1
|
Truong C, Bernard S, Le Pape P, Morin G, Baya C, Merrot P, Gorlas A, Guyot F. Production of carbon-containing pyrite spherules induced by hyperthermophilic Thermococcales: a biosignature? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1145781. [PMID: 37303784 PMCID: PMC10248028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1145781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermococcales, a major order of hyperthermophilic archaea inhabiting iron- and sulfur-rich anaerobic parts of hydrothermal deep-sea vents, are known to induce the formation of iron phosphates, greigite (Fe3S4) and abundant quantities of pyrite (FeS2), including pyrite spherules. In the present study, we report the characterization of the sulfide and phosphate minerals produced in the presence of Thermococcales using X-ray diffraction, synchrotron-based X ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Mixed valence Fe(II)-Fe(III) phosphates are interpreted as resulting from the activity of Thermococcales controlling phosphorus-iron-sulfur dynamics. The pyrite spherules (absent in abiotic control) consist of an assemblage of ultra-small nanocrystals of a few ten nanometers in size, showing coherently diffracting domain sizes of few nanometers. The production of these spherules occurs via a sulfur redox swing from S0 to S-2 and then to S-1, involving a comproportionation of (-II) and (0) oxidation states of sulfur, as supported by S-XANES data. Importantly, these pyrite spherules sequester biogenic organic compounds in small but detectable quantities, possibly making them good biosignatures to be searched for in extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Truong
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Le Pape
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Morin
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Camille Baya
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Merrot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Gorlas
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Guyot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sources of Nitrogen-, Sulfur-, and Phosphorus-Containing Feedstocks for Prebiotic Chemistry in the Planetary Environment. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081268. [PMID: 36013447 PMCID: PMC9410288 DOI: 10.3390/life12081268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biochemistry on Earth makes use of the key elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (or CHONPS). Chemically accessible molecules containing these key elements would presumably have been necessary for prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life on Earth. For example, feedstock molecules including fixed nitrogen (e.g., ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), accessible forms of phosphorus (e.g., phosphate, phosphite, etc.), and sources of sulfur (e.g., sulfide, sulfite) may have been necessary for the origins of life, given the biochemistry seen in Earth life today. This review describes potential sources of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and phosphorus-containing molecules in the context of planetary environments. For the early Earth, such considerations may be able to aid in the understanding of our own origins. Additionally, as we learn more about potential environments on other planets (for example, with upcoming next-generation telescope observations or new missions to explore other bodies in our Solar System), evaluating potential sources for elements necessary for life (as we know it) can help constrain the potential habitability of these worlds.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yücel M, Sevgen S, Le Bris N. Soluble, Colloidal, and Particulate Iron Across the Hydrothermal Vent Mixing Zones in Broken Spur and Rainbow, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631885. [PMID: 34777267 PMCID: PMC8586216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) forms geological heterogeneity throughout the ridge system by deep crustal faults and their resultant tectonic valleys, which results in the existence of different types of hydrothermal vent fields. Therefore, investigating MAR hydrothermal systems opens a gate to understanding the concentration ranges of ecosystem-limiting metals emanating from compositionally distinct fluids for both near-field chemosynthetic ecosystems and far-field transport into the ocean interiors. Here, we present novel data regarding onboard measured, size-fractionated soluble, colloidal, and particulate iron concentrations from the 2018 R/V L’Atalante – ROV Victor research expedition, during which samples were taken from the mixing zone of black smokers using a ROV-assisted plume sampling. Iron size fractionation (<20, 20–200, and >200nm) data were obtained from onboard sequential filtering, followed by measurement via ferrozine assay and spectrophotometric detection