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Morris JJ, Rose AL, Lu Z. Reactive oxygen species in the world ocean and their impacts on marine ecosystems. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102285. [PMID: 35364435 PMCID: PMC8972015 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are omnipresent in the ocean, originating from both biological (e.g., unbalanced metabolism or stress) and non-biological processes (e.g. photooxidation of colored dissolved organic matter). ROS can directly affect the growth of marine organisms, and can also influence marine biogeochemistry, thus indirectly impacting the availability of nutrients and food sources. Microbial communities and evolution are shaped by marine ROS, and in turn microorganisms influence steady-state ROS concentrations by acting as the predominant sink for marine ROS. Through their interactions with trace metals and organic matter, ROS can enhance microbial growth, but ROS can also attack biological macromolecules, causing extensive modifications with deleterious results. Several biogeochemically important taxa are vulnerable to very low ROS concentrations within the ranges measured in situ, including the globally distributed marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota. Finally, climate change may increase the amount of ROS in the ocean, especially in the most productive surface layers. In this review, we explore the sources of ROS and their roles in the oceans, how the dynamics of ROS might change in the future, and how this change might impact the ecology and chemistry of the future ocean.
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Zou Y, He Z, Liu CY, Qi Q, Yang GP, Mao S. Coastal observation of halocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during winter: Spatial distribution and influence of different factors on the enzyme-mediated reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118022. [PMID: 34492527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile brominated compounds are important trace gases for stratospheric ozone chemistry. In this study, the spatial variations of dibromomethane (CH2Br2), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) and bromoform (CHBr3) in the seawater and overlying atmosphere were measured in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in winter. The air-sea fluxes of CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 ranged from -11.46 to 25.33, -4.68 to 7.91, -8.60 to 4.08 and -88.57 to 8.84 nmol m-2·d-1, respectively. In order to understand the mechanism of halocarbons production, we measured bromoperoxidase (BrPO) activity (39.18-186.74 μU·L-1) in the YS and ECS for the first time using an aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) method and performed in-situ incubation experiments in BrPO-treated seawater. The production rates of CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 ranged from 14.21 to 94.74, 0.00 to 19.74, 0.00 to 30.62 and 6.18-72.75 pmol L-1·h-1, respectively, in BrPO-treated seawater. There were significantly higher production rates in coastal waters compared with the open sea (P = 0.016) because of higher DOC levels near the coast. Moreover, the production rates of halocarbons increased with BrPO activity and H2O2 concentration. The results showed that enzyme-mediated reaction was an important source for the production of halocarbons in seawater. The present research is of great significance for understanding the production mechanisms of halocarbons in seawater and global oceanic halocarbons emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Shihai Mao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Simões EF, Almeida AS, Duarte AC, Duarte RM. Assessing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in atmospheric and aquatic environments: Analytical challenges and opportunities. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Shin J, Lee Y, von Gunten U. Kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and aqueous iodine: Implications for technical and natural aquatic systems. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 179:115852. [PMID: 32417560 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of iodide-containing waters can lead to a formation of potentially toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs). Iodide (I-) is easily oxidized to HOI by various oxidation processes and its reaction with dissolved organic matter (DOM) can produce I-DBPs. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a key role in minimizing the formation of I-DBPs by reduction of HOI during H2O2-based advanced oxidation processes or water treatment based on peracetic acid or ferrate(VI). To assess the importance of these reactions, second order rate constants for the reaction of HOI with H2O2 were determined in the pH range of 4.0-12.0. H2O2 showed considerable reactivity with HOI near neutral pH (kapp = 9.8 × 103 and 6.3 × 104 M-1s-1 at pH 7.1 and 8.0, respectively). The species-specific second order rate constants for the reactions of H2O2 with HOI, HO2- with HOI, and HO2- with OI- were determined as kH2O2+HOI = 29 ± 5.2 M-1s-1, kHO2-+HOI = (3.1 ± 0.3) × 108 M-1s-1, and kHO2-+OI- = (6.4 ± 1.4) × 107 M-1s-1, respectively. The activation energy for the reaction between HOI and H2O2 was determined to be Ea = 34 kJ mol-1. The effect of buffer types (phosphate, acetate, and borate) and their concentrations was also investigated. Phosphate and acetate buffers significantly increased the rate of the H2O2-HOI reaction at pH 7.3 and 4.7, respectively, whereas the effect of borate was moderate. It could be demonstrated, that the formation of iodophenols from phenol as a model for I-DBPs formation was significantly reduced by the addition of H2O2 to HOI- and phenol-containing solutions. During water treatment with the O3/H2O2 process or peracetic acid in the presence of I-, O3 and peracetic acid will be consumed by a catalytic oxidation of I- due to the fast reduction of HOI by H2O2. The O3 deposition on the ocean surface may also be influenced by the presence of H2O2, which leads to a catalytic consumption of O3 by I-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedon Shin
