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Peng Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Jing S, An J, Gao Y, Huang C, Yan R, Dai H, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Li M, Hu J, Shi Z, Li L, Lou S, Tao S, Hu Q, Lu J, Chen C. Observation-based sources evolution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:794-805. [PMID: 36182184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been decreasing due to implement of control measures in China, in contrast to the fact that an increase in emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has been reported. This study employed seven years continuous NMHCs measurements and the related activities data of Shanghai, a megacity in China, to explore evolution of emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. The mixing ratio of NMHCs showed no statistical interannual changes, of which their compositions exhibited marked changes. This resulted in a decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8%/year (p < 0.05, the same below), which should be beneficial to ozone pollution mitigation as its production in Shanghai is in the NMHCs-limited regime. Observed alkanes, aromatics and acetylene changed by +3.7%/year, -5.9%/year and -7.4%/year, respectively, and alkenes showed no apparent trend. NMHCs sources were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization model. Accordingly, vehicular emissions (-5.9%/year) and petrochemical industry emissions (-7.1%/year) decreased significantly, but the decrease slowed down; significant reduction in solvent usage (-9.0%/year) appeared after 2010; however, emissions of natural gas (+12.6%/year) and fuel evaporation (with an increasing fraction) became more important. The inconsistency between observations and inventories was found in interannual trend and speciation as well as source contributions, emphasizing the need for further validation in NMHCs emission inventory. Our study confirms the effectiveness of measures targeting mobile and centralized emissions from industrial sources and reveals a need focusing on fugitive emissions, which provided new insights into future air policies in polluted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Rusha Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haixia Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shikang Tao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qinyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Changhong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Rhoderick GC, Duewer DL, Apel E, Baldan A, Hall B, Harling A, Helmig D, Heo GS, Hueber J, Kim ME, Kim YD, Miller B, Montzka S, Riemer D. International comparison of a hydrocarbon gas standard at the picomol per mol level. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2580-9. [PMID: 24555659 DOI: 10.1021/ac403761u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of climate change increasingly recognize the diverse influences of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, including roles in particulates and ozone formation. Measurements of key nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) suggest atmospheric mole fractions ranging from low picomoles per mol (ppt) to nanomoles per mol (ppb), depending on location and compound. To accurately establish mole fraction trends and to relate measurement records from many laboratories and researchers, it is essential to have accurate, stable, calibration standards. In February of 2008, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed and reported on picomoles per mol standards containing 18 nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds covering the mole fraction range of 60 picomoles per mol to 230 picomoles per mol. The stability of these gas mixtures was only characterized over a short time period (2 to 3 months). NIST recently prepared a suite of primary standard gas mixtures by gravimetric dilution to ascertain the stability of the 2008 picomoles per mol NMHC standards suite. The data from this recent chromatographic intercomparison of the 2008 to the 2011 suites confirm a much longer stability of almost 5 years for 15 of the 18 hydrocarbons; the double-bonded alkenes of propene, isobutene, and 1-pentene showed instability, in line with previous publications. The agreement between the gravimetric values from preparation and the analytical mole fractions determined from regression illustrate the internal consistency of the suite within ±2 pmol/mol. However, results for several of the compounds reflect stability problems for the three double-bonded hydrocarbons. An international intercomparison on one of the 2008 standards has also been completed. Participants included National Metrology Institutes, United States government laboratories, and academic laboratories. In general, results for this intercomparison agree to within about ±5% with the gravimetric mole fractions of the hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Rhoderick
- Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, MS-8393, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8393, United States
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Kim S, Guenther A, Apel E. Quantitative and qualitative sensing techniques for biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1301-1314. [PMID: 23748571 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The physiological production mechanisms of some of the organics in plants, commonly known as biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), have been known for more than a century. Some BVOCs are emitted to the atmosphere and play a significant role in tropospheric photochemistry especially in ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) productions as a result of interplays between BVOCs and atmospheric radicals such as hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3) and NOX (NO + NO2). These findings have been drawn from comprehensive analysis of numerous field and laboratory studies that have characterized the ambient distribution of BVOCs and their oxidation products, and reaction kinetics between BVOCs and atmospheric oxidants. These investigations are limited by the capacity for identifying and quantifying these compounds. This review highlights the major analytical techniques that have been used to observe BVOCs and their oxidation products such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry with hard and soft ionization methods, and optical techniques from laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to remote sensing. In addition, we discuss how new analytical techniques can advance our understanding of BVOC photochemical processes. The principles, advantages, and drawbacks of the analytical techniques are discussed along with specific examples of how the techniques were applied in field and laboratory measurements. Since a number of thorough review papers for each specific analytical technique are available, readers are referred to these publications rather than providing thorough descriptions of each technique. Therefore, the aim of this review is for readers to grasp the advantages and disadvantages of various sensing techniques for BVOCs and their oxidation products and to provide guidance for choosing the optimal