrations of the proinflammatory peptide substance P (SP) have been shown to increase in response to psychological anxiety in human subjects. In this study, we examined changes in SP levels in peripheral blood in response to the anxiety of a diagnostic medical procedure. The levels of SP were found to he higher in subjects with high initial anxiety as compared to subjects with low initial anxiety as measured on the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. Changes in the percentages of CD-8-expressing T lymphocytes were found to correlate with alterations in measures of anxiety as well as SP. These changes persisted for 3 days following the diagnostic procedure. The results of the study seem to indicate that SP may serve as a mediator in stress-induced immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Fehder
- Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
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46
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Abstract
Hyperosmolar solutions are frequently used in clinical practice for enemas. In a review of the literature we found 43 published cases of severe complications connected with the use of hyperosmolar enemas. The absorption of sodium phosphate led to a raise of the temperature up to 41.1 degrees C, massive acidosis and electrolyte disturbances with hypocalcemia and hypernatremia. The clinical picture was dominated in most of the cases by somnolence or coma. In our experiment the absorption of sodium phosphate from the peritoneal cavity of rats led to similar clinical symptoms and--depending on the amount of sodium phosphate absorbed--to the death of the animals. Hypovolemia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia and a direct toxic effect of phosphate on the kidneys is responsible for the complex mode of intoxication. Sodium phosphate solutions should not be used in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with a high risk of laceration of the mucosa or perforation of the bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lochbühler
- Kinderchirurgische Klinik im Dr. v. Haunershen Kinderspital, Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität München
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47
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Kohan D, Krampe EM, Sachs J. [Critique of "Pflege aktuell"]. Pflege Aktuell 1995; 49:35-6. [PMID: 7889249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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48
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Kohan D, Krampe EM, Sachs J. [More legal questions--more articles on practice. Results of the reader query by "Pflege aktuell"]. Pflege Aktuell 1994; 48:738-40. [PMID: 7804555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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49
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Abstract
The interactive roles of T cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and antigen-presenting cells in the generation of autoimmunity is the subject of much discussion. A recent symposium contributed to the debate by inviting experts in several fields of immunology to answer specific questions relating to the mechanisms that trigger autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens/physiology
- Humans
- Infections/complications
- Infections/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/genetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Mice, Inbred NOD/genetics
- Mice, Inbred NOD/immunology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yeatman
- Dept of Immunology, London Hospital Medical College
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50
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Fernandez N, Kurpisz M, Labeta M, Sachs J, Pawelec G. A ligand-epitope in vitro analysis of major histocompatibility determinants expressed on B and T lymphocytes. Immunology 1992; 77:116-22. [PMID: 1383136 PMCID: PMC1421604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human histocompatibility leucocyte antigen (HLA)-specific monoclonal antibody probes were used to determine the affinity constant, and cell-surface density of HLA class I and class II determinants. The measurements were estimated for single-cell units of B-lymphoblastoid cell line (B-LCL) and cloned activated T cells in different functional states. Each HLA subset showed unimodal affinity constant values for the interaction with the corresponding HLA-specific antibodies. Such values ranged between 2.2 x 10(7) M-1 (class I) and 4.0 x 10(7) M-1 (class II) for different histocompatibility epitopes. In both B and T cells there was a rank order of epitope expression, class I being highly expressed (5 x 10(6) epitopes/cell) followed by DR, DQ and DP, (1.1-3.0 x 10(6) epitopes/cell). Suppressive clones carrying functionally defined stimulating determinants previously designated 'DY' carried similar numbers of DR, DQ and DP binding sites to DY- non-suppressive clones, but showed selective increases of class II determinants reactive with broad class II-specific antibodies. The results are discussed in the context of the functional consequences of different patterns of HLA epitope expression in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K
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