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hurtado-Gallego J, Redondo-López A, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Peroxiredoxin (2-cys-prx) and catalase (katA) cyanobacterial-based bioluminescent bioreporters to detect oxidative stress in the aquatic environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124395. [PMID: 31545198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detection of oxidative stress caused by emerging pollutants in aquatic systems is essential to carry out toxicological analysis since they can bring us information about the mechanisms of toxic action of the pollutants, which might be useful to address this contamination. To achieve this goal, two self-bioluminescent strains that respond to oxidative stress based on the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC7120, which has a high ecological relevance in aquatic continental systems, have been constructed. Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2172 harbours the promoter region of the 2-cys-prx gene (P2-cys-prx), encoding a cytoplasmic peroxiredoxin, fused to luxCDABE genes of the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2173 harbours the promoter region of the KatA gene (PkatA), a cytoplasmic catalase, also fused to luxCDABE genes. Both strains have been characterized by exposing them to H2O2: Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2172 responded while Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2173 did not respond to this pollutant. In order to know their specificity, they were exposed to methyl viologen (MV), an herbicide that produces superoxide anion (O2-) and a bioluminescence response was observed in both strains. Besides, the utility of these strains for the detection of H2O2 and MV in natural water samples, both pristine and wastewater samples has been tested by spiking experiments. Finally, the possible application of these strains for the detection of the emerging pollutant triclosan has also been tested showing to be suitable bioreporters to study oxidative stress in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Redondo-López
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Zinser ER. The microbial contribution to reactive oxygen species dynamics in marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:412-427. [PMID: 29411545 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review surveys the current state of knowledge of the concentrations, sources and sinks of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ocean. Both abiotic and biotic factors contribute to ROS dynamics in seawater, and ROS can feature prominently in marine microbe-microbe interactions. The sun plays a key role in the production of ROS in the ocean, and consequently ROS concentrations are typically maximal in the sun-exposed surface. However, microbes can also contribute significantly to extracellular ROS. Production of superoxide is widespread within the microbial community, and may benefit the producers as antimicrobial agents or perhaps more generally, as a means of nutrient scavenging. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a community-wide activity, though some members may play less significant roles in this process. The more reactive forms of ROS, singlet oxygen and the hydroxyl radical, may be less important as microbial stressors, as they tend to react with the chemicals in seawater before they can contact the cells. However, exceptions may exist for microbes attached to singlet oxygen-generating sinking particulate matter. Extracellular ROS thus plays an important role in the ecology of marine microbes, the full extent to which we are only beginning to appreciate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Zinser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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7
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Intraspecific variation in oxidative stress tolerance in a model cnidarian: Differences in peroxide sensitivity between and within populations of Nematostella vectensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188265. [PMID: 29373572 PMCID: PMC5786289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematostella vectensis is a member of the phylum Cnidaria, a lineage that includes anemones, corals, hydras, and jellyfishes. This estuarine anemone is an excellent model system for investigating the evolution of stress tolerance because it is easy to collect in its natural habitat and to culture in the laboratory, and it has a sequenced genome. Additionally, there is evidence of local adaptation to environmental stress in different N. vectensis populations, and abundant protein-coding polymorphisms have been identified, including polymorphisms in proteins that are implicated in stress responses. N. vectensis can tolerate a wide range of environmental parameters, and has recently been shown to have substantial intraspecific variation in temperature preference. We investigated whether different clonal lines of anemones also exhibit differential tolerance to oxidative stress. N. vectensis populations are continually exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during cellular metabolism and by other environmental factors. Fifteen clonal lines of N. vectensis collected from four different estuaries were exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Pronounced differences in survival and regeneration were apparent between clonal lines collected from Meadowlands, NJ, Baruch, SC, and Kingsport, NS, as well as among 12 clonal lines collected from a single Cape Cod marsh. To our knowledge, this is the first example of intraspecific variability in oxidative stress resistance in cnidarians or in any marine animal. As oxidative stress often accompanies heat stress in marine organisms, resistance to oxidative stress could strongly influence survival in warming oceans. For example, while elevated temperatures trigger bleaching in corals, oxidative stress is thought to be the proximal trigger of bleaching at the cellular level.