technique for a specific research task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Stephens CR, Shepson PB, Steffen A, Bottenheim JW, Liao J, Huey LG, Apel E, Weinheimer A, Hall SR, Cantrell C, Sive BC, Knapp DJ, Montzka DD, Hornbrook RS. The relative importance of chlorine and bromine radicals in the oxidation of atmospheric mercury at Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Giebel BM, Swart PK, Riemer DD. New insights to the use of ethanol in automotive fuels: a stable isotopic tracer for fossil- and bio-fuel combustion inputs to the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6661-6669. [PMID: 21692481 DOI: 10.1021/es200982t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is currently receiving increased attention because of its use as a biofuel or fuel additive and because of its influence on air quality. We used stable isotopic ratio measurements of (13)C/(12)C in ethanol emitted from vehicles and a small group of tropical plants to establish ethanol's δ(13)C end-member signatures. Ethanol emitted in exhaust is distinctly different from that emitted by tropical plants and can serve as a unique stable isotopic tracer for transportation-related inputs to the atmosphere. Ethanol's unique isotopic signature in fuel is related to corn, a C4 plant and the primary source of ethanol in the U.S. We estimated a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for ethanol's oxidative loss in the atmosphere and used previous assumptions with respect to the fractionation that may occur during wet and dry deposition. A small number of interpretive model calculations were used for source apportionment of ethanol and to understand the associated effects resulting from atmospheric removal. The models incorporated our end-member signatures and ambient measurements of ethanol, known or estimated source strengths and removal magnitudes, and estimated KIEs associated with atmospheric removal processes for ethanol. We compared transportation-related ethanol signatures to those from biogenic sources and used a set of ambient measurements to apportion each source contribution in Miami, Florida-a moderately polluted, but well ventilated urban location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Giebel
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida 33149, United States.
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Hopkins JR, Jones CE, Lewis AC. A dual channel gas chromatograph for atmospheric analysis of volatile organic compounds including oxygenated and monoterpene compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2268-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10050e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Kansal A. Sources and reactivity of NMHCs and VOCs in the atmosphere: a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 166:17-26. [PMID: 19136203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important species present in the environment, which results in alteration of the chemistry of atmosphere. On the global scale natural emissions of NMHCs and VOCs exceed anthropogenic emissions, although anthropogenic sources usually dominate within urban areas. Among the natural sources, vegetation is the dominant source. Oceanic and microbial production of these species is minimal as compared to other sources of input. Isoprene and terpenes are main species of NMHCs which are emitted from plants as a protective mechanism against temperature stress tolerance and protection from ravages of insects and pests. The major anthropogenic sources for NMHCs emissions are biomass burning and transportation. NMHCs play a significant role in ozone (O(3)) production in the presence of adequate concentration of oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere. The production of O(3) is based on Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) of NMHCS and VOCs. The compound's MIR multiplied by molecular weight gives Relative Ozone Productivity (ROPi). To check the reliability of current methods of measuring the NMHCs the Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Inter-comparison Experiment (NMHICE) had been designed. The sample of known composition and unknown concentration of different hydrocarbons was supplied to different laboratories worldwide and less than 50% laboratories correctly separated the unknown mixture. Atmospheric scientists throughout the world are evaluating current analytical methods being employed and are trying to correct the problems to ensure quality control in hydrocarbon analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kansal
- Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board, E-115 Nehru Colony, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
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8
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Helmig D, Tanner DM, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Parrish DD. Nonmethane hydrocarbons at Pico Mountain, Azores: 1. Oxidation chemistry in the North Atlantic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Pollmann J, Helmig D, Hueber J, Plass-Dülmer C, Tans P. Sampling, storage, and analysis of C2–C7 non-methane hydrocarbons from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Air Sampling Network glass flasks. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Donaldson DJ, Vaida V. The Influence of Organic Films at the Air−Aqueous Boundary on Atmospheric Processes. Chem Rev 2006; 106:1445-61. [PMID: 16608186 DOI: 10.1021/cr040367c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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11
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Plass-Dülmer C, Schmidbauer N, Slemr J, Slemr F, D'Souza H. European hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment AMOHA part 4: Canister sampling of ambient air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Kuster WC, Harren FJM, de Gouw JA. Inter-comparison of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy and gas chromatography techniques for measurements of ethene in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:4581-5. [PMID: 16047795 DOI: 10.1021/es0504385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS) is highly suitable for the detection of ethene in air due to the overlap between its strongest absorption lines and the wavelengths accessible by high-powered CO2 lasers. Here, we test the ability of LPAS to measure ethene in ambient air by comparing the measurements in urban air with those from a gas chromatography flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) instrument. Over the course of several days, we obtained quantitative agreement between the two measurements. Over this period, the LPAS instrument had a positive offset of 330 +/- 140 pptv (parts-per-trillion by volume) relative to the GC-FID instrument, possibly caused by interference from other species. The detection limit of the LPAS instrument is currently estimated around 1 ppbv and is limited by this offset and the statistical noise in the data. We conclude that LPAS has the potential to provide fast-response measurements of ethene in the atmosphere, with significant advantages over existing techniques when measuring from moving platforms and in the vicinity of emission sources.