at 562nm. Our results showed the persistent presence of a nanoparticulate/colloidal phase (retained within 20–200nm filtrates) even in high-temperature samples. A significant fraction of this phase was retrievable only under treatment with HNO3 – a strong acid known to attack and dissolve pyrite nanocrystals. Upon mixing with colder bottom waters and removal of iron in the higher parts of the buoyant plume, the larger size fractions became dominant as the total iron levels decreased, but it was still possible to detect significant (micromolar) levels of nanoparticulate Fe even in samples collected 5m above the orifice in the rising plume. The coolest sample (<10°C) still contained more than 1μM of only nitric acid-leachable nanoparticle/colloidal, at least 200 times higher than a typical Fe concentration in the non-buoyant plume. Our results support previous reports of dissolved Fe in MAR vent plumes, and we propose that this recalcitrant Fe pool – surviving immediate precipitation – contributes to maintaining high hydrothermal iron fluxes to the deep ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yücel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serhat Sevgen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nadine Le Bris
- LECOB, SU-CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang Z, Wang WX. Size speciation of dissolved trace metals in hydrothermal plumes on the Southwest Indian Ridge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145367. [PMID: 33548727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the size speciation and chemical transformation of trace metals is of paramount in order to better assess the impact of hydrothermal activities on the ocean metal budgets. In this study, we examined the concentration and size speciation of dissolved trace metals (i.e. Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mo, As, Pb, Cd) in the hydrothermal plumes of two vent fields (i.e. Longqi and Tiancheng) on the Southwest Indian Ridge. The majority of dissolved Mn (75-100%) in the buoyant and non-buoyant plumes were presented as soluble Mn (<1 kDa), while dissolved Fe in the buoyant plume contained considerable colloidal Fe (54-95%). More than 66% of hydrothermally dissolved Fe was removed in the buoyant plume within a short distance of dispersion. Except for the samples most proximal to the fluid source, concentrations of Cu, Ni and Mo in the plumes were comparable to those of the background seawater and independent of the plume dilution. Concentrations of dissolved As and Pb in the buoyant plume of the Tiancheng field were higher than those of the Longqi field, resulting from the scavenging of As in the Longqi field and the release of Pb from metal sulfide dissolution in the Tiancheng field. Concentrations of dissolved Cd in the non-buoyant plume were nearly identical to the background seawater and soluble Cd was dominant (75-92%) in the soluble phase. In contrast, 33-96% (or 0.024-0.085 μg/kg) of dissolved Cd was removed in the buoyant plume and the remaining dissolved Cd was mainly in colloidal phase (up to 96%), suggesting that hydrothermal plume was likely an important sink of oceanic Cd and colloidal ligands played an important role in the stabilization of hydrothermal Cd. Our study has demonstrated the very dynamic nature of trace metal speciation in hydrothermal vent fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Fang
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iron and sulfide nanoparticle formation and transport in nascent hydrothermal vent plumes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1597. [PMID: 30962453 PMCID: PMC6453976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a significant source of dissolved metals to the global oceans, producing midwater plumes enriched in metals that are transported thousands of kilometers from the vent source. Particle precipitation upon emission of hydrothermal fluids controls metal speciation and the magnitude of metal export. Here, we document metal sulfide particles, including pyrite nanoparticles, within the first meter of buoyant plumes from three high-temperature vents at the East Pacific Rise. We observe a zone of particle settling 10–20 cm from the orifice, indicated by stable sulfur isotopes; however, we also demonstrate that nanoparticulate pyrite (FeS2) is not removed from the plume and can account for over half of the filtered Fe (≤0.2 µm) up to one meter from the vent orifice. The persistence of nanoparticulate pyrite demonstrates that it is an important mechanism for near-vent Fe stabilisation and highlights the potential role of nanoparticles in element transport. There has been much interest recently in the transport mechanisms of metals from hydrothermal vents. Here the authors found that nanoparticulate pyrite is not removed from the plume and can account for over 50% of filtered iron one metre from the vent mouth.