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8
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Wu M, Wong GTF, Wu YC. The Scopoletin-HRP Fluorimetric Determination of H 2O 2 in Seawaters-A Plea for the Two-Stage Protocol. Methods Protoc 2017; 1:mps1010004. [PMID: 31164551 PMCID: PMC6526430 DOI: 10.3390/mps1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A single solution protocol has been widely used for the fluorimetric determination of H2O2 in natural waters by its bleaching of the fluorescing scopoletin in the presence of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this protocol, the reaction between scopoletin and H2O2 in the sample and the subsequent internal additions, and the measurements of the fluorescence are all carried out at a single pH in a fluorometer cell. It is found that this protocol is prone to four sources of possible error. The variability in the reaction stoichiometry between scopoletin and H2O2 in the presence of varying amounts of excess scopoletin, the effect of pH on the rate of reaction between scopoletin and H2O2, the photobleaching of scopoletin, and the de-activation of HRP. These possible sources of error can be circumvented in a two-stage protocol in which the reaction between H2O2 and scopoletin is carried out immediately upon sampling at a pH of 7, and the measurement of the fluorescence is carried out later on at a pH of 9. It should be the protocol of choice. Furthermore, in the two-stage protocol, after the initial reaction between H2O2 and scopoletin, the sample may be stored at room temperature for six days and at 4 °C for at least a month before its fluorescence is measured. This option can significantly reduce the logistics in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC), Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - George T F Wong
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Yao-Chu Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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9
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Hopwood MJ, Rapp I, Schlosser C, Achterberg EP. Hydrogen peroxide in deep waters from the Mediterranean Sea, South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43436. [PMID: 28266529 PMCID: PMC5339902 DOI: 10.1038/srep43436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is present ubiquitously in marine surface waters where it is a reactive intermediate in the cycling of many trace elements. Photochemical processes are considered the dominant natural H2O2 source, yet cannot explain nanomolar H2O2 concentrations below the photic zone. Here, we determined the concentration of H2O2 in full depth profiles across three ocean basins (Mediterranean Sea, South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans). To determine the accuracy of H2O2 measurements in the deep ocean we also re-assessed the contribution of interfering species to 'apparent H2O2', as analysed by the luminol based chemiluminescence technique. Within the vicinity of coastal oxygen minimum zones, accurate measurement of H2O2 was not possible due to interference from Fe(II). Offshore, in deep (>1000 m) waters H2O2 concentrations ranged from 0.25 ± 0.27 nM (Mediterranean, Balearics-Algeria) to 2.9 ± 2.2 nM (Mediterranean, Corsica-France). Our results indicate that a dark, pelagic H2O2 production mechanism must occur throughout the deep ocean. A bacterial source of H2O2 is the most likely origin and we show that this source is likely sufficient to account for all of the observed H2O2 in the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hopwood
- Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Insa Rapp
- Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Schlosser
- Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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10
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Powers LC, Miller WL. Blending remote sensing data products to estimate photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in the surface ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:792-806. [PMID: 24619198 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and its precursor, superoxide (O₂(-)), are well-studied photochemical products that are pivotal in regulating redox transformations of trace metals and organic matter in the surface ocean. In attempts to understand the magnitude of both H₂O₂ and O₂(-) photoproduction on a global scale, we implemented a model to calculate photochemical fluxes of these products from remotely sensed ocean color and modeled solar irradiances. We generated monthly climatologies for open ocean H₂O₂ photoproduction rates using an average apparent quantum yield (AQY) spectrum determined from laboratory irradiations of oligotrophic water collected in the Gulf of Alaska. Because the formation of H₂O₂ depends on secondary thermal reactions involving O₂(-), we also implemented a temperature correction for the H₂O₂ AQY using remotely sensed sea surface temperature and an Arrhenius relationship for H₂O₂ photoproduction. Daily photoproduction rates of H₂O₂ ranged from <1 to over 100 nM per day, amounting to ∼30 μM per year in highly productive regions. When production rates were calculated without the temperature correction, maximum daily rates were underestimated by 15-25%, highlighting