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13
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Karl T. Senescing grass crops as regional sources of reactive volatile organic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Slemr J, Slemr F, D'Souza H, Partridge R. Study of the relative response factors of various gas chromatograph–flame ionisation detector systems for measurement of C2–C9 hydrocarbons in air. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1061:75-84. [PMID: 15633746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The assumption of an instrument response that is linear with carbon number is frequently used to quantify atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) when using gas chromatography (GC) and detection by flame ionisation detector (FID). In order to assess the validity of this widely used method the results of intercomparison measurements by 14 laboratories across Europe were evaluated. The intercomparison measurements were made on synthetic, gravimetrically-prepared, gas mixtures containing 30 hydrocarbons (C2-C9) in the low ppbv range, using various different GC-FID systems. The response per carbon atom of GC-FID systems to individual NMHCs, relative to that of butane, were found to differ by more than 25% across different systems. The differences were mostly caused by analytical errors within particular GC-FID systems and to a more minor degree by systematic deviations related to the molecular structure. (Correction factors due to the molecular structure would lessen the differences, e.g. by about 5% for olefin compounds.) The differences were larger than 10% even after elimination of obvious outliers. Thus, calibration of GC-FID systems with multicomponent NMHC mixtures is found to be essential whenever the accuracy of NMHC measurements is required to be better than about 10%. If calibration by multicomponent gas mixtures is not possible and effective carbon atom response factors are used to quantify the individual NMHC compounds then the particular analytical system should be carefully characterised and its responses to individual compounds be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slemr
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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15
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Helmig D, Revermann T, Pollmann J, Kaltschmidt O, Jiménez Hernádez A, Bocquet F, David D. Calibration system and analytical considerations for quantitative sesquiterpene measurements in air. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1002:193-211. [PMID: 12885090 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes (C15H24, SQT) are semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from vegetation and are of interest for air quality considerations because of their suspected contribution to the formation of secondary aerosol. This article investigates the application of a capillary diffusion method for the generation of standard atmospheres of 16 SQT and four other related semi-volatile compounds. This instrument subsequently has been used in the testing of analytical materials, protocols and calibration of air sampling methods. SQT DB-1 retention indices, vapor pressures at 25 and 75 degrees C, and diffusion coefficients were determined. A quantitative, on-line GC method yielded improved results (median relative standard deviation of 5.0-6.1%) for the diffusion rate determination in comparison to a gravimetric approach (median relative standard deviation 18%). The GC method also allowed identifying errors in the gravimetric method stemming from residual solvent evaporation, impurities, and chemical analyte losses. Stainless steel, glass, nickel and PTFE tubing that were tested for transfer lines and a sampling loop had to be kept at temperatures in excess of approximately 110 degrees C in order to prevent significant analytical errors from the stickiness of SQT to these materials. In addition to SQT analysis, results from this research provide general guidelines for gas-phase analysis of related compounds in the C14-C16 volatility range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research (INSTAAR) University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0454, USA.
