OH- and O3-initiated atmospheric degradation of camphene: temperature dependent rate coefficients, product yields and mechanisms

Gas-phase rate coefficients for the reactions of OH and O₃ with camphene have been measured over the temperature range 288–311 K using the relative rate method.

Structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the prediction of gas-phase ozonolysis rate coefficients: an extension towards heteroatomic unsaturated species

Heteroatomic unsaturated volatile organic compounds (HUVOCs) are common trace components of the atmosphere, yet their diverse chemical behaviour presents difficulties for predicting their oxidation kinetics using structure-activity relationships (SARs). An existing SAR is adapted to help meet this challenge, enabling the prediction of ozonolysis rates with unprecedented accuracy. The new SAR index, x(H), correlates strongly with available literature measurements of ozonolysis rate coefficients (R(2) = 0.87), a database representing 110 species. It was found that capturing the inductive effect rather than the steric effect is of primary importance in predicting the reactivity of these species, which is to be anticipated since HUVOCs can possess a variety of functional groups with a range of electron-withdrawing and donating tendencies. New experimental measurements of ozonolysis rate coefficients were conducted for 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methyl; ethene, 1,1-dimethoxy; E-2-pentenoic acid; E-1,2-dichloroethene; Z-1,2-dichloroethene; trichloroethene; tetrachloroethene; 1-butene, 3-chloro and 2-chloropropene, and were determined to be 5.15 × 10(-18), 4.82 × 10(-16), 3.07 × 10(-18), 8.05 × 10(-20), 4.88 × 10(-21), 6.04 × 10(-22), 1.56 × 10(-24), 2.26 × 10(-18) and 1.13 × 10(-19) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. The index of the inductive effect, i(H), is compared with other indices of the electron-withdrawing capacity of a substitution, notably the Taft σ* constants and the rate of reaction of a given species with the hydroxyl radical, both of which are expected to be unaffected by steric factors. i(H) correlates strongly in both cases and suggests a universal response by olefinic species towards electrophilic addition.

Study of electronic structure and dynamics of interacting free radicals influenced by water

We present a study of electronic structure, stability, and dynamics of interaction and recombination of free radicals such as HO(2) and OH influenced by water. As simple model calculations, we performed ab initio and density functional calculations for the interaction of HO(2) and OH in the presence of water cluster. Results indicate that a significant interaction, overcoming the repulsive Columbic barrier, occurs at a separation distance between the radicals of 5.7 A. This confirms early predictions of the minimum size of molecular dianions stable in the gas phase. It is well known that atomic dianions are unstable in the gas phase but molecular dianions are stable when the size of the molecule is larger than 5.7 A. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations with Car-Parrinello scheme show that the reaction is very fast and occurs on a time scale of about 1.5 ps. The difference in stability and dynamics of the interacting free radicals on singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces is also discussed.

Development of a compound-specific isotope analysis method for atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde

A novel method determining compound-specific carbon isotopic compositions for atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in ppb or sub-ppb levels by gas chromatography/ combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/ IRMS) is presented. Atmospheric carbonyls are collected using the conventional 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization method, and their delta13C values are calculated based on stoichiometric mass balance after measuring the carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonyl-DNPH derivatives and DNPH, respectively. Using formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and DNPH standards with their delta13C values predetermined, the delta13C fractionation is evaluated for derivatization processes both in solutions and in simulation experiment of atmospheric sampling. In these two derivatization systems, through reduplicate delta13C analysis, good reproducibility of the derivertization process is found with an average error of less than 0.5 per thousand, and the differences between the predicted and the measured delta13C values range from -0.18 to 0.49 per thousand, indicating that the derivatization process introduces no isotopic fractionation for both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Thus, the delta13C values of the original underivatized carbonyls can be accurately calculated through mass balance equation. Using the method developed, preliminary tests of atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at two urban sites were conducted and revealed significant differences of their isotopic compositions, implying possible application of the method in helping us understand the primary emission, secondary formation, or removal processes of carbonyls in the atmosphere.

Modeling the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere of the south coast air basin of California. 2. HOx radical production

The production of HOx radicals in the South Coast Air Basin of California is investigated during the smog episode of September 9, 1993 using the California Institute of Technology (CIT) air-quality model. Sources of HOx(hydroxyl, hydroperoxy, and organic peroxy radicals) incorporated into the associated gas-phase chemical mechanism include the combination of excited-state singlet oxygen (formed from ozone (O3) photolysis (hv)) with water, the photolysis of nitrous acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde (HCHO) or higher aldehydes and ketones), the consumption of aldehydes and alkenes (ALK) by the nitrate radical, and the consumption of alkenes by O3 and the oxygen atom (O). At a given time or location for surface cells and vertical averages, each route of HOx formation may be the greatest contributor to overall formation except HCHO-hv, H2O2-hv, and ALK-O, the latter two of which are insignificant pathways in general. The contribution of the ALK-O3 pathway is dependent on the stoichiometric yield of OH, but this pathway, at least for the studied smog episode, may not be as generally significant as previous research suggests. Future emissions scenarios yield lower total HOx production rates and a shift in the relative importance of individual pathways.

A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres

Volatile organic compounds play a central role in the processes that generate both urban photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. For successful and accurate prediction of these pollution episodes, identification of the dominant reactive species within the volatile organic carbon pool is needed. At present, lack of resolution inherent in single-column chromatographic analysis limits such a detailed chemical characterization of the complex urban atmosphere. Here we present an improved method of peak deconvolution from double-column (orthogonal) gas chromatography. This has enabled us to isolate and classify more than 500 chemical species of volatile organic compounds in urban air, including over 100 multi-substituted monoaromatic and volatile oxygenated hydrocarbons. We suggest that previous assessments of reactive carbon species may therefore have underestimated the contribution made by volatile organic compounds to urban pollution, particularly for compounds with more than six carbon atoms. Incorporating these species in predictive models should greatly improve our understanding of photochemical ozone yields and the formation of harmful secondary organic aerosols.