the importance of including the temperature modification for H₂O₂ in these models. By making assumptions about the relationship between H₂O₂ and O₂(-) photoproduction rates and O₂(-) decay kinetics, we present a method for calculating midday O₂(-) steady-state concentrations ([O₂(-)]ss) in the open ocean. Estimated [O₂(-)]ss ranged from 0.1-5 nM assuming biomolecular dismutation was the only sink for O₂(-), but were reduced to 0.1-290 pM when catalytic pathways were included. While the approach presented here provides the first global scale estimates of marine [O₂(-)]ss from remote sensing, the potential of this model to quantify O₂(-) photoproduction rates and [O₂(-)]ss will not be fully realized until the mechanisms controlling O₂(-) photoproduction and decay are better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne C Powers
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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11
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Kieber DJ, Miller GW, Neale PJ, Mopper K. Wavelength and temperature-dependent apparent quantum yields for photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:777-791. [PMID: 24615241 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00036f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength and temperature-dependent apparent quantum yields (AQYs) were determined for the photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide using seawater obtained from coastal and oligotrophic stations in Antarctica, the Pacific Ocean at Station ALOHA, the Gulf of Mexico, and at several sites along the East Coast of the United States. For all samples, AQYs decreased exponentially with increasing wavelength at 25 °C, ranging from 4.6 × 10(-4) to 10.4 × 10(-4) at 290 nm to 0.17 × 10(-4) to 0.97 × 10(-4) at 400 nm. AQYs for different seawater samples were remarkably similar irrespective of expected differences in the composition and concentrations of metals and dissolved organic matter (DOM) and in prior light exposure histories; wavelength-dependent AQYs for individual seawater samples differed by less than a factor of two relative to respective mean AQYs. Temperature-dependent AQYs increased between 0 and 35 °C on average by a factor of 1.8 per 10 °C, consistent with a thermal reaction (e.g., superoxide dismutation) controlling H2O2 photochemical production rates in seawater. Taken together, these results suggest that the observed poleward decrease in H₂O₂ photochemical production rates is mainly due to corresponding poleward decreases in irradiance and temperature and not spatial variations in the composition and concentrations of DOM or metals. Hydrogen peroxide photoproduction AQYs and production rates were not constant and not independent of the photon exposure as has been implicitly assumed in many published studies. Therefore, care should be taken when comparing and interpreting published H₂O₂ AQY or photochemical production rate results. Modeled depth-integrated H₂O₂ photochemical production rates were in excellent agreement with measured rates obtained from in situ free-floating drifter experiments conducted during a Gulf of Maine cruise, with differences (ca. 10%) well within measurement and modeling uncertainties. Results from this study provide a comprehensive data set of wavelength and temperature-dependent AQYs to model and remotely sense hydrogen peroxide photochemical production rates globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kieber
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Department of Chemistry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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12
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Clark CD, de Bruyn W, Jones JG. Photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution from model compounds for chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 79:54-60. [PMID: 24445128 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To explore whether quinone moieties are important in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) photochemistry in natural waters, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and associated optical property changes were measured in aqueous solutions irradiated with a Xenon lamp for CDOM model compounds (dihydroquinone, benzoquinone, anthraquinone, napthoquinone, ubiquinone, humic acid HA, fulvic acid FA). All compounds produced H2O2 with concentrations ranging from 15 to 500 μM. Production rates were higher for HA vs. FA (1.32 vs. 0.176 mM h(-1)); values ranged from 6.99 to 0.137 mM h(-1) for quinones. Apparent quantum yields (Θ app; measure of photochemical production efficiency) were higher for HA vs. FA (0.113 vs. 0.016) and ranged from 0.0018 to 0.083 for quinones. Dihydroquinone, the reduced form of benzoquinone, had a higher production rate and efficiency than its oxidized form. Post-irradiation, quinone compounds had absorption spectra similar to HA and FA and 3D-excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (EEMs) with fluorescent peaks in regions associated with CDOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Clark
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, United States
| | - Warren de Bruyn
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, United States.