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16
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Apel EC, Calvert JG, Gilpin TM, Fehsenfeld F, Lonneman WA. Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Task 4, ambient air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. G. Calvert
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. M. Gilpin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Fehsenfeld
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. A. Lonneman
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA; Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA
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17
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Kleinman LI, Daum PH, Lee YN, Nunnermacker LJ, Springston SR, Weinstein-Lloyd J, Hyde P, Doskey P, Rudolph J, Fast J, Berkowitz C. Photochemical age determinations in the Phoenix metropolitan area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. I. Kleinman
- Atmospheric Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - P. H. Daum
- Atmospheric Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - Y.-N. Lee
- Atmospheric Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - L. J. Nunnermacker
- Atmospheric Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - S. R. Springston
- Atmospheric Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - J. Weinstein-Lloyd
- Chemistry/Physics Department; SUNY/Old Westbury; Old Westbury New York USA
| | - P. Hyde
- Arizona Department of Environmental Quality; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - P. Doskey
- Argonne National Laboratory, Environmental Research Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - J. Rudolph
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Atmospheric Research; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - J. Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Atmospheric Science Department; Richland Washington USA
| | - C. Berkowitz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Atmospheric Science Department; Richland Washington USA
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18
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Greenberg JP, Guenther A, Harley P, Otter L, Veenendaal EM, Hewitt CN, James AE, Owen SM. Eddy flux and leaf-level measurements of biogenic VOC emissions from mopane woodland of Botswana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Greenberg
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Guenther
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Harley
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. Otter
- University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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19
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Zaveri RA. Ozone production efficiency and NOxdepletion in an urban plume: Interpretation of field observations and implications for evaluating O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Blake NJ. NMHCs and halocarbons in Asian continental outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) Field Campaign: Comparison With PEM-West B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Swanson AL. Seasonal variations of C2–C4nonmethane hydrocarbons and C1–C4alkyl nitrates at the Summit research station in Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Plass-Dülmer C, Michl K, Ruf R, Berresheim H. C2-C8 hydrocarbon measurement and quality control procedures at the Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory Hohenpeissenberg. J Chromatogr A 2002; 953:175-97. [PMID: 12058932 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new automated on-line GC-flame ionization detection system for long-term stationary measurements of atmospheric C2-C8 hydrocarbons in the lower ppt range is described. The system is operated at the Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (47 degrees 48'N, 11 degrees 01'E) in rural south Germany. Atmospheric mixing ratios of more than 40 different hydrocarbons can be continuously measured in 80 min time intervals. Corresponding detection limits are below 3 ppt, except for propene, butenes and benzene (about 10 ppt). Detailed quality assurance and quality control protocols are described which are applied to routine operation and data analysis. The various error contributions, overall precision, and accuracy for all measured compounds are discussed in detail. Typical ambient air mixing ratios are in the range of a few ppt to a few ppb, and corresponding measurement accuracies are below 10% or 10 ppt. For less than 20% of the analyzed compounds measurement accuracies are worse, mainly because of insufficient peak separation, blank values or reduced reproducibilities. The present system was tested in international intercomparison experiments (NOMHICE, AMOHA). For most of the C2-C8 hydrocarbons analyzed, our results agreed better than +/- 10% (20% NOMHICE phase 5) or +/- 10 ppt with the corresponding reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Plass-Dülmer
- Meteroroligical Observatory, German Weather Service (DWD), Hohenpeisseberg.
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Slemr J. Accurate Measurements of Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere (AMOHA): Three European intercomparisons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Mühle J. Air mass classification during the INDOEX R/VRonald Browncruise using measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons, CH4, CO2, CO,14CO, and δ18O(CO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Simpson IJ, Lopez JP, Johnston NAC, Swanson AL, Katzenstein AS, Meinardi S, Sive BC, Colman JJ, Atlas E, Flocke F, Vay SA, Avery MA, Rowland FS. Large-scale latitudinal and vertical distributions of NMHCs and selected halocarbons in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during the March-April 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-Tropics B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Barket DJ, Hurst JM, Couch TL, Colorado A, Shepson PB, Riemer DD, Hills AJ, Apel EC, Hafer R, Lamb BK, Westberg HH, Farmer CT, Stabenau ER, Zika RG. Intercomparison of automated methodologies for determination of ambient isoprene during the PROPHET 1998 summer campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Zielinska B, Sagebiel J, Harshfield G, Pasek R. Volatile organic compound measurements in the California/Mexico border region during SCOS97. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2001; 276:19-31. [PMID: 11516136 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were carried out in the California/Mexico border region during the Southern California Ozone Study in the summer of 1997 (SCOS97). Integrated 3-h samples were collected in Rosarito (south of Tijuana, Mexico) and in Mexicali during intensive operational periods (IOP), twice per IOP day. VOC were collected using stainless-steel 6-1 canisters; carbonyl compounds were collected using 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine (DNPH) impregnated C18 SepPak cartridges. The canister samples were analyzed for speciated volatile hydrocarbons (C2-C12), CO, CO2, CH4, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), and halogenated hydrocarbons. DNPH-impregnated cartridges were analyzed for 14 C1-C7 carbonyl compounds. The concentrations of all species were higher at Mexicali than in Rosarito. A good correlation between total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC), CO, and other pollutants associated with motor vehicle emissions observed for Mexicali indicates that the main source of TNMHC at this site is vehicular traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zielinska
- Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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Bonsang B, Kanakidou M. Non-methane hydrocarbon variability during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Portugal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-9972(01)00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Slemr F, Giehl H, Habram M, Slemr J, Schlager H, Schulte P, Haschberger P, Lindermeir E, Döpelheuer A, Plohr M. In-flight measurement of aircraft CO and nonmethane hydrocarbon emission indices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Milne PJ, Prados AI, Dickerson RR, Doddridge BG, Riemer DD, Zika RG, Merrill JT, Moody JL. Nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios in continental outflow air from eastern North America: Export of ozone precursors to Bermuda. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Apel EC, Calvert JG, Gilpin TM, Fehsenfeld FC, Parrish DD, Lonneman WA. The Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Task 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Sive BC, Kang CH, Thornton DC, Bandy AR, Atlas E, Flocke F, Harris JM, Rowland FS. Aircraft measurements of the latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of NMHCs, methyl nitrate, methyl halides, and DMS during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Pszenny AAP, Prinn RG, Kleiman G, Shi X, Bates TS. Nonmethane hydrocarbons in surface waters, their sea-air fluxes and impact on OH in the marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Sive BC, McKenzie LM, Lopez JP, Simpson IJ, Fuelberg HE, Sachse GW, Anderson BE, Gregory GL, Carroll MA, Albercook GM, Rowland FS. Influence of southern hemispheric biomass burning on midtropospheric distributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons and selected halocarbons over the remote South Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in ambient air and natural waters: a review on recent developments of analytical methodology, performance and interpretation of field measurements. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Helmig D, Klinger LF, Guenther A, Vierling L, Geron C, Zimmerman P. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs). I. Identifications from three continental sites in the U.S. CHEMOSPHERE 1999; 38:2163-2187. [PMID: 10101861 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation composition and biomass were surveyed for three specific sites in Atlanta, GA; near Rhinelander, WI; and near Hayden, CO. At each research site emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the dominant vegetation species were sampled by enclosing branches in bag enclosure systems and sampling the equilibrium head space onto multi-stage solid adsorbent cartridges. Analysis was performed using a thermal desorption technique with gas chromatography (GC) separation and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Identification of BVOCs covering the GC retention index range (stationary phase DB-1) from approximately 400 to 1400 was achieved (volatilities C4-C14).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Helmig
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
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38
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Gupta ML, Cicerone RJ, Blake DR, Rowland FS, Isaksen ISA. Global atmospheric distributions and source strengths of light hydrocarbons and tetrachloroethene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Riemer D, Pos W, Milne P, Farmer C, Zika R, Apel E, Olszyna K, Kliendienst T, Lonneman W, Bertman S, Shepson P, Starn T. Observations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site in the southeastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Janson R, De Serves C. Isoprene emissions from boreal wetlands in Scandinavia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Helmig D, Balsley B, Davis K, Kuck LR, Jensen M, Bognar J, Smith T, Arrieta RV, Rodríguez R, Birks JW. Vertical profiling and determination of landscape fluxes of biogenic nonmethane hydrocarbons within the planetary boundary layer in the Peruvian Amazon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Helmig D, Greenberg J, Guenther A, Zimmerman P, Geron C. Volatile organic compounds and isoprene oxidation products at a temperate deciduous forest site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Parrish DD, Trainer M, Young V, Goldan PD, Kuster WC, Jobson BT, Fehsenfeld FC, Lonneman WA, Zika RD, Farmer CT, Riemer DD, Rodgers MO. Internal consistency tests for evaluation of measurements of anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Apel EC, Calvert JG, Greenberg JP, Riemer D, Zika R, Kleindienst TE, Lonneman WA, Fung K, Fujita E. Generation and validation of oxygenated volatile organic carbon standards for the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Roberts JM, Bertman SB, Jobson T, Niki H, Tanner R. Measurement of total nonmethane organic carbon (Cy): Development and application at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Habram M, Slemr J, Welsch T. Development of a Dual Capillary Column GC Method for the Trace Determination of C2-C9 Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19980401)21:4<209::aid-jhrc209>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Gong Q, Demerjian KL. Measurement and analysis of C2-C10hydrocarbons at Whiteface Mountain, New York. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Chen TY, Collins JE, Sachse GW, Anderson BE, Rowland FS. Distribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the western Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Greenberg JP, Helmig D, Zimmerman PR. Seasonal measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Atlas E, Ridley B, Walega J, Greenberg J, Kok G, Staffelbach T, Schauffler S, Lind J, Hübler G, Norton R, Dlugokencky E, Elkins J, Oltmans S, Mackay G, Karecki D. A comparison of aircraft and ground-based measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, during GTE PEM-West and MLOPEX 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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