Collapse
|
6
|
Van Dover CL. Impacts of anthropogenic disturbances at deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems: a review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 102:59-72. [PMID: 24725508 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal-vent ecosystems have stimulated decades of scientific research and hold promise of mineral and genetic resources that also serve societal needs. Some endemic taxa thrive only in vent environments, and vent-associated organisms are adapted to a variety of natural disturbances, from tidal variations to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In this paper, physicochemical and biological impacts of a range of human activities at vents are considered. Mining is currently the only anthropogenic activity projected to have a major impact on vent ecosystems, albeit at a local scale, based on our current understanding of ecological responses to disturbance. Natural recovery from a single mining event depends on immigration and larval recruitment and colonization; understanding processes and dynamics influencing life-history stages may be a key to effective minimization and mitigation of mining impacts. Cumulative impacts on benthic communities of several mining projects in a single region, without proper management, include possible species extinctions and shifts in community structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Lee Van Dover
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 135 Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chakraborty P, Sander SG, Jayachandran S, Nath BN, Nagaraju G, Chennuri K, Vudamala K, Lathika N, Mascarenhas-Pereira MBL. Fate of copper complexes in hydrothermally altered deep-sea sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:138-144. [PMID: 25108489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to understand the speciation and fate of Cu complexes in hydrothermally altered sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin and assess the probable impacts of deep-sea mining on speciation of Cu complexes and assess the Cu flux from this sediment to the water column in this area. This study suggests that most of the Cu was strongly associated with different binding sites in Fe-oxide phases of the hydrothermally altered sediments with stabilities higher than that of Cu-EDTA complexes. The speciation of Cu indicates that hydrothermally influenced deep-sea sediments from Central Indian Ocean Basin may not significantly contribute to the global Cu flux. However, increasing lability of Cu-sediment complexes with increasing depth of sediment may increase bioavailability and Cu flux to the global ocean during deep-sea mining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- University of Otago, Department of Chemistry, NIWA/UO Research Centre for Oceanography, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - B Nagender Nath
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - G Nagaraju
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Kartheek Chennuri
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Krushna Vudamala
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - N Lathika
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chemical and Biochemical Transformations in Hydrothermal Plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
|
9
|
Lupton JE. Hydrothermal Plumes: Near and Far Field. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
10
|
Hannington MD, Jonasson IR, Herzig PM, Petersen S. Physical and Chemical Processes of Seafloor Mineralization at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Thomson RE, Davis EE, Burd BJ. Hydrothermal venting and geothermal heating in Cascadia Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Gendron JF, Todd JF, Feely RA, Baker ET, Kadko DC. Excess222Rn above the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Massoth GJ, Baker ET, Lupton JE, Feely RA, Butterfield DA, Von Damm KL, Roe KK, Lebon GT. Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Baker ET. A 6-year time series of hydrothermal plumes over the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Embley RW, Feely RA, Lupton JE. Introduction to Special Section on Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes on the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Cowen JP, Baker ET, Embley RW. Detection of and response to mid-ocean ridge magmatic events: Implications for the subsurface biosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|
17
|
Massoth GJ, De Ronde CE, Lupton JE, Feely RA, Baker ET, Lebon GT, Maenner SM. Chemically rich and diverse submarine hydrothermal plumes of the southern Kermadec volcanic arc (New Zealand). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.219.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe New Zealand American PLUme Mapping Expedition (NZAPLUME) provided the first systematic survey of chemical emissions along a submarine volcanic frontal arc. Chemical plumes emanated from seven of 13 volcanoes that line a 260 km-long section of the southern Kermadec arc northeast of New Zealand. Hydrothermal plumes ranged in depth from <200 to 1500 m and are generally more shallow than plumes over mid-ocean ridges (MORs). The chemical signatures of plumes along the southern Kermadec arc are unusually diverse and have concentration anomalies for CO2, H2S and Fe that can exceed those for MOR settings by 5–10 times, or more. Projected end-member fluid concentrations of carbon and sulphur gases at some volcanoes require a magmatic vapour source, while unusually high Fe concentrations and Fe/Mn values are consistent with venting an iron-rich magmatic brine. Thus, vent-fluid emissions on the Kermadec arc volcanoes often appear as hybrid mixtures of hydrothermally evolved sea water influenced by water-rock reaction with compositionally diverse arc lavas, and exsolved magmatic fluid present as gaseous (CO2 and SO2+H2S) and liquid (Fe-rich brines) components. While rock-buffered fluids in arc settings are expected to vary compositionally from one another and from MOR fluids, it is the magmatic components that clearly differentiate arc emissions as being super-enriched in sulphur gases and ionic metals. These first systematic observations of spatially frequent and chemically robust fluid emissions from southern Kermadec arc forecast arcs as being a potentially important source of chemicals to the oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Massoth
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences
Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - John E. Lupton
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Newport, OR 97365-5258, USA
| | - Richard A. Feely
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA
| | - Edward T. Baker
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Lebon
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA
| | - Stacy M. Maenner
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoyal DCJD, Bursik MI, Atkinson JF. Settling-driven convection: A mechanism of sedimentation from stratified fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jc900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Cannon GA, Pashinski DJ. Variations in mean currents affecting hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jc01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Wheat CG, Mottl MJ, Baker ET, Feely RA, Lupton JE, Sansone FJ, Resing JA, Lebon GT, Becker NC. Chemical plumes from low-temperature hydrothermal venting on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Ernst GGJ, Sparks RSJ, Carey SN, Bursik MI. Sedimentation from turbulent jets and plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|