| | - Joshua G Jones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, United States
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13
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McDowell RE, Amsler CD, Dickinson DA, McClintock JB, Baker BJ. Reactive oxygen species and the Antarctic macroalgal wound response. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:71-80. [PMID: 26988009 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are commonly produced by algal, vascular plant, and animal cells involved in the innate immune response as cellular signals promoting defense and healing and/or as a direct defense against invading pathogens. The production of reactive species in macroalgae upon injury, however, is largely uncharacterized. In this study, we surveyed 13 species of macroalgae from the Western Antarctic Peninsula and show that the release of strong oxidants is common after macroalgal wounding. Most species released strong oxidants within 1 min of wounding and/or showed cellular accumulation of strong oxidants over an hour post-wounding. Exogenous catalase was used to show that hydrogen peroxide was a component of immediate oxidant release in one of five species, but was not responsible for the entire oxidative wound response as is common in vascular plants. The other component(s) of the oxidant cocktail released upon wounding are unknown. We were unable to detect protein nitration in extracts of four oxidant-producing species flash frozen 30 s after wounding, but a role for reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite cannot be completely ruled out. Two species showed evidence for the production of a catalase-activated oxidant, a mechanism previously known only from the laboratory and from the synthetic drug isoniazid used to kill the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rhodophyte Palmaria decipiens, which released strong oxidants after wounding, also produced strong oxidants upon grazing by a sympatric amphipod, suggesting that oxidants are involved in the response to grazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E McDowell
- Department of Biology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Charles D Amsler
- Department of Biology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Dale A Dickinson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - James B McClintock
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Bill J Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
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Pérez-Almeida N, González-Dávila M, Santana-Casiano JM, González AG, Suárez de Tangil M. Oxidation of Cu(I) in seawater at low oxygen concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1239-1247. [PMID: 23259733 DOI: 10.1021/es302465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of nanomolar copper(I) at low oxygen (6 μM) concentrations was studied as a function of pH (6.7-8.2), ionic strength (0.1-0.76 M), total inorganic carbon concentration (0.65-6.69 mM), and the added concentration of hydrogen peroxide, H(2)O(2) (100-500 nM) over the initial 150 nM H(2)O(2) concentration in the coastal seawater. The competitive effect between H(2)O(2) and O(2) at low O(2) concentrations has been described. Both the oxidation of Cu(I) by oxygen and by H(2)O(2) had a reaction order of one. The reduction of Cu(II) back to Cu(I) in the studied seawater by H(2)O(2) and other reactive oxygen intermediates took place at both high and low O(2) concentrations. The effect of the pH on oxidation was more important at low oxygen concentrations, where δlog k/δpH was 0.85, related to the presence of H(2)O(2) in the initial seawater and its role in the redox chemistry of Cu species, than at oxygen saturation, where the value was 0.6. A kinetic model that considered the Cu speciation, major ion interactions, and the rate constants for the oxidation and reduction of Cu(I) and Cu(II) species, respectively, was applied. When the oxygen concentration was lower than 22 μM and under the presence of 150 nM H(2)O(2), the model showed that the oxidation of Cu(I) was controlled by its reaction with H(2)O(2). The effect of the pH on the oxidation rate of Cu(I) was explained by its influence on the oxidation of Cu(I) with O(2) and H(2)O(2), making the model valid for any low oxygen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Pérez-Almeida
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Tafira S/N, 35017, Las Palmas, Spain
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Sakugawa H, Vione D, Minakata D, Saquib M, Mottaleb MA. Photoinduced Generation of Hydroxyl Radical in Natural Waters. PHOTOBIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MATTER 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Minakata D, Wu F, Vione D, Mottaleb MA, Yoshioka T, Sakugawa H. Photoinduced and Microbial Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters. PHOTOBIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MATTER 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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17
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Sakugawa H, Vione D, Minakata D, Wu F. Photoinduced and Microbial Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Peroxides in Natural Waters. PHOTOBIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MATTER 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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18
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Bidigare RR, Ondrusek ME, Brooks JM. Influence of the Orinoco River outflow on distributions of algal pigments in the Caribbean Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Sikorski RJ, Zika RG. Modeling mixed-layer photochemistry of H2O2: Optical and chemical modeling of production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Sikorski RJ, Zika RG. Modeling mixed-layer photochemistry of H2O2: Physical and chemical modeling of distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Zika RG, Milne PJ, Zafiriou OC. Photochemical studies of the eastern Caribbean: An introductory overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Farmer CT, Moore CA, Zika RG, Sikorski RJ. Effects of low and high Orinoco River flow on the underwater light field of the eastern Caribbean Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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de Bruyn WJ, Clark CD, Pagel L, Takehara C. Photochemical production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone from chromophoric dissolved organic matter in coastal waters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Clark CD, De Bruyn WJ, Hirsch CM, Aiona P. Diel cycles of hydrogen peroxide in marine bathing waters in Southern California, USA: in situ surf zone measurements. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:2284-2288. [PMID: 20739035 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is photochemically produced in natural waters. It has been implicated in the oxidative-induced mortality of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), a microbial water quality measure. To assess levels and cycling of peroxide in beach waters monitored for FIB, diel studies were carried out in surf zone waters in July 2009 at Crystal Cove State Beach, Southern California, USA. Maximum concentrations of 160-200 nM were obtained within 1h of solar noon. Levels dropped at night to 20-40 nM, consistent with photochemical production from sunlight. Day-time production and night-time dark loss rates averaged 16 ± 3 nM h(-1) and 12 ± 4 nM h(-1) respectively. Apparent quantum yields averaged 0.07 ± 0.02. Production was largely dominated by sunlight, with some dependence on chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) levels in waters with high absorption coefficients. Peroxide levels measured here are sufficient to cause oxidative-stress-induced mortality of bacteria, affect FIB diel cycling and impact microbial water quality in marine bathing waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Schmid College of Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
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Clark CD, De Bruyn WJ, Jones JG. Photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in size-fractionated Southern California coastal waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:141-146. [PMID: 19269002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) photochemical production was measured in bulk and size-fractionated surf zone and source waters (Orange County, California, USA). Post-irradiation (60 min; 300 W ozone-free xenon lamp), maximum H(2)O(2) concentrations were approximately 10000 nM (source) and approximately 1500 nM (surf zone). Average initial hydrogen peroxide production rates (HPPR) were higher in bulk source waters (11+/-7.0 nM s(-1)) than the surf zone (2.5+/-1 nM s(-1)). A linear relationship was observed between non-purgeable dissolved organic carbon and absorbance coefficient (m(-1) (300 nm)). HPPR increased with increasing absorbance coefficient for bulk and size-fractionated source waters, consistent with photochemical production from CDOM. However, HPPR varied significantly (5x) for surf zone samples with the same absorbance coefficients, even though optical properties suggested CDOM from salt marsh source waters dominates the surf zone. To compare samples with varying CDOM levels, apparent quantum yields (Phi) for H(2)O(2) photochemical production were calculated. Source waters showed no significant difference in Phi between bulk, large (>1000 Da (>1 kDa)) and small (<1 kDa) size fractions, suggesting H(2)O(2) production efficiency is homogeneously distributed across CDOM size. However, surf zone waters had significantly higher Phi than source (bulk 0.086+/-0.04 vs. 0.034+/-0.013; <1 kDa 0.183+/-0.012 vs. 0.027+/-0.018; >1 kDa 0.151+/-0.090 vs. 0.016+/-0.009), suggesting additional production from non-CDOM sources. H(2)O(2) photochemical production was significant for intertidal beach sand and senescent kelp (sunlight; approximately 42 nM h(-1) vs. approximately 5 nM h(-1)), on the order of CDOM production rates previously measured in coastal and oceanic waters. This is the first study of H(2)O(2) photochemical production in size-fractionated coastal waters showing significant production from non-CDOM sources in the surf zone.
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Clark CD, De Bruyn WJ, Jakubowski SD, Grant SB. Hydrogen peroxide production in marine bathing waters: Implications for fecal indicator bacteria mortality. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:397-401. [PMID: 18062995 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide concentrations [H(2)O(2)] have been measured over the last two decades in multiple studies in surface waters in coastal, estuarine and oceanic systems. Diurnal cycles consistent with a photochemical production process have frequently being observed, with [H(2)O(2)] increasing by two orders of magnitude over the course of the day, from low nM levels in the early morning to 10(2)nM in late afternoon. Production rates range from <10 for off-shore ocean waters to 20-60nMh(-1) for near-shore coastal and estuarine environments. Slow night-time loss rates (<10nMh(-1)) have been attributed to biological and particle mediated processes. Diurnal cycles have also frequently been observed in fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels in surf zone waters monitored for microbial water quality. Measured peak peroxide concentrations in surface coastal seawaters are too low to directly cause FIB mortality based on laboratory studies, but likely contribute to oxidative stress and diurnal cycling. Peroxide levels in the surf zone may be increased by additional peroxide production mechanisms such as deposition, sediments and stressed marine biota, further enhancing impacts on FIB in marine bathing waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
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González-Dávila M, Santana-Casiano JM, Millero FJ. Competition Between O2 and H2O2 in the Oxidation of Fe(II) in Natural Waters. J SOLUTION CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-006-8942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Attenuation of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) in Florida Bay: Potential for light limitation of primary producers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02696067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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NAKAJIMA H, OKADA K, FUJIMURA H, ARAKAKI T, TANAHARA A. Photochemical formation of peroxides in coastal seawater around Okinawa Island. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi NAKAJIMA
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kouichirou OKADA
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hiroyuki FUJIMURA
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Takemitsu ARAKAKI
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus
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30
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Wong G, Dunstan W, Kim DB. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by marine phytoplankton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-1784(02)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Johannessen SC. Calculation of UV attenuation and colored dissolved organic matter absorption spectra from measurements of ocean color. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jc000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Zanardi-Lamardo E, Clark CD, Moore CA, Zika RG. Comparison of the molecular mass and optical properties of colored dissolved organic material in two rivers and coastal waters by flow field-flow fractionation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:2806-2814. [PMID: 12144250 DOI: 10.1021/es015792r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Colored dissolved organic material (CDOM) is an important sunlight absorbing substance affecting the optical properties of natural waters. However, little is known about its structural and optical properties mainly due to its complex matrix and the limitation of the techniques available. A comparison of two southwestern Florida rivers [the Caloosahatchee River (CR) and the Shark River (SR)] was done in terms of molecular mass (MM) and diffusion coefficients (D). The novel technique Frit inlet/frit outlet-flow field-flow fractionation (FIFO-FIFFF) with absorbance and fluorescence detectors was used to determine these properties. The SR receives organic material from the Everglades. By contrast, the CR arises from Lake Okeechobee in central Florida, receiving anthropogenic inputs, farming runoff, and natural organics. Both rivers discharge to the Gulf of Mexico. Fluorescence identified, for both rivers, two different MM distributions in low salinity water samples: the first was centered at approximately 1.7 kDa (CR) and approximately 2 kDa (SR); the second centered at approximately 13 kDa for both rivers, which disappeared gradually in the river plumes to below detection limit in coastal waters. Absorbance detected only one MM distribution centered at approximately 2 kDa (CR) and 2.2-2.4 kDa (SR). Fluorescence in general peaked at a lower MM than absorbance, suggesting a different size distribution for fluorophores vs chromophores. A photochemical study showed that, after sunlight, irradiated freshwater samples have similar characteristics to more marine waters, including a shift in MM distribution of chromophores. The differences observed between the rivers in the optical characteristics, MM distributions, and D values suggest that the CDOM sources, physical, and photochemical degradation processes are different for these two rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Florida 33149, USA.
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Erickson III DJ, Zepp RG, Atlas E. Ozone depletion and the air–sea exchange of greenhouse and chemically reactive trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-9972(00)00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Price D, Mantoura RC, Worsfold PJ. Shipboard determination of hydrogen peroxide in the western Mediterranean sea using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection1PII of original article: S0003-2670 (98) 00322-5. This article has previously been published in 371/2-3.1. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Price D, Mantoura RC, Worsfold PJ. Shipboard determination of hydrogen peroxide in the western Mediterranean sea using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Determination of hydrogen peroxide in sea water by flow-injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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